稻田节肢动物群落物种丰富度及多样性的研究(英文)

本文根据田间调查的资料和群落多样性指数的测定,比较了不同稻田和水稻不同生育期节肢动物群落物种丰富度及多样性。田间调查于1994年在福建省福州市郊区选择3种具有代表性的水稻种植区进行,在此基础上,作者运用Shannon－Wiener（1949）的平均信息（H）、Hurlbert（1971）的种间相遇机率（PIE）和Pielou（1966）的均匀度（E）指数来测定和分析稻田生态系统中节肢动物群落的丰富度及多样性。结果表明,由于受到稻田生境中各种环境因素及水稻不同生育期营养状况的影响,稻田节肢动物群落的丰富度及多样性不仅因田而异,而且随着水稻的生长发育过程有较大的波动。作者认为,稻田节肢动物群落丰富度及多样性的研究结果,可为水稻害虫的预测预报和综合治理提供重要的科学依据。文中还就群落丰富度及多样性的测定方法问题进行了讨论。     

复合荔枝园节肢动物群落动态的研究

对单一荔枝和复合荔枝园节肢动物群落进行了调查、分析,结果表明：复合园的捕食性、寄生性昆虫以及蜘蛛类群的数量和丰富度明显高于单一园,而植食性类群的数量和主要害虫发生数量明显少于单一园。复合园各种类型的多样性指数季节变化,其总趋势比单一园大,波动程度比单一园低。复合园的均匀度全年维持在０．８以上,而单一园的则波动很大。     

Arthropod Diversity and Community Structure in Relation to Land Use in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

Declining biodiversity in agro-ecosystems, caused by intensification of production or expansion of monocultures, is associated with the emergence of agricultural pests. Understanding how land-use and management control crop-associated biodiversity is, therefore, one of the key steps towards the prediction and maintenance of natural pest-control. Here we report on relationships between land-use variables and arthropod community attributes (for example, species diversity, abundance and guild structure) across a diversification gradient in a rice-dominated landscape in the Mekong delta, Vietnam. We show that rice habitats contained the most diverse arthropod communities, compared with other uncultivated and cultivated land-use types. In addition, arthropod species density and Simpson’s diversity in flower, vegetable and fruit habitats was positively related to rice cover in the local landscape. However, across the landscape as a whole, reduction in heterogeneity and the amount of uncultivated cover was associated, generally, with a loss of diversity. Furthermore, arthropod species density in tillering and flowering stages of rice was positively related to crop and vegetation richness, respectively, in the local landscape. Differential effects on feeding guilds were also observed in rice-associated communities with the proportional abundance of predators increasing and the proportional abundance of detritivores decreasing with increased landscape rice cover. Thus, we identify a range of rather complex, sometimes contradictory patterns concerning the impact of rice cover and landscape heterogeneity on arthropod community attributes. Importantly, we conclude that that land-use change associated with expansion of monoculture rice need not automatically impact diversity and functioning of the arthropod community.     

不同抗性品种稻田捕食性节肢动物的群落结构

对3个类型稻田早、晚稻捕食性节肢动物群落调查,结果表明:共有捕食性节肢动物67种,丰富度以蜘蛛高于捕食性昆虫类;早稻高于晚稻;中抗品种高于抗虫和感虫品种。早稻以皿蛛科Linyphiidae的食虫沟瘤蛛UlmmeliatainsecticepesBoes.etStr.占优势,晚稻则以狼蛛科Lycosidae的相对丰盛度最高。早稻捕食性天敌数量动态以中抗品种峰期最长;感性样田中天敌平均密度与中抗样田差异不显著,与抗虫品种差异显著;捕食性节肢动物多样性随着品种抗性的增强呈降低趋势,优势度随着品种抗性的增强而增强。晚稻3个品种样田中天敌的平均密度差异不显著;各品种样田的多样性明显高于早稻,且波动幅度小于早稻,品种之间多样性差异较小,晚稻群落可能具有较高的稳定性。     

Bt水稻田不同斑块设计对田间节肢动物群落稳定性的影响

利用正交设计考察了B t水稻种植面积大小以及与非转基因水稻相间距离两个因素对稻田节肢动物群落稳定性的影响。结果表明:在转B t稻斑块与非转B t稻斑块共存格局下,尽管两因素对两个品种上节肢动物群落物种丰富度影响不大,但较大斑块面积对两个品种水稻而言均有利于其上节肢动物群落多样性的保持。同时还发现,两个因素对两个品种斑块上的节肢动物群落影响不尽相同,且起显著效应的时间分布也因品种而异。对转B t稻斑块上节肢动物群落显著影响集中在水稻生育期前期(7月份)和末期(9月份),以斑块面积因素相对而言对节肢动物群落稳定性影响更大,具体表现在其面积越大,多样性越高,优势集中度越大。而对于非转B t稻两个因素对其上节肢动物群落的影响几乎贯穿整个调查期,其中又以斑块相间距离因素的影响更大,距离越小,多样性越高,优势集中度越低。进一步品种间的比较发现,转B t稻对田间节肢动物群落影响显著,在靶标害虫危害盛期其上节肢动物群落明显比非转B t稻上的稳定,而在非靶标害虫危害为主的时期,转B t稻田上节肢动物群落均不如非转B t稻上的稳定,尤其在水稻移栽后初期表现显著。     

转Bt基因水稻“赣绿1号”对田间节肢动物群落的影响

【目的】研究转Bt基因水稻"赣绿1号"对田间节肢动物群落的影响。【方法】以含有转cry1Ab/Ac基因水稻与常规对照为材料,2012和2013连续两年在江西南昌县开展田间试验。【结果】转Bt基因水稻"赣绿1号"田间节肢动物群落结构物种数、优势集中度、香农指数和均匀性指数与对照相比,均无显著差异;"赣绿1号"田间节肢动物5类功能团的优势度与对照田均无显著差异;"赣绿1号"田与对照田田间节肢动物群落相异性数值大多较低。【结论】转Bt基因水稻"赣绿1号"对田间节肢动物群落结构没有明显的不利影响。     

红火蚁入侵对玉米植株上节肢动物群落的影响

在农业生态系统中,入侵性红火蚁Solenopsis invicta Buren是一种贪婪的节肢动物捕食者,会不加区分地攻击害虫和有益昆虫。本文以玉米地作为研究生境,系统调查并探讨红火蚁入侵对玉米植株上节肢动物群落的影响。结果表明,红火蚁入侵使得玉米地内节肢动物的种类下降了64.7%,而减少的种类主要隶属于半翅目、鳞翅目和双翅目,并且这种负面影响主要体现在玉米生长后期。随着玉米植株上红火蚁数量的增加,相应的节肢动物群落物种丰富度、多样性和均匀度指数减少,生态优势度指数增加。进一步通过系统聚类分析表明,红火蚁发生区玉米植株上节肢动物类群结构在时间序列上波动较大,其入侵已显著影响了生境内节肢动物群落。     

Experimental Manipulation of Grassland Plant Diversity Induces Complex Shifts in Aboveground Arthropod Diversity

Changes in producer diversity cause multiple changes in consumer communities through various mechanisms. However, past analyses investigating the relationship between plant diversity and arthropod consumers focused only on few aspects of arthropod diversity, e.g. species richness and abundance. Yet, shifts in understudied facets of arthropod diversity like relative abundances or species dominance may have strong effects on arthropod-mediated ecosystem functions. Here we analyze the relationship between plant species richness and arthropod diversity using four complementary diversity indices, namely: abundance, species richness, evenness (equitability of the abundance distribution) and dominance (relative abundance of the dominant species). Along an experimental gradient of plant species richness (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 and 60 plant species), we sampled herbivorous and carnivorous arthropods using pitfall traps and suction sampling during a whole vegetation period. We tested whether plant species richness affects consumer diversity directly (i), or indirectly through increased productivity (ii). Further, we tested the impact of plant community composition on arthropod diversity by testing for the effects of plant functional groups (iii). Abundance and species richness of both herbivores and carnivores increased with increasing plant species richness, but the underlying mechanisms differed between the two trophic groups. While higher species richness in herbivores was caused by an increase in resource diversity, carnivore richness was driven by plant productivity. Evenness of herbivore communities did not change along the gradient in plant species richness, whereas evenness of carnivores declined. The abundance of dominant herbivore species showed no response to changes in plant species richness, but the dominant carnivores were more abundant in species-rich plant communities. The functional composition of plant communities had small impacts on herbivore communities, whereas carnivore communities were affected by forbs of small stature, grasses and legumes. Contrasting patterns in the abundance of dominant species imply different levels of resource specialization for dominant herbivores (narrow food spectrum) and carnivores (broad food spectrum). That in turn could heavily affect ecosystem functions mediated by herbivorous and carnivorous arthropods, such as herbivory or biological pest control.     

Impact of habitat diversification on arthropod communities： A study in the fields of Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis

Field trials were carried out from June to August in 2004 at Wuyishan （Wuyi Mountains）, Fujian province, China, to determine the effects of habitat diversification on arthropod communities. Two Chinese cabbage, Brassica chinensis, field 1 （F1） and field 2 （F2） surrounded by diverse vegetable cultivars were selected, while a monoculture of Chinese cabbage served as the control field （CK）. The results showed that： （i） when comparing insect abundance of each order between different habitats, significantly higher numbers of lepidopterous insects （39.76% from the each order） and lower densities of Hymenoptera （19.82%） were found in CK than in F1 and F2; （ii） compared with CK, F1 and F2 had a lower percentage of species richness and an abundance of herbivorous insects, but increased richness, abundance and biodiversity of predatory insects; （iii） no differences were observed in neutral insects＇ guild between different fields; and （iv） the dominant species for each guild depends on the habitat types and sampling dates. This study suggests that intercropping could conceivably be used in these habitats to increase the population of natural predators, thus achieving desirable and ecologically friendly results in vegetable fields.     

转基因抗虫水稻对水稻害虫群落的影响

本文应用吸虫器法与剥查法,研究了转Cry1Ac +SCK基因水稻及其杂交后代对水稻害虫群落的影响。结果显示：转Cry1Ac+SCK基因水稻MSA与MSB对稻纵卷叶螟具有极强的抗性,转Cry1Ac+SCK基因稻的杂交后代21S/MSB与Ⅱ32A/MSB都获得了对稻纵卷叶螟的高抗性。虽然MSA、MSB、21S/MSB与Ⅱ32A/MSB对水稻害虫的物种丰富度、个体数量、多样性与均匀度时间动态都有一定程度的影响,但生长全期的调查结果显示,与对应的对照比较,它们对水稻害虫群落的这些参数均无显著影响,且转基因水稻田与各自对照田在害虫与主要害虫物种组成上具有较高的相似性。靶标害虫种群数量的降低,并未对水稻害虫群落的组成与结构产生明显的影响,也没有引起优势种成分的变化。     

非稻田生境褐飞虱卵寄生蜂群落动态

对稻田周围田埂和路边上能寄生褐飞虱的卵寄生蜂群落的动态进行了初步研究。研究结果表明：冬季休耕期,卵寄生蜂群落变化趋势为先降后升;夏季休耕期,因为水稻收割,部分寄生蜂迁移到田埂和路边,卵寄生蜂数量呈直线上升趋势;早稻生长期,田埂和路边的飞虱卵寄生蜂的数量变化同稻田褐飞虱卵寄生蜂和褐飞虱呈正相关的关系;晚稻移栽后,田埂和路边上飞虱卵寄生蜂数量下降,以后在一定的范围内波动,晚稻后期,数量急剧上升随后很快下降,害虫防治史影响着稻田周围生境中8飞虱卵寄生蜂群落,综防区试验田周围生境中飞虱卵寄生蜂群落的寄生蜂数量、物种丰富度、多样性指数和均匀性指数均优于非综防区。     

转基因玉米对田间节肢动物群落多样性的影响

通过对转基因耐除草剂(EPSPS)抗虫(Cry1Ab)玉米转化体‘DBN9936’、受体玉米‘DBN318’、常规玉米‘先玉335’和喷施除草剂的转化体‘DBN9936’玉米田中节肢动物种类及数量的调查, 评价转基因玉米对田间节肢动物群落多样性的影响。2015年和2017年我们采用直接观察法、陷阱调查法和剖秆法对田间节肢动物进行调查, 采用聚类分析、物种累积曲线等方法对数据进行分析, 并比较了4个处理玉米田节肢动物群落的Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数、优势集中性指数和群落相似性指数的差异及其随时间变化的规律。调查期间共记录节肢动物20目80科; 转化体玉米‘DBN9936’ (2015: 10.3 ± 2.6头, 2017: 3.3 ± 1.7头)和喷施除草剂的转化体玉米‘DBN9936’ (2015: 6.0 ± 1.5头, 2017: 17.0 ± 0.6头)上鳞翅目昆虫的数量明显低于受体‘DBN318’ (2015: 20.0 ± 3.2头, 2017: 24.0 ± 6.0头)和‘先玉335’ (2015: 21.0 ± 8.9头, 2017: 26.7 ± 2.0头); 物种累积曲线呈典型的抛物线, 各类玉米田间总体物种丰富度差异较小; 玉米生育期节肢动物调查结果累计数量的功能团组成及其丰富度、多样性、均匀度、优势集中性间均无明显的差异, 各类指数随时间变化的动态趋于一致, 群落间相似性程度较高。转基因玉米‘DBN9936’对鳞翅目害虫有明显的抗性, 对非靶标节肢动物无显著的影响, 对田间节肢动物的群落多样性、均匀度、丰富度、优势集中性等没有明显的影响。     

Asexual endophytes and associated alkaloids alter arthropod community structure and increase herbivore abundances on a native grass

Despite their minute biomass, microbial symbionts of plants potentially alter herbivory, diversity and community structure. Infection of grasses by asexual endophytic fungi often decreases herbivore loads and alters arthropod diversity. However, most studies to date have involved agronomic grasses and often consider only infection status (infected vs. uninfected), without explicitly measuring endophyte-produced alkaloids, which vary among endophyte isolates and may impact consumers. We combined field experiments and population surveys to investigate how endophyte infection and associated alkaloids influence abundances, species richness, evenness and guild structure of arthropod communities on a native grass, Achnatherum robustum (sleepygrass). Surprisingly, we found that endophyte-produced alkaloids were associated with increased herbivore abundances and species richness. Our results suggest that, unlike what has been found in agronomic grass systems, high alkaloid levels in native grasses may not protect host grasses from arthropod herbivores, and may instead more negatively affect natural enemies of herbivores.
Ecology Letters (2010) 13: 106–117     

Weed communities of rain-fed lowland rice vary with infestation by Rhamphicarpa fistulosa

The facultative hemiparasitic plant Rhamphicarpa fistulosa (Orobanchaceae) thrives in seasonally wet soils in sub-Saharan Africa, mainly in marginal lowland rice growing environments where weeds are already a major constraint for rice production. Because lowland rice production is increasing in tropical Africa, it is important to ascertain the influence of R. fistulosa on weed plant communities in these rice-growing habitats. We investigated weed plant community richness and composition at four different levels of R. fistulosa infestation across two years of surveys from lowland rice fields in northern Togo (West Africa). Despite a lack of significant differences in community richness among sites with different R. fistulosa infestation levels, there were significant differences in community composition, both when estimated from presence-absence data and from relative abundance data, after controlling statistically for geographic proximity among sites. Rhamphicarpa fistulosa infestation, therefore, may influence the competitive balance between rice and its weeds and shape weed community structure. However, experimental studies are required to elucidate the weed host range of R. fistulosa and the direct and indirect effects of this hemiparasite in rice fields in order to predict its net impact on rice and its weed species.     

Ecology of pollination in a tropical Venezuelan savanna

Pollination modes ecology of a total of 164 plant species was evaluated according to habitats and plant life forms in the Venezuelan Central Plain. Frequency distribution of nine pollination modes showed that, at the community level bee pollination (38.6%) was dominant. Butterfly (13.9%), fly (12.7%), and wasp (10.8%) pollination were the second most frequent. Moth (6.2%) and wind (10.4%) pollination occurred with similar frequency, and the least common were bird (3.1%), beetle (2.3%) and bat (1.9%) pollination. There was a significant interaction effect indicating that pollination mode was affected by the type of habitat. Bee pollination was the most common pollination mode in all habitats with butterfly, fly and wasp pollination being secondary for forest and forest-savanna transition; and butterfly, wasp, wind and fly pollination being secondary for savanna. Wind, butterfly and fly pollination were found in disturbed areas as secondary pollination modes. Pollination modes were significantly associated and affected by life forms. Bee pollination was dominant in all life forms with wasp, butterfly and fly pollination being the secondary for trees, shrubs, and lianas; and butterfly and wind pollination being the secondary for herbaceous species. The number of pollination modes (richness) among life forms ranged between four and nine for epiphytes and perennial herbs respectively. The highest values of diversity indexes among life forms were found in trees and shrubs. The richness and diversity indices of pollination modes were statistically higher for more structured habitats, forest and forest-savanna transition, than herbaceous habitats, savanna and disturbed areas, which is associated with the highest values of diversity indexes in trees and shrubs. Equitability was higher for forest and disturbed areas than forest-savanna transition and savanna. The results of comparative richness, equitability, diversity indices, and the frequency distribution of pollination modes of 19 samples from tropical and temperate communities indicated that richness of pollination modes may be different between tropical and temperate communities. The proportion of each pollination mode suggests four grouping: (1) rain forests and their strata, (2) grassland savanna, and associated disturbed areas, (3) temperate communities, and (4) the most heterogeneous group, contained mostly neotropical communities, including the four habitats of the Venezuelan Central Plain. The frequency of pollination modes, richness, diversity and equitability of communities, habitats, successional stages, and vegetation strata varies with respect to geography, vegetation structure, and plant species richness.     

冬水田典型生境类型节肢动物群落多样性及生物量特征

为了掌握休耕季节不同生境冬水田节肢动物群落多样性及生物量特征,于2017年2—4月在重庆市璧山区通过陷阱法对3类冬水田耕作区及期9个小区生境进行了定点调查,分别为水稻和蔬菜及荒地耕作区、水稻和蔬菜耕作区及水稻和林地耕作区。共捕获节肢动物108367只,隶属于3纲119科(种)。Berger-Parker优势度指数表明,冬水田节肢动物群落以罕见或稀少种(类群)数量最多以及优势类群数量稀少且突出为最基本特征,圆科和长角科是最主要的优势类群。节肢动物密度和生物量的百分比分析表明,腐食者和捕食者是节肢动物群落的主要功能团;弹尾虫以及不同种类蜘蛛和天敌昆虫类群分别构成了腐食者和捕食者中的主要类群(种)。3类冬水田及其小区节肢动物群落主要功能团密度和生物量以及群落Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Margalef丰富度指数(D)、Pielou均匀度指数(J)和Simpson优势集中性指数(C)均有明显的规律变化,且出现了显著性差异(P0.05);节肢动物群落及其主要功能团腐食者和植食者分别在密度和生物量间,以及捕食者与其猎物腐食者和植食者在生物量上都具显著的相关性(P0.05)。群落相似性及相关性分析显示,3类冬水田及其小区节肢动物群落组成总体上差异明显,显然受到了稻田生境及耕作/管理等非生物因素的影响;其中生境类型(FH)作用最大,其次是蓄水量(EWQ)、稻桩生物(BR)、种植模式(PP)和收割方式(HM);它们与节肢动物群落密度及参数H′、D和C,以及腐食者密度和生物量、捕食者密度等显著正相关或负相关(P0.05)。主成分及聚类分析结果进一步指出,3类冬水田的生境异质性差异较大,这与它们小区在节肢动物群落密度(AI)、腐食者密度(DI)及FH等生物和非生物因素上的较大不同有关。总之,3类冬水田主要营养链“水稻秸秆-腐食者-捕食者”中存在不同程度的级联效应;弹尾虫作为该效应中腐食者的代表承担着冬水田“关键或中心”节肢动物类群具有的双重生态功能;不同冬水田及其小区节肢动物群落多样性及生物量特征差异明显,这与FH、EWQ、BR、PP和HM等非生物因素密切相关。     

稻田蜘蛛群落的重建及与其种库的相关性

稻田生态系统是一个不稳定的生态系统,包括稻田和非稻田生境2个部分。随着水稻的移栽与收割,稻田蜘蛛群落周期性地呈现出群落重新形成、群落发展和群落瓦解3个阶段。这一群落的发展不同于自然群落的演替。因此,将稻田生境内蜘蛛群落的重新形成过程定义为群落的重建,而非稻田生境内的蜘蛛群落称之为稻田生境内蜘蛛群落的种库。群落重建是一个季节性的、可重复的动态变化过程,以群落的周期性彻底瓦解和周期性重新形成为最主要特征。种库为群落的重建提供移居者并接受群落瓦解时所迁出的蜘蛛.二者之间呈现出互补的相互关系。保护群落的种库将有助于自然天敌群落的重建。自然天敌群落的重建是自然天敌保护和持续利用的生态学基础的一个重要组成部分,对天敌的保护利用和天敌效能的提高有十分重要的意义。     

山西翅果油树群落的多样性研究

用丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀度指数对山西翅果油树群落的多样性进行了研究 ,并用相关分析研究了海拔与多样性指数及多样性指数间的关系 ,结果表明 :1 )在干扰强烈的生境中 ,翅果油树群落具有较低的丰富度指数、多样性指数的均匀性 ,而接近顶极群落阶段 ,多样性指数和丰富度指数也较低 ,但具有较高的均匀性 ;干扰强度较小的生境中 ,群落具有较高的丰富度指数、多样性指数和均匀性。2 )灌木层和草本层的丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度指数呈现多元化的趋势。 3)海拔对山西翅果油树群落多样性的影响不显著。     

不同种植方式下转Bt基因水稻对稻田节肢动物群落的影响

如何设置庇护所使其在转基因作物靶标害虫抗性治理中达到更高的效率,就此,本文 研究了Bt水稻与非Bt水稻不同种植方式对Bt稻田节肢动物群落的影响。结果表明,整体上,块块种植和列列混栽方式对Bt稻田节肢动物群落多样性、均匀度和优势集中性无显著影响;但混栽方式下的Bt稻田节肢动物群落个体密度和物种丰富度显著偏低。在水稻发育中期,混栽方式下Bt稻田节肢动物群落季节动态与块块种植方式下的明显不同,其多样性、均匀度、优势集中性指数均类似于同种植方式下非Bt稻上各参数的季节动态。混栽方式下的庇护所效应更明显。