钙依赖性粘附素及其信号转导

钙依赖性粘附素介导的粘附连接在决定和维持发育及成年机体的组织结构中起着重要作用。钙依赖性粘附素结合的特异性取决于其细胞外段,但完整的生理性粘附还需其胞质尾段与胞质相关蛋白以及细胞骨架的相互作用和联系。粘附连接的调节涉及到钙依赖性粘附素基因表达、聚集和磷酸化以及缝隙连接通讯等;此外,钙依赖性粘附素－连环素复合体还参与信号转导过程,从而影响组织的结构和功能。     

糖基化磷脂酰肌醇锚定蛋白与动脉粥样硬化

动脉粥样硬化是心血管系统疾病的重要病理改变.目前,已发现多种糖基化磷脂酰肌醇锚定蛋白与动脉粥样硬化的发生,发展密切相关.CD14参与了动脉粥样硬化的慢性炎症过程;T-钙黏着蛋白可作为LDL的受体与动脉粥样硬化联系密切;其他的糖基化磷脂酰肌醇锚定蛋自如CD87等参与了动脉粥样硬化时细胞的移行、粘附、凋亡和增殖等.     

TGF-β1对人正常胎盘滋养层细胞表达E-钙粘素的调节

E-钙粘素是在胚胎发育中最早表达的分子之一,它可以与Catenin家族成员形成钙粘素/Catenin复合物参与多种细胞功能,对于胚胎植入和胎盘发生具有重要作用.通过RT-PCR、免疫组织化学、细胞粘附分析等方法,在人正常妊娠和输卵管妊娠母胎界面上,发现E-钙粘素主要定位于绒毛细胞滋养层细胞和滋养层细胞柱,从滋养层细胞柱近端向远端,其蛋白质水平逐渐降低.正常胎盘组织中E-钙粘素水平在妊娠早期较高,妊娠中期直至分娩期均维持低水平.在体外培养的人正常胎盘细胞滋养层细胞系(NPC细胞)中,转化生长因子β(TGFβ1)显著上调E-钙粘素蛋白和mRNA的表达,并呈现时间和剂量依赖性,同时,TGFβ1促进NPC细胞之间的粘附.上述结果表明,胎盘中存在E-钙粘素的旁分泌调节机制,E-钙粘素可通过调节滋养层细胞粘附而参与细胞侵润的有节制调控.     

胚胎干细胞凋亡的研究进展

胚胎干细胞单细胞悬浮培养时会出现凋亡,而当聚集生长或在饲养层细胞上培养时则能抑制凋亡的发生.整合素参与介导胚胎干细胞与饲养层细胞之间的粘附,而钙依赖粘附素则参与介导胚胎干细胞之间的粘附.凋亡的发生与细胞色素C从线粒体的漏出密切相关,Bcl 2家族可以调节线粒体释放细胞色素C,因而参与凋亡的调控过程.     

钙黏蛋白家族与巨噬细胞极化的关系

巨噬细胞参与固有免疫和适应性免疫过程,它有两种极化类型:经典激活型(M1型)和替代激活型(M2型)。在不同病理过程(如过敏性炎症、肿瘤迁移、免疫炎症等)的发生进程中,巨噬细胞均发挥着重要作用。钙黏蛋白是一种介导细胞识别和黏附作用的膜蛋白分子,近些年来有研究表明钙黏蛋白家族与巨噬细胞极化有着紧密的联系。现主要就E-钙黏蛋白、N-钙黏蛋白、VE-钙黏蛋白、OB-钙黏蛋白、T-钙黏蛋白与巨噬细胞极化的相互作用,以及它们在炎症反应中的作用和机制作一概述。     

P－选择素研究进展

Ｐ－选择素是粘附分子选择素家族的重要成分之一,参与细胞间、细胞与基质间的粘附,在炎症、栓塞及肿瘤转移中起重要作用．本文着重介绍了Ｐ－选择素的结构特点、配体、表达调控及检测方面的研究进展．     

神经型钙粘素与突触功能调节:粘附和信号传递的双重作用

神经型钙粘素(N-cadherin)作为经典钙粘素家族的一员,是钙离子依赖的细胞连接中的一种重要跨膜成分,而其作为神经突触的粘附受体不仅为跨突触的细胞骨架提供了形式上的连接,还成为了功能上沟通突触前后膜的桥梁,传递粘附信号并调节突触的发育和成熟突触的可塑性。本文主要就后者讨论N-cadherin参与的成熟突触形态和功能的变化及调节中的新近进展,并试从粘附作用与信号传递两方面,分别从粘附作用的建立和调节,跨膜、跨突触,以及胞内信号传递,来分析N-cadherin对成熟突触的作用。可以看出,粘附是基础,信号传递是建立在其上的功能,并受粘附的调节。二者相互联系,协调作用。粘附的建立需通过信号传递与细胞骨架沟通,而粘附反过来又成为信号传递通路的起始信号,从而共同介导突触的形态和功能的变化及重塑。     

γ—连环素及其研究进展

γ-连环素（γ-catenin,γ-cat)是实质细胞粘附连接处钙粘附素（cadherin,cd)/连环素复合体的胞内组成部分,同时还是桥粒的组成成份之一。近年发现,γ-cat同时还是一种癌基因,并参与wnt信号传导通路,介导粘附连接与桥粒之间的交流等。本文对γ-cat的生物学特性及其功能作一综述。     

CDH13在恶性肿瘤中的研究进展

T-钙黏蛋白(T-Cadherin/H-Cadherin,CDH13)是非典型的钙黏素家族中的一员。研究发现,CDH13广泛分布于正常细胞表面,而在肺癌、乳腺癌、宫颈癌等多种恶性肿瘤中表达下调,并证实与肿瘤的不良预后有关。在肿瘤中CDH13的再表达可抑制肿瘤细胞的增殖与侵袭。这些特性表明,CDH13可能成为恶性肿瘤风险评估和监测预后的新的分子生物学标志。现就近年来CDH13在恶性肿瘤中的研究进展进行综述。     

β—连环素与肿瘤发生、浸润的转移

β-连环素（β-catenin,β-cat)具有双重功能,它是wnt信号转导通路的下游元件,β-cat介导的wnt信号转导通路异常激活与肿瘤发生关系密切,同时,β-cat也是上皮钙粘附素-连环素复合体（E-cadherin/catenin complex,E-cd/cat复合体）的重要组分,该复合体中β-cat结构和功能异常在肿瘤浸润、转移过程中发挥重要作用。     

Antiadhesive molecule T-cadherin is an atypical low-density lipoprotein receptor in vascular cells

Elevated serum LDL level, which results in cholesterol accumulation in vascular wall, is widely accepted as a risk factor in atherosclerosis development. Additionally to metabolic effects, LDL can produce hormone-like effects in a number of cells: activate second messenger systems, regulate gene expression and activate platelets and stimulate cell proliferation. The responses elicited by LDL are rapid, dose-dependent and capable of being saturated, indicating the involvement of specific receptor/binding sites in LDI-stimulated signal transduction. This LDL-binding protein was isolated from human aorta media and identified as T-cadherin. Cadherins are a superfamily of adhesion molecules that mediate Ca2+ -dependent cell-cell adhesion in embryogenesis and in adult organism's solid tissues. Intercellular junctions are formed as a result of interactions between extracellular domains of the neighboring cells' cadherins. Binding of the intercellular domain to the acting cytoskeleton ensures stability of cadherin-mediated adhesive junctions. T-cadherin is a unique member of calcium-dependent adherent proteins; in contrast to classical cadherins T-cadherin is anchored to the cell surface membranes via a glycosyl phosphatidyl inositol (GPI) moiety. Subcellular distribution of T-cadherin is restricted to lipid rafts on the cell membranes where it co-localizes with signal-transducing molecules. The function of T-cadherin has not yet been revealed. It was originally cloned from chicken embryo brain where the spatial-temporally restricted pattern of T-cadherin suggests its role as a negative guidance cue in tegulating the segmental organization of trunk neural crest migration and motor axon projections. Comparative study of the T-cadherin expression in human organs and tissues revealed that T-cadherin content was maximal in cardiovascular system. Its expression in VSMC depends on the cell phenotype and proliferate activity and increases in atherosclerotic lesion and restenosis. T-cadherin seems to play a key role in the regulation of the vascular cell phenotype, migration and growth. We hypothesize that T-cadherin is an anti-adhesive molecule which participates in intercellular interactions informing cells about their environment and regulating migration and proliferation of cells in vascular wall, while LDL interfere with the normal function of T-cadherin.     

microRNA-377-3p downregulates the oncosuppressor T-cadherin in colorectal adenocarcinoma cells

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of death of malignant tumors worldwide. Recent studies point to a role for the adiponectin-receptor axis in colorectal carcinogenesis, and in particular to the oncosuppressive properties of the T-cadherin receptor. In addition, the loss of T-cadherin expression in tumor tissues has been linked to cancer progression and attributed to aberrant methylation of its promoter. Recognizing the pivotal role of microRNAs in CRC, this study explores their possible contribution to the downregulation of T-cadherin. A systematic bioinformatics analysis, restricted by microRNA expression data in the colon or in cultured colorectal cell lines, predicted twelve top-ranking target miRNA sites within the 3ʹ UTR of T-cadherin. Experimental validation analyses based on luciferase reporter constructs and miRNA mimic or miRNA inhibitor transfections toward colorectal adenocarcinoma cell lines indicated that miR-377-3p was able to directly bind to the T-cadherin sequence, and thus downregulating its expression. Given the oncogenic activity of miR-377 and the oncosuppressive activity of T-cadherin in CRC, the regulatory circuit highlighted in this study may add new insights into molecular mechanisms driving colorectal carcinogenesis, and perspectively it could be exploited to identify novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.     

Glycosyl phosphatidylinositol--anchored T-cadherin mediates calcium-dependent, homophilic cell adhesion.

Cadherins are a family of cell adhesion molecules that exhibit calcium-dependent, homophilic binding. Their function depends on both an HisAlaVal sequence in the first extracellular domain, EC1, and the interaction of a conserved cytoplasmic region with intracellular proteins. T-cadherin is an unusual member of the cadherin family that lacks the HisAlaVal motif and is anchored to the membrane through a glycosyl phosphatidylinositol moiety (Ranscht, B., and M. T. Dours-Zimmermann. 1991. Neuron. 7:391-402). To assay the function of T-cadherin in cell adhesion, we have transfected T-cadherin cDNA into CHO cells. Two proteins, mature T-cadherin and the uncleaved T-cadherin precursor, were produced from T-cadherin cDNA. The T-cadherin proteins differed from classical cadherins in several aspects. First, the uncleaved T-cadherin precursor was expressed, together with mature T-cadherin, on the surface of the transfected cells. Second, in the absence of calcium, T-cadherin was more resistant to proteolytic cleavage than other cadherins. Lastly, in contrast to classical cadherins, T-cadherin was not concentrated into cell-cell contacts between transfected cells in monolayer cultures. In cellular aggregation assays, T-cadherin induced calcium-dependent, homophilic adhesion which was abolished by treatment of T-cadherin-transfected cells with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C. These results demonstrate that T-cadherin is a functional cadherin that differs in several properties from classical cadherins. The function of T-cadherin in homophilic cell recognition implies that the mechanism of T-cadherin-induced adhesion is distinct from that of classical cadherins.     

T-cadherin suppresses the cell proliferation of mouse melanoma B16F10 and tumor angiogenesis in the model of the chorioallantoic membrane

The influence of T-cadherin on the pigmentation and proliferation of mouse melanoma B16F10 cells in vitro and on the growth and neovascularization of tumor cell masses formed by the B16F10 cells in a model of the chorioallantoic membrane of a chicken embryo is studied. It is found that the proliferative activity of the cells decreases in the cell culture of mouse melanoma upon the overexpression of T-cadherin in comparison with the cells in the control. It is shown in experiments in vitro that the B16F10 cells with the overexpression of T-cadherin are rarely settling are to the chorioallantoic membrane than the control cells. In addition, it is found that the control cells of mouse melanoma form tumors with area more 0.1 mm² more often than the cells with the overexpression of T-cadherin and the amount of the vessels growing to tumor cell masses formed by the cells with the overexpression of T-cadherin is significantly lower than the same index for the cells in the control. Thus, the overexpression of T-cadherin in the B16F10 cells suppresses the proliferation of these cells in vitro and the growth of the tumor masses formed by melanoma cells on the chorioallantoic membrane and their neovascularization in vivo.     

Novel mechanism regulating endothelial permeability via T-cadherin-dependent VE-cadherin phosphorylation and clathrin-mediated endocytosis

T-cadherin is a unique member of the cadherin superfamily of adhesion molecules. In contrast to “classical” cadherins, T-cadherin lacks transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains and is anchored to the cell membrane via a glycosilphosphoinositol moiety. T-cadherin is predominantly expressed in cardiovascular system. Clinical and biochemical studies evidence that expression of T-cadherin increases in post-angioplasty restenosis and atherosclerotic lesions—conditions associated with endothelial dysfunction and pathological expression of adhesion molecules. Here, we provide data suggesting a new signaling mechanism by which T-cadherin regulates endothelial permeability. T-cadherin overexpression leads to VE-cadherin phosphorylation on Y731 (β-catenin-binding site), VE-cadherin clathrin-dependent endocytosis and its degradation in lysosomes. Moreover, T-cadherin overexpression results in activation of Rho GTPases signaling and actin stress fiber formation. Thus, T-cadherin up-regulation is involved in degradation of a key endothelial adhesion molecule, VE-cadherin, resulting in the disruption of endothelial barrier function. Our results point to the role of T-cadherin in regulation of endothelial permeability and its possible engagement in endothelial dysfunction.     

Expression of T-cadherin (CDH13, H-Cadherin) in human brain and its characteristics as a negative growth regulator of epidermal growth factor in neuroblastoma cells

In the present study, we first examined the expression of T-cadherin in human CNS by northern blot analysis, immunohistochemical staining, and in situ hybridization. Northern blot analysis demonstrated expression of T-cadherin in human adult cerebral cortex, medulla, thalamus, and midbrain. Immunohistochemical staining with a newly generated monoclonal antibody, designated MA-511, revealed strong expression of T-cadherin in neural cell surface membrane and neurites in adult cerebral cortex, medulla oblongata, and nucleus olivaris. Little or no expression of T-cadherin was found in spinal cord. We further examined T-cadherin expression in various developing nervous systems, and found that T-cadherin expression was lower in developing brain than in adult brain. In situ hybridization revealed that neural cells in medulla oblongata and nucleus olivaris, but not in spinal cord, possessed T-cadherin molecules. We transfected T-cadherin-negative TGW and NH-12 neuroblastoma cells with a T-cadherin cDNA-containing expression vector. T-cadherin-expressing neuroblastoma cells lost mitogenic proliferative response to epidermal growth factor. Epidermal growth factor is known to be required for proliferation of neural stem cells. This finding, together with those of the present study, suggests that T-cadherin functions as a negative regulator of neural cell growth.     

T-cadherin expression alternates with migrating neural crest cells in the trunk of the avian embryo.

Trunk neural crest cells and motor axons move in a segmental fashion through the rostral (anterior) half of each somitic sclerotome, avoiding the caudal (posterior) half. This metameric migration pattern is thought to be caused by molecular differences between the rostral and caudal portions of the somite. Here, we describe the distribution of T-cadherin (truncated-cadherin) during trunk neural crest cell migration. T-cadherin, a novel member of the cadherin family of cell adhesion molecules was selectively expressed in the caudal half of each sclerotome at all times examined. T-cadherin immunostaining appeared graded along the rostrocaudal axis, with increasing levels of reactivity in the caudal halves of progressively more mature (rostral) somites. The earliest T-cadherin expression was detected in a small population of cells in the caudal portion of the somite three segments rostral to last-formed somite. This initial T-cadherin expression was observed concomitant with the invasion of the first neural crest cells into the rostral portion of the same somite in stage 16 embryos. When neural crest cells were ablated surgically prior to their emigration from the neural tube, the pattern of T-cadherin immunoreactivity was unchanged compared to unoperated embryos, suggesting that the metameric T-cadherin distribution occurs independent of neural crest cell signals. This expression pattern is consistent with the possibility that T-cadherin plays a role in influencing the pattern of neural crest cell migration and in maintaining somite polarity.     

Expression of T-cadherin in the rat carotid artery wall after balloon injury and in different rat organs

T-cadherin is an unusual glycosilphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored member of the cadherin family of cell adhesion proteins. In contrast to classical cadherins, tissue distribution of T-cadherin so far remained unknown. We examined tissue distribution of T-cadherin in rats using Western blotting and immunohistochemical method. Our results show that T-cadherin is expressed in all types of muscles (cardiac, striated, and smooth muscles), in brain neurons, and spinal cord, in the vessel endothelium, at the apical pole of intestinal villar epithelium, in the basal layer of skin, and eosophagal epithelium. Blood-derived and lymphoid cells as well as connective tissue were T-cadherin-negative. The highest level of T-cadherin expression was revealed in the cardiovascular system. Although T-cadherin was detected in smooth muscle cells, its role in the intimal thickening and restenosis is not known. We examined T-cadherin expression within 1-28 days after balloon injury of rat left carotid arteries. T-cadherin expression was valued immunohistochemically with semiquantitative method. In uninjured arteries, T-cadherin was expressed in endothelial (vWF-positive) cells, and smooth muscle (alpha-actin-positive) cells (SMCs). After denudation of arterial wall, T-cadherin was present both in the media and neointima. We revealed dynamics of T-cadherin expression in the media of injured artery: an essential increase being registered at the stage of cell migration and proliferation in the media and neointima (1-7 days), followed by its decrease to the baseline level (10-28 days). The high upregulation of T-cadherin expression in the media and neointima during migration and proliferation of vascular cells after vessel injury enables us to suggest the involvement of T-cadherin in vessel remodeling after balloon catheter injury.