热锻炼对高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）和多年生黑麦草（Lolium perenne）抗高温能力的影响

夏季高温胁迫已成为限制冷季型草坪草生长和发育的一个主要问题。以两种耐热性不同的冷季型草坪草高羊茅和多年生黑麦草（前者较耐热）为材料,经过3d 30℃的热锻炼预处理后,分别在38、 42、46℃的高温下处理14h。在这些高温条件下,研究了经过热锻炼预处理的高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片膜脂过氧化、抗氧化剂含量以及叶绿体超微结构的变化。结果表明：(1) 热锻炼提高了高羊茅和多年生黑麦草的耐热性,显著缓减了高温条件下两种草坪草叶片膜脂过氧化程度的加剧,降低了叶片过氧化氢（H₂O₂）和超氧阴离子（O•-2）的产生速率。（2）高温条件下,热锻炼使高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片中抗氧化剂抗坏血酸（AsA）和谷胱甘肽（GSH）的含量下降程度有所缓减。（3）热锻炼减轻了高温胁迫对高羊茅和多年生黑麦草叶片叶绿体超微结构的损伤。这些结果说明热锻炼能够减轻高温对草坪草叶绿体的伤害可能与其在高温胁迫下和对照相比具有较高的抗氧化剂含量有关,这也可能是冷季型草坪草对高温的适应机制之一。     

盐胁迫对高羊茅(Festuca arundinacea)幼苗生长和离子分布的影响

盐胁迫环境抑制植物的生长，影响植物组织的离子分布，不同的盐分组成对植物的抑制伤害存在差异，为了研究上海市临港新城滨海盐渍土的生态恢复和重建，模拟该地区的盐分组成，进行了高羊茅（Festuca arundinacea）幼苗的盐胁迫试验。高羊茅种子在非盐胁迫条件下萌发，出苗5d后，进行了不同浓度NaCl：0、50、100、150、200、300、400mmol／L处理，15d后测定生长情况、组织含水量和Na^＋、K^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋等离子含量。研究结果表明：盐分对高羊茅幼苗的抑制作用随NaCl浓度增加而加剧，低盐胁迫环境下，幼苗地上部分和根系的鲜重、干重和含水量都与对照没有显著性差异，但是高盐环境严重影响了高羊茅幼苗的生长，而且对地上部分的抑制作用大于根部；盐胁迫影响植物组织的离子分布，Na^＋浓度持续增加，Ca^2＋和K^＋浓度下降，Mg^2＋含量的影响不大；各组织中K／Na、Ca／Na和Mg／Na随盐胁迫增加而下降。     

Neotyphodium Endophyte Changes Phytoextraction of Zinc in Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne

The effect of Neotyphodium endophytes on growth parameters and zinc (Zn) tolerance and uptake was studied in two grass species of Festuca arundinacea and Lolium perenne. Plants were grown under different Zn concentrations (control, 200, 400, 800, and 1800 mg kg^?1) in potted soil for 5 months. The results showed that the number of plant tillers was 85 and 51% greater in endophyte infected Festuca (FaEI) and Lolium (LpEI), respectively, compared to their endophyte free (EF) plants. Roots and shoots dry weights in infected Festuca were 87 and 9% greater than non-infected counterparts but in opposite, EF Lolium had 47 and 8% greater root and shoot dry weights than LpEI. Endophyte infected Festuca and Lolium improved chlorophyll fluorescence as Fv/Fm at high concentrations of Zn, showing their better chlorophyll functions and significant reduction of Zn stress in endophyte infected plants. Shoots of endophyte infectedFestuca had 82% greater concentration of Zn than EF Festuca when grown in soil containing 1800 mg kg^?1 Zn. Festuca and Lolium may tolerate high Zn concentration in soil without reduction in shoot and root growth. Endophyte infection in Festuca may help the grass accumulate and transport more Zn in aboveground parts under Zn-stress, thereby aiding phytoremediation of contaminated soils.     

Effects of fungal endophytes on the seed and seedling biology of Lolium perenne and Festuca arundinacea

Summary Many grasses are infected by endophytic fungi that grow intercellularly in leaves, stems, and flowers and are transmitted maternally by hyphal growth into ovules and seeds. The seed biology and seedling growth of endophyte-infected and uninfected perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) were investigated under controlled environmental conditions. The percentage of filled seeds produced by infected tall fescue was over twice of uninfected tall fescue; infected and uninfected perennial reegrass had similar percentages. Weights of seeds from infected and uninfected plants were similar in both species. Seeds from infected plants of both species exhibited a higher rate of germination than seeds from uninfected plants. Shoot growth in the greenhouse was compared by making three sequential harvests of above-ground plant parts from infected and uninfected plants of both species. Infected perennial ryegrass plants produced significantly more biomass and tillers than uninfected plants after 6 and 10 weeks of growth and significantly more biomass after 14 weeks of growth. Infected tall fescue plants produced significantly more biomass and tillers than uninfected plants after 10 and 14 weeks of growth. The physiological mechanism of enhancement of growth is not known. The results of this study suggest that infected plants may have a selective advantage in populations with uninfected members.     

Development of novel microsatellite markers for the grassland species Lolium multiflorum,Lolium perenne and Festuca pratensis

Twelve microsatellite markers were isolated from Lolium multiflorum. Allelic variability and cross‐species amplification were assessed on 16 individuals of each of the three grassland species L. multiflorum, Lolium perenne and Festuca pratensis. Cross‐species amplification success was 100% for L. perenne and 83% for F. pratensis. The number of alleles detected ranged from one to 14 with an average of 3.4. While three microsatellite loci were polymorphic in all three species, one marker produced species‐specific alleles in all three species. These microsatellite markers provide a valuable tool for population genetic studies within and among species of the Festuca–Lolium complex.     

盐胁迫下两草种SOD和POD及脯氨酸动态研究

在NaCl、KCl、MgSO₄及其复合盐胁迫下, 研究草坪草-金牌美达丽(Lolium perenne)和猎狗(Fesluca elata) 中脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性的变化。结果表明:不同盐分、不同浓度胁迫下脯氨酸含量呈波动式变化, 其峰值出现在较高浓度下, 说明在一定范围内盐胁迫强度越大脯氨酸积累越明显;SOD 的最高值出现在低浓度下, 而最低值无此特点, 不同盐胁迫下的最高值、最低值相差不多, 说明L.perenne 和F.elata 相差不明显;POD 活性随盐浓度增加呈波动性变化, L.perenne (除KCl)和F.elata (除MgSO₄)最高值均出现在低浓度下, L.perenne 的最低值集中在高浓度, 而F.elata 的最低值则集中在低浓度, F.elata在高浓度胁迫下, 处于一个比较稳定的水平, 高于或接近CK, 且各值比较接近, 而在L.perenne 中却没有这一结果。     

重金属递进胁迫对黑麦草初期生长的影响

通过研究Cu²⁺、Zn²⁺、Cd²⁺与Pb²⁺胁迫对黑麦草初期生长的影响,结果表明：4种重金属对种子发芽率抑制效应相对较小,尤其Cu²⁺与Zn²⁺的抑制作用最小。高浓度Cu²⁺、Cd²⁺胁迫对株高、根系长度、地上生物量的抑制作用相对较大,尤其Cu²⁺对根系生长的抑制效应最大,在300 mg·L^-1下,与对照相比,根长最高下降了 85.48%。高浓度Cd²⁺胁迫显著降低了叶绿素含量,在300 mg·L^-1时比对照降低了45.51%;与对照相比,Cu²⁺与Zn²⁺所有处理都增加了叶绿素含量。从递进胁迫进程看,一些重金属对某一生长指标的影响往往表现在低浓度具有促进作用,而高浓度又存在明显的抑制效应。     

外源-氧化氮供体硝普钠对黑麦草幼苗耐碱性的影响

采用营养液砂培方法,研究外源一氧化氮(NO)供体硝普钠(SNP)对NaHCO3胁迫下黑麦草幼苗生长、活性氧代谢和渗透溶质积累的影响.结果表明:60 μmol·L-1 SNP能够缓解100 mmol·L-1NaHCO3胁迫对黑麦草幼苗生长的抑制作用,减缓NaHCO3胁迫导致的叶片O2产生速率、H2O2和丙二醛(MDA)含量的增加,提高NaHCO3胁迫下幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、质膜H+-ATP酶的活性和谷胱甘肽(GSH)、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸的含量及K+/Na+比,降低过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和抗坏血酸(AsA)含量,对游离氨基酸含量影响不大.上述结果表明,NO可能通过激活抗氧化系统活性、促进渗透溶质积累和改善Na+、K+平衡等缓解碱胁迫对幼苗的伤害,从而提高黑麦草的耐碱性.