香根草对镉毒害的生理响应——采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)

为阐明香根草(Vetiveria zizanioides)对镉(Cd~(2+))胁迫的耐性机理及其对重金属Cd~(2+)的积累特征,通过水培试验,采用傅里叶变换红外光谱法(FTIR)研究在不同Cd~(2+)浓度处理时香根草根、茎、叶化学组分的变化,同时测定香根草叶Cd~(2+)的亚细胞分布和其重金属Cd~(2+)含量。结果表明,其根组织在2927 cm~(-1)处峰高先下降后上升,表明在低Cd~(2+)(Cd~(2+)3 mg/L)处理条件下香根草分泌的有机酸不断螯合Cd~(2+),造成羧酸O—H的减少,但随着Cd~(2+)含量的升高,其羧酸螯合力变弱,有机酸含量渐渐升高;茎组织在1631 cm~(-1)峰高处先上升后下降,表明在低Cd~(2+)(Cd~(2+)3 mg/L)处理条件下香根草产生氨基酸、多肽和蛋白质等物质,通过渗透调节来增强抗逆性,但随着Cd~(2+)含量的升高,蛋白质二级结构中肽键间氢键的结合力受影响较大。当Cd~(2+)处理浓度为7 mg/L时,香根草生长10 d后,地上部分及根组织富集Cd~(2+)量分别高达212.49 mg/kg和290.59 mg/kg。香根草地上部分的Cd~(2+)含量随Cd~(2+)处理浓度的增加而增加。香根草叶片富集的Cd~(2+)主要分布于细胞质中,其次为细胞壁,而在线粒体和叶绿体中含量最低。     

水稻施用硅肥对稻纵卷叶螟幼虫保护酶和解毒酶活性的影响

【目的】研究施硅水稻对稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis(Guenée)幼虫保护酶(过氧化氢酶CAT、过氧化物酶POD、超氧化物歧化酶SOD)和解毒酶(谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶GST、乙酰胆碱酯酶ACh E)活性的影响,为探明硅增强水稻抗稻纵卷叶螟的机理和稻纵卷叶螟的综合治理提供依据。【方法】采用感虫水稻品种TN1,设置2种施硅水平,即0.32 g Si/kg土壤(Si+)和不施硅(Si-),测定取食水稻24、48、72、96 h后3龄幼虫体内CAT、POD、SOD、GST、ACh E活性的动态变化。【结果】幼虫取食Si+水稻前期(24~48 h),CAT、POD、SOD活性呈上升趋势,并在48 h时达到最高值;取食后期(48~96 h),CAT、POD、SOD活性下降并在96 h时显著低于Si-处理。在Si-处理中,幼虫CAT和POD活性"先降低、再升高",SOD活性呈一直增大的趋势。取食Si+水稻幼虫GST活性始终显著高于Si-处理,而ACh E活性均低于Si-水稻,并在72 h和96 h时显著低于Si-水稻。处理间幼虫存活率存在显著差异,Si+水稻上1龄和3龄幼虫的存活率显著低于Si-水稻。这些结果说明,硅处理可能使稻纵卷叶螟幼虫产生应激反应引起保护酶活性在短时间内增大,但取食一段时间后保护酶活性下降。ACh E活性受到抑制,会引起昆虫神经传导的异常反应,造成昆虫死亡。【结论】硅可能通过参与植物的生理代谢过程,诱导植物增加次生代谢物的合成和积累,引起稻纵卷叶螟保护酶和解毒酶的活性变化,可能会影响稻纵卷叶螟的存活。     

基于因子分析的Cd~(2+)胁迫下赤子爱胜蚓氧化应激响应

蚯蚓受到胁迫时,体内立即产生氧化应激反应,从而使得蚯蚓成为一种灵敏的指示性生物而被广泛应用于各类污染物的监测指示中。由于与蚯蚓氧化应激反应相关的因素众多,找出污染物胁迫过程中重点监测的指标是污染监测警示过程的现实需求。因子分析是在损失较少信息的前提下,将原来多个变量转化为少数的几个综合指标的一种统计方法。本研究运用该方法对重金属胁迫下蚯蚓氧化应激相关指标进行筛选和分析。试验在人工土壤条件下进行,分短期和长期试验2组,前者试验周期10 d,每天取出1条蚯蚓,后者试验周期为30 d,每10天取出1条蚯蚓。每组均设定0、50、100、125、250和500 mg·kg-1的Cd~(2+)浓度梯度溶液,选择蚯蚓环带后部进行体内SOD、POD、GPX、GST、MDA、CAT、VE和ACh E的测定。结果表明:短期试验组蚯蚓受到Cd~(2+)胁迫1~3天时,蚯蚓体内氧化应激的主要指标是CAT,4~5天时是MDA,6~7天时是POD,在第8天时是GST和GPX,在9~10天时是CAT,而在长期试验中,蚯蚓体内氧化应激的主要指标则是GPX。     

重金属铜、锌、镉复合胁迫对麻疯树幼苗生理生化的影响

该研究以Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)单一胁迫为对照,探讨不同浓度的Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)复合胁迫对麻疯树幼苗生理生化指标的影响。结果表明:随着Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)浓度的增加,麻疯树幼苗叶片中的蛋白质(Pro)、丙二醛(MDA)含量均逐渐增加,其叶片叶绿素含量随着Zn~(2+)胁迫浓度的增加呈现出先降后升的趋势,在中等浓度(100 mg·L-1)的Zn~(2+)胁迫时含量最低、随着Cu~(2+)胁迫浓度的增加叶绿素含量先升高后降低,在Cu~(2+)浓度为200 mg·L-1时含量最高,达到1 200 mg·g-1FW; Cd~(2+)胁迫对叶绿素含量和根系活力无明显影响。根系活力在Zn~(2+)浓度为100 mg·L~(-1)时最强,随着Cu~(2+)浓度的增加而减弱。低浓度的Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)对过氧化物酶活性和可溶性糖含量都具有促进作用。Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)复合胁迫时对可溶性蛋白、叶绿素和丙二醛含量均无明显影响,随着复合胁迫时浓度的增加,可溶性糖含量和根系活力先增后减。这表明麻疯树对三种重金属的胁迫具有一定的抗性,过高浓度的胁迫会影响麻疯树幼苗生理生化的一些指标,但是麻疯树可以通过自身的防御系统使伤害降到最小。此外,重金属复合胁迫可以在一定程度上减轻单一胁迫对麻疯树幼苗造成的毒害作用。     

耐镉真菌Paecilomyces lilacinus 6-20p对Cd~(2+)的吸附特性研究

开展了一株高耐镉真菌Paecilomyces lilacinus 6-20p对Cd~(2+)的吸附效果及影响因素的研究。结果表明获取Paecilomyces lilacinus 6-20p最大生长量的培养时间为108 h。Paecilomyces lilacinus 6-20p对培养液中Cd~(2+)的去除率随pH、培养温度、培养时间呈现先增高后降低的趋势,对Cd~(2+)吸附的最佳条件为pH 3.5,30℃培养108 h。培养液中Cd~(2+)初始浓度小于35.2 mg/L时,Paecilomyces lilacinus 6-20p的生长未受到抑制。当Cd~(2+)浓度大于35.2 mg/L时,其对培养液中Cd~(2+)的去除率随Cd~(2+)初始浓度增加而降低。pH、培养温度、培养时间以及Cd~(2+)初始浓度等因素均能显著影响Paecilomyces lilacinus 6-20p对Cd~(2+)的吸附效果,在菌株应用过程中应充分考虑这些因素。     

大白鼠脊髓、脑干和海马乙酰胆碱酯酶活性的研究

采用乙酰胆碱酯酶 (ACh E)组织化学方法 ,观察了大白鼠脊髓、脑干和海马等脑区 ACh E阳性神经元的活性。结果显示 :(1)脊髓 :脊髓前角、后角神经元 ACh E均为中等阳性 ( ) ,脊髓中间外侧核 ACh E呈强阳性 ( )。 (2 )脑干 :延髓中的三叉神经脊束核、舌下神经核 ACh E均呈强阳性 ( ) ,中缝大核 ACh E呈中等阳性 ( ) ;脑桥的蓝斑核 ACh E呈强阳性 ( ) ,而三叉神经中脑核等核团 ACh E呈中等阳性 ( ) ;中脑的非脑神经核团红核、黑质 ACh E呈阳性 (+ )或中等阳性 ( ) ,脑神经核团动眼神经核和动眼神经副交感核 ACh E呈强阳性 ( )。 (3)海马 :海马 CA3区 ACh E为强阳性( ) ,CA2 和 CA1 区为中等阳性 ( )。本实验表明 ACh E阳性神经元广泛分布于中枢神经系统不同脑区 ,为进一步探讨 ACh在中枢神经系统中的作用提供了形态学资料。     

一个年龄序列巨桉人工林土壤对赤子爱胜蚓生长和生理指标的影响

以四川省退耕还林营造的一个年龄序列巨桉人工林(2、4、6、8和10年生)为对象,研究其林下土壤对赤子爱胜蚓生长及生理指标的化感作用。结果表明:巨桉人工林林下土壤处理下蚯蚓存活率随林龄和处理时间均无显著变化;各林龄巨桉人工林林下土壤处理下对蚯蚓体重的抑制作用随着处理时间增加而增强,但6年生林下土壤对蚯蚓的体重抑制率呈现7~14 d上升此后下降的趋势。随着林龄的增长,在第7和14天时蚯蚓体重抑制率呈先上升(2~6年生)后下降(6~10年生)的变化趋势,而在第21和28天时蚯蚓体重抑制率随林龄无显著变化;随着林龄的增长,巨桉人工林林下土壤处理赤子爱胜蚓没有显著的回避行为。处理第28天后,蚯蚓体内蛋白质含量和ACh E活性在2~8年生林下土壤无显著变化,10年生时显著升高;SOD活性在4、10年生比其他林龄显著降低,其余各林龄无显著差异;GST活性总体呈现上升趋势,6~8年生时上升显著,其余林龄则较为稳定;MDA含量在2~4年生时较为稳定,6年生时显著上升,之后又较为稳定的趋势。     

Cd~（2＋）胁迫诱导烟草悬浮细胞脯氨酸积累的生化途径及外源脯氨酸对Cd~（2＋）胁迫下H_2O_2产生的抑制作用

Cd~（2＋）可提高烟草悬浮细胞脯氨酸的含量,顺序上调脯氨酸合成关键酶鸟氨酸转氨酶（OAT）、精氨酸酶、△~1-吡咯啉-5-羧酸合成酶（P5CS）和谷氨酸脱氢酶（GDH）的活性,降低脯氨酸降解关键酶脯氨酸脱氢酶（ProDH）的活性,表明Cd~（2＋）胁迫诱导烟草细胞脯氨酸的积累是脯氨酸合成的鸟氨酸途径和谷氨酸途径顺序激活、而脯氨酸降解途径显著抑制的综合结果。此外,Cd~（2＋）能导致烟草细胞H_2O_2的快速产生及H_2O_2产生相关酶（质膜NADPH氧化酶、细胞壁多胺氧化酶及共价结合与离子结合细胞壁过氧化物酶）活性升高和脂质过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）增加,导致烟草细胞的氧化胁迫。外源脯氨酸预处理显著抑制了Cd~（2＋）诱导的烟草细胞H_2O_2的产生与MDA的增加,减轻了Cd~（2＋）诱导的氧化胁迫。而脯氨酸抑制Cd~（2＋）诱导的H_2O_2产生可能是由于脯氨酸抑制了H_2O_2产生相关酶的活性所致。     

阿苯哒唑对蚯蚓（Eisenia fetida）酸性磷酸酶、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶及腺三磷酶活性的影响

研究了蚯蚓在染毒2,7d和14d时,兽药阿苯哒唑(100～600mg/kg)对蚯蚓体及其不同部位的酸性磷酸酶(AP)、谷胱甘肽硫转移酶(GST)、腺三磷酶(Ca2 -ATPase)活性的影响。结果表明,阿苯哒唑对蚯蚓3种酶的活性均有显著影响,其中对AP和GST活性的影响比对Ca2 -ATPase的大。该药对AP和GST活性的抑制作用均随染毒时间的延长而加强,染毒浓度和时间表现出显著的互作效应。另外,AP活性也显著受到染毒浓度与蚯蚓部位的互作影响,影响最大的部位是蚯蚓前部;该药对Ca2 -ATPase活性的影响相对较小,浓度、时间和部位没有表现出明显的互作效应。     

Cu2+、Zn2+、Cd2+对黑水虻幼虫生长的影响及在虫体和虫粪的积累

为研究不同金属离子对黑水虻幼虫生长的影响及在虫体和虫粪中的积累分布规律,通过在黑水虻幼虫饲料中加入不同浓度的Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+),分析观测了幼虫增重、虫体和虫粪中金属含量等情况。结果表明,适量的Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)可以促进黑水虻幼虫的生长,Zn~(2+)浓度在400 mg/kg时黑水虻幼虫的体重最高。Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)在黑水虻幼虫体内和虫粪中的残留随着饲料中Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Cd~(2+)浓度的升高而增加。Cu~(2+)、Zn~(2+)在虫体中的残留比例都小于50%,大部分残留在虫粪中,Cd~(2+)在10、20、40 mg/kg处理中虫体的残留比例大于50%,最高达到了91.3%,而在80、160 mg/kg处理中虫体残留量比例小于50%。各重金属在虫粪中的残留主要以残渣态存在,且各形态的含量顺序在高浓度处理中都为残渣态酸溶态水溶态碱溶态。说明饲料中适量金属离子的添加有利于黑水虻幼虫生长,但过量的添加会抑制黑水虻幼虫生长,并造成金属离子的积累。     

Cd2+和Pb2+对花翅摇蚊(Chironomus kiiensis)幼虫生长发育的影响及富集效应

河流、湖泊等水生环境中普遍存在的重金属污染破坏水生生态系统并间接威胁人类健康。为探究重金属胁迫下水生昆虫花翅摇蚊（Chironomus kiiensis）生态毒理,测定了重金属Cd²⁺和Pb²⁺胁迫对花翅摇蚊化蛹率和羽化率的影响,检测了摇蚊的口器致畸与富集效应。研究结果表明,Cd²⁺和Pb²⁺影响摇蚊幼虫化蛹和羽化过程,单一重金属离子处理14 d Pb²⁺处理组的化蛹率和羽化率分别为22.22%和8.89%,低于Cd²⁺的化蛹率（25.56%）和羽化率（11.11%）,表现出更强的抑制效应。混合离子1：2和2：1配比处理组化蛹率和羽化率均为11.11%和4.44%,显著低于单一重金属离子胁迫下的化蛹率和羽化率。单一重金属离子及混合离子处理均能导致花翅摇蚊幼虫口器致畸,表现为上颚前齿断裂,中齿和基齿磨损、缺失,下唇板齿部不规则,下唇板边缘齿与中央齿磨损、断裂、增生、缺失。不同重金属离子处理下幼虫口器致畸率不同,并与暴露时间呈正相关,其中1：2配比处理14 d致畸率达到40.61%。重金属离子在摇蚊幼虫体内产生生物富集效应,单一重金属离子处理下的Pb²⁺富集含量7 d至14 d由11.46 mg/kg上升至31.32 mg/kg,不同配比混合离子处理下Pb²⁺富集含量均呈增加趋势,其中1：2配比处理组由15.48 mg/kg上升至42.50 mg/kg,而Cd²⁺在单一重金属与1：1混合离子处理组7 d至14 d的富集含量无显著性变化,2：1配比处理组由14.20 mg/kg下降至9.52 mg/kg,1：2配比由5.85 mg/kg上升至20.99 mg/kg。这些研究结果表明Cd²⁺和Pb²⁺胁迫影响花翅摇蚊幼虫生长发育且口器出现畸型,与重金属在幼虫体内的富集密切相关,为研究重金属对水生生态系统多重效应提供了理论依据。     

Does Cd2+ use Ca2+ channels to penetrate into chloroplasts? — a preliminary study

Effects of Cd²⁺ toxicity on the photochemistry of primary leaves at two different growth stages of runner bean plants were taken into consideration to study whether Cd²⁺ can use Ca²⁺ channels to get into chloroplasts. Different concentrations of Cd²⁺, ionophore A 23187 and Ca²⁺ were vacuum infiltrated into leaf discs. Toxicity of Cd²⁺ at the donor side of PSII depending on the metal concentration and age of the plants was confirmed. Application of ionophore caused an increase in the sensitivity of the PSII donor side to low Cd²⁺ concentrations. Additional supply of Ca²⁺ in the infiltration medium abolished toxic effect of Cd²⁺ on photochemical activity, except for older plants, where it was not observed for the highest Cd²⁺ concentration. In our opinion it is possible that Cd²⁺ penetrates into chloroplasts via Ca²⁺ channels. Age-dependent Ca²⁺ content in the primary leaves seems to be a very important factor protecting photochemical activity from the toxic action of Cd²⁺.     

Inhibition by Cu2+ and Cd2+ of a mu‐class glutathione S‐transferase from shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) are a family of detoxifying enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of glutathione (GSH) to electrophiles, thereby increasing the solubility of xenobiotics and aiding its excretion from the cell. The present work presents the inhibition of a mu‐class GST of the marine shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei by copper (Cu²⁺) and cadmium (Cd²⁺). The protein was overexpressed in bacteria and its enzymatic activity measured using 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene. The mean inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) for shrimp GST against Cu²⁺ was 4.77 μM and for Cd²⁺ was 0.39 μM. A molecular model of the protein based on the crystal structure of a maize GST bound to cadmium showed that the metal binds in the GSH‐binding site by coordination with Asp and Gln residues. These results are consistent with the experimental data and suggest that sublethal concentration of metals may affect the capacity of the organism to detoxify pesticides or xenobiotics. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 24:218–222, 2010; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com . DOI 10.1002/jbt.20326     

Some metals inhibit the glutathione S‐transferase from Van Lake fish gills

Glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) are the superfamily of multifunctional detoxification isoenzymes and play important role cellular signaling. The present article focuses on the role of Cd²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Ag⁺ in vitro inhibition of GST. For this purpose, GST was purified from Van Lake fish (Chalcalburnus tarichii Pallas) gills with 110.664 EU mg^?1 specific activity and 79.6% yield using GSH‐agarose affinity chromatographic method. The metal ions were tested at various concentrations on in vitro GST activity. IC₅₀ values were found for Cd⁺², Cu⁺², Zn⁺², Ag⁺ as 450.32, 320.25, 1510.13, and 16.43 μM, respectively. K _i constants were calculated as 197.05 ± 105.23, 333.10 ± 152.76, 1670.21 ± 665.43, and 0.433 ± 0.251 μM, respectively. Ag⁺ showed better inhibitory effect compared with the other metal ions. The inhibition mechanisms of Cd²⁺ and Cu²⁺ were non‐competitive, whereas Zn²⁺ and Ag⁺ were competitive. Co²⁺, Cr²⁺, Pb²⁺, and Fe³⁺ had no inhibitory activity on GST.     

Calcium protects <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trifolium repens</Emphasis> L. seedlings against cadmium stress

The effect of calcium (Ca²⁺) on Trifolium repens L. seedlings subjected to cadmium (Cd²⁺) stress was studied by investigating plant growth and changes in activity of antioxidative enzymes. Physiological analysis was carried out on seedlings cultured for 2 weeks on half-strength Hoagland medium with Cd²⁺ concentrations of 0, 400 and 600 μM, and on corresponding medium supplied with CaCl₂ (5 mM). Exposure to increasing Cd²⁺ reduced the fresh weight of the upper part (stems + leaves) of the seedlings more strongly than that of the root system. In both parts of T. repens seedlings H₂O₂ level and lipid peroxidation increased. In the upper part, Cd²⁺ exposure led to a significant decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase and an increase in ascorbate peroxidase activity. In contrast, the roots showed an increase in the activity of antioxidative enzymes under Cd²⁺ stress. Ca²⁺ addition to medium reduced the Cd²⁺ accumulation, and considerably reversed the Cd²⁺-induced decrease in fresh mass as well as the changes in lipid peroxidation in the both parts of T. repens seedlings. Ca²⁺ application diminished the Cd²⁺ effect on the activity of antioxidative enzymes in the upper part, even though it did not significantly affect these enzymes in the roots. So the possible mechanisms for the action of Ca²⁺ in Cd²⁺ stress were considered to reduce Cd²⁺ accumulation, alleviate lipid peroxidation and promote activity of antioxidative enzymes.     

Alleviation of cadmium toxicity on maize seedlings by calcium

The rate of germination, radicle and plumule length, fresh and dry mass of maize seedlings were increased as Ca²⁺ was added to the nutrient solution, which contained different levels of Cd²⁺, especially at low concentration of Ca²⁺ (5 mM) and high concentrations of Cd²⁺ (1.4 and 1.8 mM). The biosynthesis of pigments, respiration rate and content of soluble saccharides in endosperm were reduced sharply as the concentration of Cd²⁺ in the medium increased. This effects was alleviated by Ca²⁺ addition. Cd²⁺ content in seedlings was increased as the Cd²⁺ concentration in medium was increased and decreased sharply as Ca²⁺ was present in the culture medium. The study suggests liming of soil with CaCO₃ to improve the yield of many crops.     

Differential action of Hg2+ and Cd2+ on the phycobilisomes and chlorophyll a fluorescence,and photosystem II dependent electron transport in the cyanobacterium Anabaena flos-aquae

The effect of equimolar concentrations of Hg²⁺ and Cd²⁺ on the whole cell absorption spectra, absorption spectra of the extracted phycocyanin (PC) and fluorescence emission spectra of phycobilisomes (PBS) was investigated in the cells of Anabaena flos-aquae. The PC component of the PBS was found to be extremely sensitive to the Hg²⁺ rather than the Cd²⁺ ions. Further, the results showed that Hg²⁺ and Cd²⁺ induced decrease in the rate of Hill activity (H₂O - DCPIP) was partially restored by the electron donor NH₂OH, not by the diphenyl carbazide. Similarly, chlorophyll a fluorescence emission in the presence of metals showed that addition of NH₂OH could effectively reverse the metal induced alterations in the fluorescence emission intensity. These results, together, suggested that Hg²⁺ and Cd²⁺ caused damage to the photosystems (PS) II reaction center. However, a relatively higher stimulation of the chlorophyll a emission at 695 nm with a red shift of 4.0 nm in the presence of Hg²⁺, and Cd²⁺ induced preferential decrease in the emission intensity at 676 nm as compared with the peak at 695 nm were indicative of the differential action of Hg²⁺ and Cd²⁺ on the PS II.     

重金属Cd2+和Cu2+胁迫下泥蚶消化酶活性的变化

为了探讨重金属Cd²⁺和Cu²⁺胁迫对泥蚶消化酶活性的影响,运用酶学分析的方法,按《渔业水质标准》（GB 11607）规定的Cd²⁺、Cu²⁺最高限量值的1、2、5、10倍设置重金属离子Cd²⁺、Cu²⁺浓度及其组合,研究了在重金属Cd²⁺、Cu²⁺胁迫下,30d内泥蚶3种消化酶活性的变化规律。结果表明：与空白对照组相比,在重金属Cd²⁺、Cu²⁺或其组合的胁迫下,较低浓度组泥蚶的淀粉酶活性实验前期增强（即被诱导）,实验后期减弱（即被抑制）,较高浓度组泥蚶的淀粉酶活性从实验一开始就减弱,并保持在较低水平,毒性比较,同一重金属高浓度 > 低浓度,不同重金属及其组合Cu²⁺ > （Cd²⁺+Cu²⁺）组合 > Cd²⁺;泥蚶脂肪酶的活性实验前期增强,实验后期转为微减弱或减弱,毒性比较,同一重金属高浓度 > 低浓度,不同重金属及其组合（Cd²⁺+Cu²⁺）组合 > Cu²⁺ > Cd²⁺;泥蚶胃蛋白酶的活性实验前期增强,且活性呈现升高-降低-再升高-再降低的变化,实验后期分别表现微增强、微减弱和减弱,毒性比较,同一重金属高浓度 > 低浓度,不同重金属及其组合（Cd²⁺+Cu²⁺）组合 > Cu²⁺ > Cd²⁺。可见：环境中的Cd²⁺和Cu²⁺对泥蚶的消化酶活性起着明显的影响作用。     

Attenuation of cadmium toxicity in mycorrhizal celery (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Apium graveolens</Emphasis> L.)

A pot-culture experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus macrocarpum Tul. and Tul.) on plant growth and Cd²⁺uptake by Apium graveolens L. in soil with different levels of Cd²⁺. Mycorrhizal (M) and non-mycorrhizal (NM) plants were grown in soil with 0, 5, 10, 40 and 80 Cd²⁺ mg kg⁻¹soil. The infectivity of the fungus was not affected by the presence of Cd²⁺ in the soil. M plants showed better growth and less Cd²⁺ toxicity symptoms. Cd²⁺ root : shoot ratio was higher in M plants than in NM plants. These differences were more evident at highest Cd²⁺ level (80 mg kg⁻¹ soil). Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b concentrations were significantly higher in AM-inoculated celery leaves. The dilution effect due to increased biomass, immobilization of Cd²⁺ in root and enhanced P-uptake in M plants may be related to attenuation of Cd²⁺toxicity in celery.