中亚热带森林更新方式对土壤团聚体磷组分的影响

土壤团聚体在土壤磷贮存和调节磷有效性中起重要作用,然而森林更新方式如何影响土壤团聚体磷组分仍不清楚。本研究选取米槠天然林经不同强度干扰形成的米槠次生林(轻度干扰)、米槠人促更新林(人促林,中度干扰)及杉木人工林(重度干扰)为对象,通过分析土壤团聚体粒径组成、全土和团聚体磷组分、磷吸附指数(P_SOR)、磷遗留指数(P_LGC)、磷饱和度(DPS_M3)等指标,探究森林更新方式对全土及团聚体磷有效性及供磷潜力的影响。结果表明：森林更新方式显著影响土壤团聚体组成。米槠次生林和人促林土壤粗大团聚体(>2 mm)占比显著高于杉木人工林,而土壤粉黏粒团聚体(<0.053 mm)则表现为相反趋势。土壤团聚体组成显著影响土壤磷组分含量。土壤活性磷组分(可溶性磷P_SOL、速效磷P_M3)含量随团聚体粒径减小而降低;总磷(TP)、有机磷(Po)、中等活性磷组分(无机磷Pi_OH、有机磷Po_OH)、闭蓄态磷(P_OCL)含量、P     

湖南会同不同年龄杉木人工林土壤磷素特征

对湖南会同不同年龄(7年生、17年生、25年生)杉木人工林土壤全磷、有效磷、无机磷组分和有机磷进行了研究,结果表明:3种不同林龄杉木林土壤全磷和有效磷的含量分别在317.06—398.56 mg/kg和0.82—1.38 mg/kg之间,土壤全磷和速效磷含量均属低水平;杉木林土壤全磷含量从7年生幼龄林到25a近熟林出现先升高后降低的规律,并且17年生和25年生林分比7年生林分分别增加了19.68%、15.75%,土壤有效磷含量17年生和25年生林分比7年生林分提高了45.55%左右;土壤磷素活化系数均小于2.0%,这表明本研究区土壤全磷向速效磷转化较难,土壤中磷素的有效性较低,但该值随着林分年龄的增加而出现增大的现象;无机磷含量分别为:7年生169.50 mg/kg、17年生182.03 mg/kg、25年生175.94 mg/kg,从幼龄林到中龄林增高,中龄林以后降低;土壤中无机磷组分以O-P含量最高,其次是Fe-P,Ca-P,Al-P最少;杉木不同生长发育阶段对无机磷形态的吸收是有选择性的,幼龄林到中龄林阶段林木以吸收Al-P为主,近熟林阶段林木以吸收Fe-P和Ca-P为主;有机磷含量在全磷所占比例随林龄的变化来看,杉木生长过程中有部分的有机磷矿化为无机磷。土壤不同形态磷的相关性分析结果显示,土壤有效磷与有机磷相关系数为0.667,呈极显著相关性,是研究区杉木人工林土壤有效磷的主要来源。     

中亚热带森林转换对土壤可溶性有机质数量与光谱学特征的影响

选取中亚热带福建三明格氏栲天然林及其转换而成的木荷、锥栗及福建柏等3种人工林表层土壤(0—10 cm)可溶性有机质(DOM)为对象,对其数量和光谱学特征进行了研究,以探讨森林转换对土壤DOM的影响。结果表明,天然林转换成上述3种人工林后,0—5 cm土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度显著降低(P0.05),降低程度分别为66.1%,69.9%及29.4%,可溶性有机氮(DON)浓度也有所下降;除福建柏外,其余两种人工林5—10 cm土壤DOC及DON浓度均低于天然林。各林分0—5 cm土壤DOC及DON浓度均高于5—10 cm土层。两个土层中,天然林土壤DOM的芳香化及腐殖化程度均显著高于人工林(P0.05),但荧光效率值低于人工林;荧光光谱图显示,天然林土壤DOM在芳香性脂肪族及木质素类复杂结构荧光基团处的吸收大于人工林;各林分土壤DOM傅里叶红外光谱出现吸收谱带的位置相似,其中吸收强度最大的为形成氢键的—OH的伸缩振动,此外还有芳香性CC伸缩振动、有机羧酸盐COO-反对称伸缩振动、碳水化合物中烷氧基C—O的振动等,人工林土壤DOM中碳水化合物的比例增加是其结构简单的主要原因。土壤DOM中结构复杂、分子量大的组分不易向下迁移;天然林与人工林间土壤DOM数量及光谱学特征的差异主要与凋落物输入及营林措施的干扰有关;本研究所涉及的3种人工林中,福建柏更有利于土壤养分的累积。     

中亚热带不同森林更新方式生态酶化学计量特征

了解土壤生态化学计量特征对预测不同生态系统养分变化、功能以及植物生产力具有重要意义。森林更新是维持中亚热带森林生态系统可持续发展的重要手段。选取福建省三明市陈大林业采育场3种不同森林更新方式进行研究,包括米槠次生林（SF）、米槠人工促进天然更新林（AR）和杉木人工林（CF）,测定其土壤理化性质及土壤3种酶,计算酶化学计量。结果显示：1）AR的土壤总氮、全磷、铵态氮含量以及含水量最高（P < 0.05）,土壤有效磷的含量则是CF最高（P < 0.05）;2）生态酶化学计量结果表明AR的土壤微生物处于氮限制状态,CF的土壤微生物处于磷限制状态;3）冗余分析表明,土壤含水量和铵态氮是驱动不同森林更新方式土壤生态酶化学计量变异的重要环境因子。研究表明,人促更新方式更有利于土壤有效氮的积累,而人工林则有利于土壤有效磷积累,这可能与造林树种有关。土壤生态酶化学计量更易受到土壤含水量以及有效性养分的驱动,而与土壤化学计量未呈现良好的耦合性。     

红壤小流域坡地不同利用方式对土壤磷素流失的影响

以浙江德清县排溪冲小流域生态系统为实例,采用定位土芯Ｅｕ示踪和无界径流小区法研究了流域内坡地不同利用方式对土壤磷素流失的影响,结果表明：（１）坡地不同利用方式磷素流失差异明显,流失最严重提是竹园,其次是旱地作物和新建果园,再次是幼龄茶园,林地和未开发利用的荒草地磷素的流失较轻;（２）泥沙结合态磷（Ｐａｒｔｉｃｕｌａｔｅ ｐｈｏｓｐｈｏｒｕｓ,ＰＰ）随泥沙迁移流失是红壤坡地磷素流的的主要形式,６种利     

中亚热带南酸枣落叶阔叶林土壤磷素空间变异及其影响因素

在湖南省长沙县大山冲国有林场南酸枣落叶阔叶林建立1 hm²固定样地,基于植物群落学调查数据和等距离网格布点取样的土壤养分测定数据,采用地统计学和GIS相结合的方法,研究土壤P含量的空间变异特征及其影响因子.结果表明: 腐殖质层及0～10、10～20、20～30 cm土层的全P、有效P含量的均为中等强度变异,同一土层有效P含量的变异程度较全P含量高,随着土壤深度增加,全P、有效P含量下降,变异程度增大.土壤全P、有效P含量具有较高的空间自相关性,主要受结构性因素影响.有效P含量的空间异质性较全P强,各土层全P、有效P含量空间自相关范围分别为92.80～168.90 m、79.43～106.20 m.同一土层全P含量分维数高于有效P,空间格局较有效P复杂,有效P含量空间依赖性更强,具有更好的结构性.腐殖质层及0～10、10～20、20～30 cm土层的全P、有效P含量呈现条带状和斑块状梯度性分布,且全P、有效P含量的空间变化趋势基本一致,高值出现在洼地,低值则出现在山脊.全P、有效P含量与高程、地表凋落物现存量呈显著负相关,与凹凸度、树种种数、株数、土壤pH相关性不显著,与土壤有机C、全N含量呈显著正相关.这反映出土壤P的淋溶特性,其空间变异性受到多种因子相互作用的影响.     

中亚热带森林转换对土壤磷积累的影响

磷是植物生长的必需元素之一,是维持亚热带森林生态系统生产力的关键因子。研究森林转换后土壤因素对磷素的影响,对生态系统的稳定和森林经营具有重要意义。选取由亚热带常绿阔叶林转换而成的米槠次生林(SF)、米槠人促林(AR)和杉木人工林(CF)为研究对象,测定了土壤理化性质、铁铝氧化物、各形态磷含量以及酸性磷酸酶活性,旨在探究土壤磷对森林转换的响应和驱动土壤磷变化的影响因子。结果显示:米槠人促林土壤的全磷、有机磷和微生物生物量磷显著高于米槠次生林和杉木人工林;冗余分析(RDA)发现,土壤含水量、总氮和无定型铁是影响淋溶层土壤磷的主要因子,而在淀积层,则是酸性磷酸酶、游离型铁和总氮起主要作用;土壤生物化学属性和微生物特性都会影响着不同形态土壤P的积累,其中土壤中的水分和酸性磷酸酶活性是调控土壤磷的关键因子。研究表明,中亚热带地区天然林转换为人促更新林更有利于森林土壤磷的储存和供应,有助于维持本区域森林生态系统的稳定。     

长江上游马尾松人工林采伐林窗对土壤磷含量的初期影响

研究了长江上游低山丘陵区人为采伐形成的马尾松(Pinus massoniana)人工林7种不同大小林窗(G1:100 m2、G2:225 m2、G3:400 m2、G4:625 m2、G5:900 m2、G6:1225 m2、G7:1600 m2)土壤微生物生物量磷(MBP)、有效磷(AP)及土壤全磷(TP)在一个生长季的变化。结果显示:林窗形成初期,林窗内土壤MBP对采伐干扰的响应十分敏感,AP次之,TP较为稳定。林窗大小对马尾松人工林土壤MBP、AP有显著影响,对TP影响不显著。土壤MBP在面积为625~900 m2林窗的中央较高;900~1600 m2林窗的中央及225~625 m2林窗的边缘AP较高;TP仅625 m2林窗的中央较高。MBP、AP在生长季不同时期有显著变化,TP变化较小。总体上,各林窗中央及小于625 m2林窗边缘MBP在初期相对较低,大于625 m2林窗的边缘为初期高中期低;林窗中央的AP为中期高初期低,边缘初期相对较低。另外,林窗大小与季节变化的交互作用显著影响了土壤MBP。林窗内不同位置MBP、AP和TP并没有显著变化,但与林下相比,各林窗土壤AP及TP在生长季中期和末期增高,而MBP仅较大的林窗在生长季中期较低,说明林窗形成后土壤磷含量有一定提高。相关分析结果表明,MBP与TP呈极显著正相关,MBP与土壤温度呈显著负相关,MBP、TP与土壤含水量呈极显著正相关。可见,土壤温度和含水量是林窗形成初期影响土壤磷含量的重要环境因子。     

中亚热带天然林土壤CH4吸收速率对模拟N沉降的响应

陆地森林土壤是重要的大气甲烷(CH4)汇,大气氮(N)沉降增加对森林土壤CH4吸收速率影响突出。运用静态箱-气相色谱法对中亚热带天然林土壤CH4吸收速率对模拟N沉降的响应进行连续3a的观测;试验作3种N处理,分别为对照(CK,0 kg N·hm-2·a-1)、低氮(LN,50 kg N·hm-2·a-1)和高氮(HN,100 kg N·hm-2·a-1),每种处理重复3次,每个月采集气体1次,同时测定0—5 cm土壤温度和0—12 cm土壤含水量;分析不同N沉降水平土壤CH4吸收速率的差异、动态变化以及对土壤含水量和土壤温度响应,并探讨N沉降对土壤理化性质的影响。结果显示:天然林土壤(CK)平均CH4吸收速率为(-62.78±14.39)μg·m-2·h-1,LN和HN土壤平均CH4吸收速率分别下降了30.21%、7.24%,CK、LN和HN处理土壤CH4吸收速率季节变化趋势相似;观测期间土壤CH4吸收速率对LN响应达到显著水平(P0.05),对HN响应则不显著(P0.05);LN、HN处理前两年对土壤CH4吸收速率抑制作用均不显著(P0.05),但在第3年LN极显著降低了土壤CH4吸收速率(P0.01),HN处理对土壤CH4吸收速率的影响则在第3年表现为显著抑制作用(P0.05),表明土壤CH4吸收速率对N沉降的响应随着N沉降时间的持续呈抑制效应加剧的趋势。相关分析表明:CK与HN土壤CH4吸收速率与土壤温度和土壤含水量均有显著相关性(P0.05),但LN土壤CH4吸收速率仅与土壤含水量显著相关(P0.05),表明土壤含水量是控制各N沉降处理土壤CH4吸收速率动态的主要环境因子。此外,LN、HN处理下土壤pH均极显著降低(P0.01),但LN土壤pH极显著低于HN(P0.01);LN处理极显著提高了土壤C/N比(P0.01),HN处理则相反;LN和HN处理对土壤NH+4-N、NO-3-N、可溶性总N(TDN)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、地面凋落物量、地下0—10 cm细根生物量影响均不显著(P0.05),表明一定时期内N沉降首先引起了土壤pH和土壤C/N比的显著变化。     

土壤增温调节中亚热带森林更新初期植物生物量分配格局

全球变暖提高了温带森林生态系统植物的生产力,但对亚热带森林生产力的影响仍然不清楚。由于亚热带森林植物的碳储量巨大,因此了解全球变暖对亚热带森林植物生长的影响至关重要。采用加热电缆模拟土壤增温(+5℃),探讨中亚热带森林几种主要草本植物和木本植物的生长及其生物量分配格局对温度升高的响应。结果表明:增温显著增加五节芒(Miscanthus floridulus)、山油麻(Trema dielsiana)和东南野桐(Mallotus lianus)的高度,但黑莎草(Gahnia tristis)高度显著降低。增温显著增加木本植物的地上、地下和总生物量,而草本植物的地上、地下和总生物量均显著降低。增温对整个群落的地上和地下部分生物量分配模式无显著影响,但木本植物总生物量在各器官之间分配随温度发生改变,增温显著提高木本植物枝生物量比(BMR),降低干生物量比(SMR),而叶生物量比(LMR)和根生物量比(RMR)无显著影响,但显著降低了细根占总根系生物量比率。结果表明木本植物能够通过调节生物量分配模式应对未来全球气候变暖。     

亚热带米槠林不同更新方式对土壤可溶性有机质降解性的影响

可溶性有机质(DOM)的生物降解性影响着土壤有机质的存留和释放,对深入认识森林土壤养分循环意义重大。为探究森林更新对土壤DOM降解特征的影响,选取亚热带地区米槠天然林(NF)、米槠次生林(SF)和米槠人工促进天然更新林(AR)土壤DOM溶液为研究对象,进行室内降解(42 d)试验。结果表明: 1)3种林分土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)的降解率和易降解DOC的比例均为SF>AR>NF;可溶性有机氮(DON)和微生物生物量碳(MBC)是显著影响易降解DOC比例的因子;2)难降解组分占3种林分土壤DOC的大部分(72.3%～94.6%),其周转时间长,有利于稳定土壤有机质(SOC)的形成;3)土壤DOM最初的腐殖化指数(HIX_em)会影响易降解DOC的周转时间。DOM光谱结构随降解过程呈现动态变化,说明DOM中易降解组分被消耗完后,微生物会转而降解芳香类和疏水性物质以获取碳源。综上,米槠天然林更新为次生林和人促林后增加了易降解DOC的比例,提高了土壤DOM生物可降解性,不利于SOC的积累。     

Uptake and transport of phosphorus by Agrostis capillaris seedlings from rapidly hydrolysed organic sources extracted from32 P-labelled bacterial cultures

Cultures of the soil bacterium Serratia liquifaciens grimesii were grown with³² P labelled phosphate, to produce a uniformly³² P labelled source of microbial P. Extracts of the bacteria were prepared by sonication, dialysis and filtration to provide a clear sterile solution which was characterised in terms of dissolved organic and condensed P (DOP and DCP) and molecular weight range. The extract was used as a source of P to Agrostis capillaris L. seedlings in nutrient solution from which orthophosphate was omitted. In a time course experiment, root surface phosphatase activity increased as soon as extract was added to the root medium, DOP was rapidly hydrolysed and orthophosphate concentration increased rapidly. These processes were complete within about 8 h, after which phosphatase activity fell to its original level, and the plants absorbed molybdate reactive P from the nutrient solution so that it reached its original concentration over 48 h. DCP concentrations did not change significantly throughout the experiment. This work clearly demonstrated that DOP but not DCP, as a component of a bacterial extract produced by a relatively straightforward method, was quickly hydrolysed and the P made available for plant uptake.     

Production of Total Potentially Soluble Organic C, N, and P Across an Ecosystem Chronosequence: Root versus Leaf Litter

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays several important roles in forest ecosystem development, undergoing chemical, physical and/or biological reactions that affect ecosystem nutrient retention. Very few studies have focused on gross rates of DOM production, and we know of no study that has directly measured DOM production from root litter. Our objectives were to quantify major sources of total potentially water-soluble organic matter (DOM_tps) production, with an emphasis on production from root litter, to quantify and compare total potentially soluble organic C, N, and P (DOC_tps, DON_tps, and DOP_tps) production, and to quantify changes in their production during forest primary succession and ecosystem development at the Mt. Shasta Mudflows ecosystem chronosequence. To do so, we exhaustively extracted freshly senesced root and leaf and other aboveground litter for DOC_tps, DON_tps, and DOP_tps by vegetation category, and we calculated DOM_tps production (g m⁻² y⁻¹) at the ecosystem level using data for annual production of fine root and aboveground litter. DOM production from throughfall was calculated by measuring throughfall volume and concentration over 2 years. Results showed that DOM_tps production from root litter was a very important source of DOM_tps in the Mount Shasta mudflow ecosystems, in some cases comparable to production from leaf litter for DON_tps and larger than production from leaf litter for DOP_tps. Total DOC_tps and DON_tps production from all sources increased early in succession from the 77- to the 255-year-old ecosystem. However, total DOP_tps production across the ecosystem chronosequence showed a unique pattern. Generally, the relative importance of root litter for total fine detrital DOC_tps and DON_tps production increased significantly during ecosystem development. Furthermore, DOC_tps and DON_tps production were predominantly driven by changes in biomass production during ecosystem development, whereas changes in litter solubility due to changes in species composition had a smaller effect. We suggest that DOM_tps production from root litter may be an important source of organic matter for the accumulation of SOM during forest ecosystem development. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. Shauna M. Uselman, Robert G. Qualls, and Juliane Lilienfein conceived of or designed the study and performed research. SMU analyzed data and wrote the article. SMU and RGQ contributed new methods or models.     

The winter and summer partitioning of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus. Observations across the Irish Sea during 1997 and 1998

Winter and summer water column profiles from a transect co-inciding with the 54° N parallel across the Irish Sea were examined for relationships between the fractions of total dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus. Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus gave the expected seasonal variation. As inorganic nitrogen concentrations decreased during the summer, dissolved organic nitrogen concentrations increased. Dissolved organic phosphorus showed little seasonal variation and formed a smaller fraction of the total dissolved pool compared to nitrogen. Winter inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus salinity relationships were conservative: winter organic nitrogen and phosphorus salinity relationships were not conservative. In the winter, dissolved organic nitrogen and phosphorus formed a significant fraction of the total dissolved pool.     

Fluxes and concentrations of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen – a synthesis for temperate forests

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen (DON)represent an important part of the C and N cycles inforest ecosystems. Little is known about the controlson fluxes and concentrations of these compounds insoils under field conditions. Here we compiledpublished data on concentrations and fluxes of DOC andDON from 42 case studies in forest ecosystems of thetemperate zone in order to evaluate controls on alarger temporal and spatial scale. The focus was onannual fluxes and concentrations in throughfall,forest floor leachates and soil solutions. In allcompartments considered, concentrations and fluxesdiffered widely between the sites. Highestconcentrations of DOC and DON were generally observedin forest floor leachates and in A horizons. Highestfluxes occurred in forest floor leachates. The fluxesof DOC and DON in forest floor leachates increasedwith increasing annual precipitation and were alsopositively related to DOC and DON fluxes withthroughfall. Variation in throughfall fluxes couldexplain 46% and 65% of the variation in DOC and DONfluxes from the forest floor, respectively. No generaldifference in DOC and DON concentrations and fluxes inforest floor leachates was found when comparingconiferous and hardwood sites. Concentrations of DOCin forest floor leachates were positively correlatedto the pH of the forest floor. Furthermore, there wasno relationship between organic C and N stocks, soilC/N, litterfall or mineral N inputs and concentrationsand fluxes of DOC and DON in forest floor leachates.Including all compartments, fluxes of DOC and DON werehighly correlated. Ratios of DOC to DON calculatedfrom fluxes from the forest floor were independent ofthe amount of annual precipitation, pointing to asimilar response of DOC and DON to precipitationconditions. A decrease in the ratio of DOC to DON withsoil depth as observed on a plot-scale, was notconfirmed by data analysis on a large scale. Thecontrols observed on annual fluxes and concentrationsof DON and DOC at regional scale differed from thosereported for smaller time and space scales.     

更新方式对亚热带森林土壤溶液可溶性有机质数量及化学结构的影响

采用负压法对福建省三明市亚热带常绿阔叶林中米槠次生林(BF)、米槠人促更新林(RF)、米槠人工林(CP) 0～15、15～30、30～60 cm土层土壤溶液可溶性有机质(DOM)的浓度及光谱学特征进行研究.结果表明: 土壤溶液可溶性有机碳(DOC)浓度整体趋势为RF>CP>BF,而可溶性有机氮(DON)则为米槠人工林最高;且 DOC 和 DON 在表层(0～15 cm)土壤浓度皆显著高于底层(30～60 cm).芳香化指数大小为RF>CP>BF,且整体为表层较高.米槠人工林表层土壤以荧光强度高的短波峰(320 nm)为特征峰,表明其易分解物质含量高,腐殖化程度较低;而米槠人促更新林表层土壤则以宽平的中长波峰(380 nm)为特征峰,说明其腐殖化程度较高,有助于土壤肥力的储存.此外,30～60 cm深层DOM特性几乎不受森林更新方式的影响.     

Morphology and biometry of three populations of Artemia (Branchiopoda: Anostraca) from the Dominican Republic and Puerto Rico

Data from five key regions are presented to produce thematic plots of winter nutrient (dissolved available inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus) concentrations for the Irish Sea. It is suggested that riverine discharges are the biggest contributor of nutrients to the system, however, anthropogenic point source discharges are also major contributors of these nutrient salts in the eastern Irish Sea. Comparison of the thematic maps produced in this study are made with similar maps produced almost a decade previously, the comparisons show a great many similarities between the two studies. However, waters in the north-eastern Irish Sea show that dissolved available inorganic phosphorus (DAIP) appears to have decreased in concentration in recent years whilst no such change is seen with respect to dissolved available inorganic nitrogen (DAIN). The use of nutrient-salinity regressions indicate that during winter 1997 anthropogenic discharges along the Cumbria coast combined with remobilisation of sedimented material was a major contributing factor of nutrient salts to the system.