黄河裸裂尻鱼五种群mtDNA控制区的遗传结构

黄河裸裂尻鱼（Schizopygopsis pylzovi）主要分布于青藏高原东北部兰州以上黄河干支流水系和高原北部柴达木内流水系,由于其对高原特殊生境表现出独特的适应性而受研究者关注。本文采用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）和直接测序的方法获得了一个分布于柴达木内流水系种群和四个黄河支流种群共99条个体的线粒体DNA（mtDNA）控制区（D-100p）821bp核苷酸的序列,探讨了其种群遗传结构和分化。99条个体的序列经比对后,发现77个（9．37％）多态性位点,共定义了53个单倍型,其中有一个单倍型（DT12）为两个种群（大通种群和互助种群）所共享,其余52个单倍型均为某个种群所特有。遗传多样性分析表明,柴达木种群的单倍型多样度（h=0．79±0．06）和核苷酸多样度（π=0．0027±0．0017）均略低于黄河支流各种群。AMOVA分析结果显示,遗传差异主要发生在种群之内,占75．39％,而小同水系的种群间只有24．61％,各种群间成对的Fst及遗传距离均表明种群间出现了一定程度的种群分化,但系统进化树最示出一种混杂的单倍型分布格局,提示青藏高原东北部地质事件所造成的水系间的隔离形成较晚。单倍型歧点分布呈现为单峰以及中性检验Tajima的D（-1．497,P=0．058）和Fu的Fs（-24．741,P=0．001）结果综合表明,黄河裸裂尻鱼在青藏高原隆升过程中曾经历过近期的种群扩张事件[动物学报54（6）：972—980,2008]。     

黄河裸裂尻鱼群体遗传结构和Cyt b序列变异

测定了来自黄河上游和柴达木盆地托索湖的裸裂尻鱼共16个个体的Cytb基因全序列(1141bp),探讨了种群结构和遗传多样性。用MEGA2.1软件分析了碱基组成和序列变异;以青海湖裸鲤、花斑裸鲤和极边扁咽齿鱼为外类群,用PAUP*4.0b10程序构建了单倍型NJ树;用Arlequin Ver.2000程序计算了群体间遗传变异值(Fst)和Nm值以及群体分化概率值。结果显示,来自柴达木水系托索湖的裸裂尻鱼没有形成单系群,Fst=0.204(P0.05),Nm=1.95。初步判断,黄河和柴达木水系托索湖的裸裂尻鱼未显著分化,支持将柴达木裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis kessleri)归并入黄河裸裂尻鱼(Schizopygopsis pylzovi)的形态学结果。两种群核苷酸多样度()分别为0.0012和0.0026,表现为较低水平。根据校正的分子钟推测,黄河和托索湖裸裂尻鱼群体分歧时间为距今7万年左右的更新世末期,结合地理分布的资料和古地质事件,对黄河裸裂尻鱼群体分布水系间的历史联系进行了分析。       

基于mtDNA D-loop部分序列的软刺裸裂尻鱼遗传多样性分析

软刺裸裂尻鱼Schizopygopsis malacanthus是青藏高原特有鱼类。本研究测定了青海省玉树藏族自治州3个软刺裸裂尻鱼野生群体（隆宝滩国家级自然保护区、巴塘河上游、巴塘河下游）共72尾的mtDNA D-loop的部分序列（610 bp）,分析了其遗传多样性和种群遗传结构,旨在为玉树软刺裸裂尻鱼野生资源保护和合理开发提供理论依据。共发现29个多态位点,定义了16个单倍型。3个种群的单倍型多样性为0.438±0.121～0.676±0.076,核苷酸多样性为0.003 4±0.000 5～0.008 6±0.001 3。群体遗传分化指数统计检验表明,两两群体之间的差异均极显著。基因流分析结果表明,巴塘河上、下游种群之间的基因流水平较高,个体交流频繁。AMOVA分析结果显示,79.49%的遗传变异来自于种群间,20.51%的遗传变异来自于种群内,群体间遗传分化极显著。系统发育树和单倍型进化网络结果显示,3个种群的单倍型按照隆宝滩国家级自然保护区和巴塘河水系形成2大类群。中性检验结果表明,软刺裸裂尻鱼近期未出现显著的种群扩张事件。建议将分布在隆宝滩国家级自然保护区和巴塘河水系的软...     

基于线粒体控制区序列的黄河上游厚唇裸重唇鱼种群遗传结构

采集黄河上游厚唇裸重唇鱼(Gymnodiptychus pachycheilus)甘肃玛曲群体,测定其线粒体DNA控制区序列,并从GenBank中下载青海玛多和贵德等3地2个群体的同源序列,分析该物种的遗传多样性、遗传结构及其演化历史.从81条729 bp序列中,检测到26个变异位点(占3.57％),碱基序列总的单倍型多样性为0.844,核苷酸多样性为0.0054,界定了34个单倍型,有1个广布单倍型H2,占所有样品的38.27％.单倍型网络图图显示单倍型没有明显的亲缘地理格局,H2处于中心,呈星状发散,系统发育分析没有显示出单倍型与地理位置的对应关系.AMOVA分析显示变异主要来自地理区内群体间,歧点分布和中性检测显示厚唇裸重唇鱼近期经历了种群扩张.分析表明黄河上游3地种厚唇裸重唇鱼种群未出现分化,建议应作为一个整体进行保护.     

基于线粒体控制区的序列变异分析青海东部甘肃鼢鼠遗传多样性

甘肃鼢鼠(Myospalax cansus)是一种终年营地下独居生活的小型掘土类动物。本文通过测定mt DNA的控制区部分序列(530 bp)变异,分析青海东部地区8个甘肃鼢鼠地理种群遗传多样性与遗传结构。158个样本共发现26个变异位点,定义了39种单倍型,整体的平均单倍型多样性高(h=0.953 2)、核苷酸多样性低(π=0.006 36)。歧点分布和中性检验均说明青海东部甘肃鼢鼠种群在历史上存在着快速扩张的事件。基于邻接法构建的网络关系图中,单倍型呈星状分布,没有按地理位置形成对应类群。基因流(Nm)数据显示多数地理种群间基因交流贫乏,AMOVA结果显示种群内与种群间遗传变异分别为48.82%和51.18%,遗传分化明显。IBD分析表明,甘肃鼢鼠的遗传分化与地理距离呈正相关,说明距离隔离对甘肃鼢鼠种群分化具有重要作用。甘肃鼢鼠的这种遗传多样性与种群遗传结构特点,可能是地下生活方式靠挖掘迁移带来的较小扩散能力的结果。     

齐口裂腹鱼线粒体DNA控制区结构分析

利用直接测序法对齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)线粒体DNA控制区进行了测序,并对其序列结构进行了分析.结果表明,齐口裂腹鱼线粒体控制区碱基组成中碱基A和T的含A明显高于G和C的含量,所有类型碱基组成中碱基G的含量最低,这与其他硬骨鱼类控制区碱基组成一致.通过与哺乳类和鲤形目鱼类控制区序列进行对...     

中国胭脂鱼线粒体控制区遗传多样性分析

利用PCR技术扩增了采自长江宜昌江段和清江的8尾中国胭脂鱼线粒体DNA控制区全序列,研究发现该种具有脊椎动物线粒体控制区的一般结构,在获得的958bp的碱基序列中,共检测出32个多态性核苷酸变异位点,多态位点比例为0.033。核苷酸的变异位点除一个为缺失外,其余全部为碱基转换。变异位点主要集中在55-365bp高变异区,而其他区域突变稀少,个体的变异在0-1.36%之间,表现出较大的个体多态性差异。中国胭脂鱼的线粒体控制区的变异远大于美国胭脂鱼（Moxostoma robustum)的0.016。     

四川裂腹鱼乌江种群mtDNA控制区序列的遗传多样性分析

采用PCR扩增和直接测序法分析了四川裂腹鱼乌江种群32个个体mtDNA控制区的序列差异和遗传多样性.在该种群mtDNA控制区长度为464 bp的同源序列中,共计有9个变异位点,占总位点数的1.94%.32个个体共定义了9种单倍型,单倍型间平均遗传距离(P)为0.0060,单倍型多样度(Hd)为0.768.核苷酸多样性(π)为0.00324,平均核苷酸差异数(K)为1.500.用单倍型间遗传距离构建的NJ分子系统树聚为两个分支.结果提示四川裂腹鱼乌江种群遗传多样性匮乏,保护四川裂腹鱼乌江种群刻不容缓.     

铜鱼线粒体控制区的序列变异和遗传多样性

采用PCR和DNA测序技术研究长江中上游野生铜鱼的遗传多样性和群体遗传学特征,从9个采样点共获得100尾铜鱼,用于分析的线粒体DNA控制区的片段序列为946bp。在100个序列中,共检测出变异位点47个(其中增添/缺失位点8个),单倍型41种。9个地理群体的平均单倍型多样性(Hd)和平均核苷酸多样性(Pi)分别为0.9257±0.0162和0.004178±0.002337,表现出较贫乏的遗传多样性。群体间的分化指数(FST值)、平均基因流(Nm)、分子方差分析(AMOVA)和平均K2-P遗传距离均表明9个铜鱼地理群体间存在广泛的基因交流,未明显发生群体遗传分化。另外,共享单倍型比例较高,约为34%(14/41)。单倍型的UPGMA分子系统树和简约网络图显示单倍型的聚类与地理分群没有相关性。上述结果表明9个铜鱼地理群体属于同一种群。       

松江鲈线粒体DNA控制区结构和遗传多样性分析

为探讨松江鲈(Trachidermus fasciatus Heckel)线粒体控制区特征及其群体遗传结构, 研究测定分析了中国和日本沿海共8个群体的线粒体控制区序列, 分析了其结构特征, 识别出终止序列区(ETAS)、中央保守区(CD)和保守序列区(CSB)的特征序列。遗传多样性分析结果显示: 69个松江鲈个体共检测到47个单倍型, 呈现出核苷酸多样性(0.0079)较低和单倍型多样性(0.978)较高的特点。单倍型邻接关系树和单倍型网络关系图均显示松江鲈分为中国和日本两大世系。遗传分化系数(Fst)和分子方差分析(AMOVA)结果表明, 松江鲈中国群体和日本群体之间存在的遗传差异较显著, 中国沿海各群体之间亦存在着一定程度的遗传差异, 该分化主要由历史环境变动、当代环境因素和自身生态习性等原因造成。     

Limited genetic diversity of an endemic subspecies Schizopygopsis chengi baoxingensis as inferred from the mitochondrial DNA control region

As a subspecies of Schizopygopsis chengi (Fang), Schizopygopsis chengi baoxingensis (Fu, Ding et Ye) occurs as a single population endemic to the Baoxing River in China. The influences from the construction of hydropower dams in its distribution area might result in its extinction in the future due to its very narrow habitat and small population size. In this study, we sequenced the mitochondrial DNA control region of 81 individuals to analyze the genetic variability of the subspecies, hoping to acquire basic genetic information. The results revealed a limited genetic diversity of the population. Total samples could only be defined as seven haplotypes based on nucleotide variations. The nucleotide diversity (0.0008), haplotype diversity (0.534), and overall mean genetic distance among individuals (0.00080 ± 0.00053) were very low. Therefore, it is very necessary and urgent to conserve the population of this subspecies, avoiding further genetic loss, or even extinction. Handling editor: Christian Sturmbauer     

Population genetic structure of striped mullet, Mugil cephalus, along the coast of China, inferred by AFLP fingerprinting

The striped mullet, Mugil cephalus, is an economically important species for both aquaculture and commercial fisheries in China. In this study, the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) technique was employed to analyze population genetic diversity and genetic distance between different populations with the aim of elucidating the population structure and gene flow of M. cephalus along the coast of China. A total of 230 fragments with 150–500 bp were identified from 118 individuals by five AFLP primer combinations. The polymorphic loci within populations varied from 46.52% to 64.78%, with an average of 53.91%, and the average heterozygosity from 0.1829 to 0.2282, with an average of 0.2074. The UPGMA phenograms of 118 individuals were constructed based on Dice similarity coefficients and four clusters were recognized. AMOVA analysis revealed that 60.7% of genetic variations were within populations and 39.3% between populations. The estimated genetic distance (φ_ST) value over all polymorphic loci across the six populations was 0.393 (p < 0.0010), indicating a strong population structuring. The pairwise φ_ST value ranged from 0.1112 to 0.5358, with an average of 0.3693. The population pairwise gene flows (average N_m = 0.73) are low. In addition, the result of the Mantel test showed that there was a significant correlation between geographic and genetic distances (r = 0.5434, p = 0.0050). It was speculated that there exist at least four distinct geographic populational subdivisions of M. cephalus along the Chinese coast. This research has provided new molecular data which will aid our understanding of the genetic structure of this species.     

秦岭细鳞鲑群体遗传结构

秦岭细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok tsinlingensis)是秦岭地区特有鱼类,近年来由于环境恶化及人类活动的加剧,已对其造成严重影响,种群处于濒危状态,因此研究秦岭细鳞鲑的群体遗传结构、演化历史、分布动态等对其进行有效保护具有重要意义。本研究用线粒体D-loop区序列对秦岭地区6个群体(n=112)进行了遗传结构和群体演化分析。D-loop区扩增出的891bp序列在112个个体中,检测到42个变异位点,共26个单倍型;碱基序列总的单倍型多样度较高为0.883,核苷酸多样度为0.00799。AMOVA分析显示,60.05%的分子差异位于群体内,39.95%的分子差异位于群体间,Fst值统计检验表明,除那布大河群体与漳河群体和千河群体之间差异不显著之外,其余两两群体之间Fst值统计检验均为显著。系统树和单倍型网络图分析表明,6个地理群体的单倍型按照渭河上游和渭河中游两个河段形成两个大的类群,且5个群体共享一个单倍型H2,表明这些群体具有相同的演化历史,为同一个祖先群体演化而来。中性检验和歧点分布显示,秦岭细鳞鲑种群大小保持相对稳定,未经历明显的种群扩张。同时建议将渭河上游秦岭细鳞鲑群体作为一个整体进行重点保护。     

Molecular phylogenetics and population structure of Sousa chinensis in Chinese waters inferred from mitochondrial control region sequences

Phylogenetic analyses of the genus Sousa were carried out across their geographic range and focused especially on the genetic variation patterns and population structure of Sousa chinensis in Chinese waters. The analyses were based on 287-bp of the mitochondrial control region from 122 Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis) and two Atlantic humpback dolphins (Sousa teuszii). All specimens from China grouped together in a well-supported clade with high bootstrap (BS) and Bayesian posterior probability values (BPP), strongly suggesting that only one species of Sousa exists in China. Six haplotypes were identified in 65 individuals from Xiamen and Pearl River Estuary in China. The extremely low level of detected mtDNA genetic diversity strongly suggests a high priority in conservation of Sousa. The highly significant genetic differentiation between the two populations in Xiamen and Pearl River Estuary supports the designation of these two populations as separate management units (MUs) when designing management programs for this species.     

Population structure and genetic diversity in two species of Hawaiian picture-winged Drosophila

Over the last several decades many picture-winged Drosophila have become less common in both geographical distribution and local population size (pers. obs., Foote pers. comm., Montgomerey pers. comm.). Here we report on a study of two Hawaiian Drosophila species, D. engyochracea, and D. hawaiiensis, to determine the impact that changes in population sizes over the past thirty years have had on the genetic diversity of these species. D. engyochracea is known from only two locations on the Island of Hawai'i (Kipuka Ki and Kipuka Pua'ulu), while D. hawaiiensis is currently more wide spread across Hawai'i Island. We collected 65 D. hawaiiensis and 66 D. engyochracea from two forest patches (kipuka) isolated by a 400 year old volcanic ash deposit. DNA sequence data for 515 bases of the mitochondrial gene COII was analyzed for both species to estimate relative total genetic diversity as well as inter-kipuka gene flow. The more wide spread species, D. hawaiiensis, has more genetic diversity (23 vs. 11 unique haplotypes) than the rarer species, D. engyochracea. The distribution of haplotypes in the kipuka is consistent with more gene flow in D. engyochracea than in D. hawaiiensis. Phylogenetic analysis indicates a small number of individuals morphologically identified as one species but have DNA sequence diagnostic for the other species. These results are consistent with these individuals being descendant from hybrids between species.     

Genetic diversity and population structure analysis of Qinghai-Tibetan plateau schizothoracine fish (Gymnocypris dobula) based on mtDNA D-loop sequences

Gymnocypris dobula is a commercially important fishery species and mostly distributed in the freshwater of Tibetan plateau. In this study, genetic diversity and intraspecific population differentiation were examined by using mitochondrial DNA D-loop sequences in 97 individuals sampled from three localities (Pali, Lasa and Yanghu) in the Tibetan plateau. Two hundred and fourteen polymorphic sites and 50 haplotypes were defined among the three localities. Genetic diversity analysis showed that the highest genetic diversity level was found in Pali population. Phylogenetic relationships analysis results indicated that closer phylogenetic relationships were found between the Yanghu and Lasa populations. Genetic population differentiation analysis indicated that the majority of variation (84.91%) was attributed to variations among populations and the largest differentiation was found between Pali and Lasa localities (F_st = 0.874, Nm = 0.036). Moreover, the historical demographic events were assessed by implementing the mismatch distribution analysis, Fajima's D test and Fu's Fs test. The results indicated that the Pali population had undergone a demographic expansion, possibly within the last 0.163 MYA (Million Years Ago). Our study firstly identified the population genetic structure of the G. dobula, which could be helpful for artificial breeding, fishery stock identification and resource conservation for this species.     

An AFLP analysis of genetic diversity and structure of Caragana microphylla populations in Inner Mongolia steppe, China

Genetic diversity and structure of five natural populations of Caragana microphylla from the Inner Mongolia steppe were estimated using AFLP markers. Five pairs of primers generated a total of 312 bands among 90 individuals, with percentage of polymorphic bands (PPB) being 63% at the population level and 76% at the species level, respectively. The genetic diversity within populations was correlated significantly with the soil N:P ratio. AMOVA analysis revealed high genetic variations within populations (95.5%). The estimated number of migrants per generation (Nm) was 10.72, indicating a high level of gene flow among populations. There was no significant correlation (r = 0.36) between genetic distance and geographical distance. These results were discussed in terms of eco-geographical variations among populations, together with the life history traits and breeding system of the species. The knowledge obtained may have important implications for better conservation and wise use of the vegetation dominate by C. microphylla.     

基于线粒体DNA序列的秦岭地区淡足青步甲种群遗传结构分析

淡足青步甲Chlaenius pallipes是一类重要的天敌昆虫。为了揭示秦岭地区淡足青步甲的种群遗传分化和种群历史动态,对13个地理种群151个个体的线粒体Cox1-tRNALeu-Cox2片段DNA序列进行了分析。序列比对后的全长为1 602 bp,共检测到57个多态性位点,定义65个单倍型,其中48个为居群内特有单倍型,17个为居群间共享单倍型。单倍型多样性指数H_d 为0.972,核苷酸多样性指数P_i为 0.0025。该种群遗传分化明显,但AMOVA分析结果表明变异主要来源于种群内,占变异总量的92.10%。SAMOVA和PERMUT分析结果均表明秦岭地区的淡足青步甲种群不存在明显的谱系地理结构。结合中性检验、错配分布和BSP分析结果表明该物种发生过种群扩张,且扩张时间大致在0.100-0.025 Ma之间。