长春市不同土地利用生境土壤螨类群落结构特征

2003年7月和9月对长春市郊区天然次生林、农田、防护林和市区公园绿地等典型土地利用生境进行土壤螨类调查,Tullgren法提取土壤螨类,应用个体密度、类群数量、群落多样性、丰富度和均匀度、甲螨群落MGP分析和捕食性螨类MI等指数,研究土壤螨类的群落生态结构特征,了解土地利用差异对土壤螨类群落结构的影响。研究区共捕获土壤螨类3亚目92属8703只,其中隐气门亚目（Cryptostigmata）54属5091只,前气门亚目（Prostigmata）17属1582只,中气门亚目21属2030只。研究结果表明：长春市土地利用差异对土壤螨类群落结构特征影响明显,其中地表凋落物的移除和耕作活动是影响螨类群落结构的主要因素,地表凋落物的移除显著减少螨类群落的类群数、个体密度、群落多样性和丰富度,耕作活动促进螨类个体向土壤剖面下层移动,而地表植物群落类型对土壤螨类群落生态结构特征影响差异不显著。     

松嫩草原中度退化草地不同植被恢复方式下土壤螨类群落特征的差异

应用类群数、个体密度、多样性指数和MI指数等多个群落参数,研究不同植被恢复方式下松嫩草原中度退化草地土壤螨类群落特征的差异。研究结果表明,与过度放牧样地相比,种植苜蓿和围栏封育样地的土壤环境相对优越,它们拥有较高的土壤螨类类群数、个体密度和群落多样性以及中气门螨类MI指数。在土壤螨类群落结构所有参数中,多样性指数(H′)和中气门螨类MI指数,种植苜蓿和围栏封育样地均明显高于过度放牧样地,这些差异反映了种植苜蓿和围栏封育对中度退化草地土壤螨类的群落结构具有明显改善作用。然而研究结果也显示,围栏封育样地土壤螨类群落多样性指数(H′)和中气门螨类MI指数尽管明显高于过度放牧样地,但是依然显著低于种植苜蓿样地,表明选择种植苜蓿较围栏封育可能更利于松嫩草原中度退化草地土壤螨类群落的恢复与重建。     

东北松嫩草原重度退化草地两种典型植被恢复处理方式间土壤螨类群落特征比较

于2005年5—10月在东北松嫩草原中南部十三泡草场,采用室内Tullgren法分离获取螨类,对土壤螨类进行采样,应用类群数、个体密度、多样性指数和MI指数等多个群落参数,研究植被恢复方式对重度碱化退化草地土壤螨类群落特征的影响。共捕获土壤螨类1104只,分别隶属于3亚目41属。结果表明,重度碱化退化草地土壤螨类稀少;围栏封育和种植碱茅两种植被恢复方式均能改善该类草地土壤螨类群落环境,提高了螨类的类群数、个体密度、群落多样性以及中气门螨类MI指数。但围栏封育和种植碱茅两种植被恢复方式之间也存在明显差异,种植碱茅较围栏封育更能显著提高土壤螨类个体密度;种植碱茅样地土壤螨类MI指数显著高于围栏封育样地,捕食性螨类K-选择类群比例更高,土壤螨类群落环境更好。对于松嫩草原重度碱化退化草地,选择种植碱茅方式可能更利于草地土壤螨类群落的恢复与重建。     

退化红壤植被恢复对土壤螨类群落结构的影响

对退化红壤地区的旱生性草坡、稀疏针叶林、针叶林、针阔混交林等4种植被恢复类型及裸地、顶级常绿阔叶林等2个对照样地的土壤螨类群落进行四季调查,共捕获4亚目53科,其中隐气门亚目27科（Cryptostigmata）,前气门亚目（Prostigmata）17科,中气门亚目（Mesostigmata）8科,无气门亚目（Astigmata）1科,优势类群为矮汉甲螨科（Nanhermanniidae）和单翼甲螨科（Haplozetidae）,常见类群包括若甲螨科（Oribatulidae）、盖头甲螨科（Tectocepheidae）等16科。应用个体密度、类群数、香农多样性、密度．类群DG指数、丰富度和均匀度、甲螨群落的MGP分析和捕食性螨类MI指数,研究其中螨类的群落结构特征。研究结果表明：不同植被类型土壤螨类群落差异显著,各项指标均以常绿阔叶林为最高,其次为稀疏针叶林,显著高于其它样地（P〈0．05）,针叶林和裸地处于最低水平。甲螨群落类群结构中,各植被类型中的甲螨群落均属于M型;甲螨个体密度结构类型中,裸地属于MP型,旱生性草坡属P型,常绿阔叶林属于O型,其它均属于M型。中气门螨类的MI指数在各植被类型没有明显的变化。DCA分析将6类型分为3类：裸地、常绿阔叶林各为一类,其余各类型归为一类,这显示了土壤螨类群落对植被恢复不同类型的响应。     

高寒草甸生态系统蚁丘对小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响

为查明高寒草甸中蚁丘对小型土壤节肢动物群落的影响,2018年5、7和10月分别在若尔盖高寒草甸内选取6个直径在30-35 cm间的蚁丘作为调查对象,并选取距相应蚁丘2 m处的点作为对照,采集蚁丘和对照的土壤样品,用Tullgren法分离小型土壤节肢动物。结果表明：（1）蚁丘可以明显改变高寒草甸小型土壤节肢动物群落组成结构,主要类群由螨类转变为跳虫;（2）蚁丘中的长角跳目、前气门亚目和甲螨亚目的个体密度均显著高于对照（P<0.05）,但仅有甲螨亚目个体百分比在群落中所占比例显著高于对照（P<0.05）;（3）蚁丘可以显著提高小型土壤节肢动物群落密度和多样性,尤其能够使部分菌食性跳虫（库跳属、隐跳属、符跳属）和腐食性螨类（布伦螨属、双瘤吸螨属、微奥甲螨属及下盾甲螨属）的个体数量大幅增加;（4）从5月到10月,小型土壤节肢动物群落的个体密度在蚁丘中呈先增加后下降的变化趋势（P<0.05）,在对照中呈持续增加（P>0.05）,而类群数和Shannon多样性指数在蚁丘和对照中均呈增加趋势,但仅在对照有显著差异（P<0.05）;（5）小型土壤节肢动物的类群数、Shannon多样性指数与有机质含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）,个体密度与土壤容重呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。研究结果表明,蚁丘能够改变小型土壤节肢动物群落组成结构,并显著提高小型土壤节肢动物群落个体密度和多样性。     

苔藓土壤节肢动物群落及其多样性

苔藓土壤中分布着种类和数量丰富的节肢动物 ,主要是中、小型土壤动物。对上海市区苔藓土壤节肢动物群落进行了为期一年的调查研究 ,用 Tullgren分离装置 ,共收集土壤节肢动物 1 95 4 2只 ,隶属 5纲 1 1目 46科 5 8种。螨类和弹尾类共占总捕量的 97.4%,为苔藓土壤节肢动物的优势类群。螨类占苔藓土壤节肢动物种类的 74.2 %,个体数量的 79.7%,是苔藓土壤节肢动物群落的特征类群。优势种跗线螨 ( Tarsone-mus sp.)和真长须螨 ( Eustigmaeus clavated)均取食苔藓 ,并耐受低温 ,跗线螨占节肢动物总捕量的 45 %,真长须螨占 1 5 %。苔藓层节肢动物以螨类的前气门亚目为主 ,多为优势种和常见种 ,个体数量多 ,而土壤层节肢动物以螨类的隐气门亚目和弹尾类为主 ,种类较丰富。苔藓土壤节肢动物群落的多样性指数和优势集中性指数主要由螨类决定 ,受季节的影响明显 ,5月和 1 0月份多样性指数最高 ,1月份最低 ,而 1月优势集中性指数最高     

吉林省中西部平原区土壤螨类群落结构特征

对吉林省中西部平原区进行土壤螨类群落调查,了解该区土壤螨类群落组成、分布及土地利用差异对土壤螨类群落结构的影响。共捕获土壤螨类96属16443只。研究结果显示:土壤螨类群落组成各类群空间分布的广狭与个体数量的多寡在吉林省中西部平原区未呈现出明显的一致性;中部平原区与西部平原区土壤螨类群落组成存在明显差异,气候和土壤差异是主导因素;不同土地利用类型生境螨类群落特征存在一定的差异,农业生产活动减少了土壤螨类类群数和个体密度,使螨类在土壤剖面不同土层间分布更加均匀;同时农业活动也减少了螨类的群落多样性。MGP分析能够反映人类干扰对甲螨群落结构的影响,其中MGPⅠ分析对不同土地利用条件下甲螨群落结构的季节变动更敏感。MI指数显示,农田和居民点的农业生产活动增加了中气门螨类r-选择类群的数量[动物学报51(3):401-412,2005]。     

松嫩草原不同演替阶段大型土壤动物功能类群特征

大型土壤动物处于整个土壤食物网的最顶端,其各功能类群控制着其他动物所需资源的有效性,是土壤生态系统的重要组成部分。为了查明松嫩草原大型土壤动物的功能类群特征,在2006年5—10月期间,逐月对松嫩草原羊草、羊草+虎尾草、虎尾草、碱茅、碱蓬和光碱斑6个演替阶段大型土壤动物的功能类群组成、结构、多样性等特征进行研究。依据其食性将该区土壤动物划分为杂食性、植食性、捕食性和腐食性4个功能类群其中,杂食性土壤动物个体密度所占比例最多为39.16%,植食性土壤动物的类群数所占比例最多为50.00%,腐食性土壤动物个体密度和类群数所占比例均最小,分别为8.09%和12.82%。各功能类群土壤动物个体密度和类群数的相关性不显著(P0.05)。从水平结构来看,总体上各功能类群土壤动物在羊草群落和羊草+虎尾草群落个体密度和类群数较多,在无植被的光碱斑生境土壤动物的个体密度和类群数较少,植食性土壤动物的个体密度和类群数、杂食性土壤动物个体密度、腐食性土壤动物个体密度和类群数随着群落演替发生显著的变化(P0.01)。植食性和腐食性土壤动物个体密度和类群数相关性显著(P0.05)。垂直结构上,0—10 cm土层和20—30 cm土层除捕食性土壤动物个体密度以外,其它各功能类群土壤动物个体密度随着群落演替发生显著的变化(P0.05或P0.01);10—20 cm土层,除腐食性土壤动物个体密度以外,其它各功能类群土壤动物个体密度随着群落演替发生显著的变化(P0.05或P0.01)。0—10cm土层,植食性和杂食性土壤动物个体密度(P0.05)相关性显著;10—20 cm土层,植食性和腐食性土壤动物个体密度(P0.05)相关性显著。不同演替阶段对各功能类群土壤动物的多样性影响程度有所不同。4种功能类群土壤动物在羊草群落和光碱斑之间相似性指数较低,个体数量组成在演替初期的羊草群落和演替后期的光碱斑差异比较大。以上研究结果表明,松嫩草原不同退化演替阶段能够降低大型土壤动物功能类群组成和结构复杂性。     

沼液施用对海岸带围垦麦田土壤中小型节肢动物群落的影响

土壤节肢动物群落结构是反映土壤动物多样性及土壤质量的重要指标。沼液施用对土壤结构与肥力的改变,可能对土壤节肢动物群落的特征产生显著影响。以江苏东台海岸带连续施用沼液5年的围垦麦田为例,研究沼液不同用量(0、100、200、300 m~3/hm~2)及沼液替代(0%、33%、66%、100%)化肥对土壤中小型节肢动物群落结构的影响。结果表明:各施肥管理下麦田土壤中小型节肢动物的优势类群均为前气门亚目、甲螨亚目和弹尾目,平均分别占总捕获量的52.09%—53.33%、22.42%—23.86%和13.14%—16.51%。当沼液用量从0增加到300 m~3/hm~2时,土壤动物密度增加了94%,类群数增加约2个,优势度指数增加9.4%(P<0.05)。沼液66%替代化肥时,土壤动物密度、类群数和优势度指数最高。因此,施用沼液显著增加了土壤中小型节肢动物的密度、类群数与优势度指数。当沼液替代化肥的比例为66%时,促进效应最佳。主成分分析表明,无论单施沼液还是沼液替代化肥,弹尾目、前气门亚目与甲螨亚目的响应最为敏感,可将其作为土壤中小型节肢动物对施肥响应的指示指标。     

放牧和刈割对大针茅草原土壤微生物群落结构及多样性的影响

放牧和刈割是内蒙古草原的两种主要利用方式,然而,长期放牧和刈割对大针茅草原土壤微生物群落的影响知之甚少,因此,以内蒙古大针茅草原为研究对象,设置放牧和刈割两种利用方式,以围封不利用为对照,基于高通量测序技术,研究大针茅草原在不同利用方式下土壤微生物组成及多样性的变化,并结合土壤理化因子进一步探究土壤微生物群落组成的主要影响因素。研究结果表明：不同利用方式下土壤细菌α多样性指数无显著差异,而刈割显著提高了土壤真菌Observed＿species、Chao1和ACE指数;土壤细菌群落的优势菌门是变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria),土壤真菌群落的优势菌门是子囊菌门(Ascomycota)和被孢霉门(Mortierellomycota),不同利用方式下部分微生物类群的相对丰度差异显著,放牧显著提高了细菌群落的变形菌门、疣微菌门(Verrucomicrobia)和芽单胞菌门(Gemmatimonadetes)的相对丰度,刈割显著提高了真菌群落的担子菌门(Basidiomycota)相对丰度,此外,放牧和刈割均显著降低了厚壁菌门(Firmicutes...     

陆地生态系统中人为因素对DOM影响研究进展

尽管DOM和WEOM只占土壤有机质的一小部分,却是土壤溶液的重要组成部分,参与众多土壤过程。本文着重介绍DOM和WEOM的定义、研究方法及森林和农田两种不同生态系统中DOM和WEOM的研究现状及耕作、施肥等农业措施对DOM和WEOM的影响。已有研究主要集中于DOC,而缺乏对DON、DOP的研究,且研究方法间差异较大。森林生态系统DOM／WEOM含量要高于草地和耕地。土地利用方式变化对DOM的影响主要取决于改变后的土地利用方式。管理措施对DOM／WEOM通常只有短暂的影响．且不同因素作用结果不一。     

Effect of crop and soil management practices on soil compatibility in maize and groundnut plots in a Paleustult in Southeastern Nigeria

Frequent occurrences of soil compaction damage resulting from high raindrop impact energy, and from human and animal trafficking during field operations pose a problem to farmers around the tropics. We studied the effect of some crop and soil management practices (manure, mulch, NPK applications, tillage and crop type) on some soil compactibility indices (dry bulk density, cone index, total soil porosity, gravimetric soil water content) in a Typic Paleustult in southeastern Nigeria. The study was carried out for three consecutive planting seasons using two tillage systems and four other soil management practices (poultry droppings + NPK, mulch + NPK, NPK alone and no amendment). These were laid out as split-plot in a RCB design replicated three times and using maize (Zea mays L.) and groundnut (Arachis hypogea) as test crops. Results indicate that the different soil management techniques adopted influenced dry bulk density, penetration resistance, total soil porosity and gravimetric soil water content at 44 and 66 days after planting (DAP) whereas only gravimetric soil water content was affected at 90 DAP. The dry bulk density of tilled maize and groundnut plots increased significantly (P<0.05) by between 2 and 14% relative to no-till plots at 44 and 66 DAP. In both maize and groundnut plots, dry bulk density decreased significantly (P<0.05) in plots amended with poultry droppings +NPK relative to the control plots by 3–10% at 44 and 66 DAP. Tilled maize and groundnut plots had 37–45% lower (P< 0.05) penetration resistance than their corresponding no-till plots at both 44 and 66 DAP. Penetration resistance measurements were lower by 16.5–25% in plots amended with poultry droppings + NPK relative to unamended plots at 44 and 66 DAP. Cumulative (1996, 1997, 1998) data indicate that gravimetric soil water content in maize and groundnut plots generally increased significantly (P<0.05) in no-till plots relative to tilled plots by 18–27% at both 44 and 66 DAP. Plots amended with poultry droppings + NPK had between 24 and 111% increase (P<0.05) in soil gravimetric soil water content at both 44 and 66 DAP. Results are indicative that all soil compactibility indices measured were not affected at 90 DAP except for soil gravimetric soil water content in 1996 and 1998. Results from this work demonstrate that some crop and soil management practices could be used to reduce soil compactibility problems thus increasing productivity of such soils.     

Urban Sheep Keeping in West Africa: Can Socioeconomic Household Profiles Explain Management and Productivity?

Rapid urbanization in Africa leads to a spatial concentration of people with different cultural origins and socioeconomic backgrounds resulting in a great diversity of life styles and livelihood strategies. One common strategy in Maroua/Cameroon and Bobo-Dioulasso/Burkina Faso is urban sheep keeping. Cluster analyses identified distinct socioeconomic groups with similarities between the towns: traditional livestock keepers, households headed by well educated government employees or traders, and more vulnerable groups formed of households headed by females, retired people or people with limited formal education. The household types in Bobo varied in their perception of the importance and the development of urban sheep keeping and their future plans. Those in Maroua differed in management intensity and in the potential to adapt their practices to the urban environment. Development interventions to reduce environmental pollution and risks for human health associated with urban sheep keeping need to account for these differences in the target group.     

Companion Rabbit and Companion Bird Management Practices Among a Representative Sample of Guardians in Victoria,Australia

Although companion animal management practices used by caregivers can influence the welfare of the companion animals, there is little existing information about the ways in which people attempt to meet their companion animals’ needs. A representative sample of rabbit guardians (n = 93, representing 63,000 people) and bird guardians (n = 203, representing 157,000 people) in Victoria, Australia, completed an online survey. Items were related to the environmental, diet/exercise, behavioral, social, and health management practices used by guardians. Guardians sometimes meet their companion animals’ welfare needs, but they do not always engage in best practices. Most (79%) bird guardians reported that they interacted with their birds daily, but only 68% of rabbit guardians did the same. Likewise, 32% of rabbit guardians and 55% of bird guardians never had their companion animals vaccinated. These results may be used for educational campaigns for improving companion animal welfare.     

Gilt development and mating in commercial swine herds with varying reproductive performance

The primary objectives were to improve standard operating procedures for gilt development and mating, based on a comparison of practices among commercial Japanese herds with varying reproductive performance. Questionnaires were sent to 115 herds; the 96 herds (83.5%) responding were classified, on the basis of the upper and lower 25th percentiles of pigs weaned per mated female per year, into high-, intermediate- or low-performing herds. During gilt development, high-performing herds switched to a gilt developer diet at an earlier age than low-performing herds (P < 0.05). More high-performing herds performed first insemination “immediately,” with second insemination “6 to 12 h” after first estrus detection than low-performing herds (P < 0.05). However, there were no differences (P > 0.05) among productivity groups with regard to the use of nutritional flushing or percentage of AI used. In multilevel analyses (17,582 service records), gilts in herds using direct boar contact were 13.73 d younger at first mating than those in the herds using indirect boar contact (P < 0.05), but age was not related to feeding practices or the number of days of boar contact per week (P > 0.05). First-serviced gilts in the herds that performed first insemination “immediately” after first estrus detection had an 8.3 to 8.4% higher farrowing rate (FR) than those in herds that performed first insemination at “6 to 12 h” and “24 h” (P < 0.01). Reserviced gilts in the herds with first insemination “immediately” after first estrus detection had 7.5% higher FR than those in herds with first insemination at “6 to 12 h” (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, first-serviced and reserviced gilts in herds that restricted feed after insemination had 0.23 and 0.17 more pigs born alive (PBA) than gilts in the herds that did not restrict feed (P < 0.05). However, PBA was not related to time of insemination (P > 0.05). In conclusion, to improve gilt reproductive performance, we recommend stimulating gilt estrus by using direct boar contact, performing first insemination “immediately” after first estrus detection, and restricting feed intake after insemination.     

How access to exhibit space impacts the behavior of female tigers (Panthera tigris)

Little is known about how socially housed captive carnivores respond to temporary reductions in available space. We documented rates of aggression and affiliation in our group of six female tigers, under their normal housing conditions and during a period of exhibit renovations which resulted in a 50% reduction in time spent in an outdoor enclosure. During the period of reduced availability of space, significant declines in aggression and affiliation were observed indicating that these tigers responded in a manner consistent with a strategy of conflict avoidance. These reductions in rates of social behavior remained in place during the year following the return to their original housing conditions. Thus, even temporary alterations to housing practices have the potential to have lasting impacts on the social behavior of this species. Zoo Biol 30:479–486, 2011. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Herbicide resistance—what have we learned from other disciplines?

Herbicide resistance is a growing threat to agriculture and has parallels to resistances to fungicides and insecticides. However, there are many reasons to treat the resistance to herbicides differently. To highlight these similarities and differences, three pests, a weed, an insect, and a disease that have shown the ability to rapidly develop resistance to a variety of products and product classes were used as illustrations. The situation in herbicide resistance is approaching a point already experienced by the other pest control disciplines, and thus, it is worthwhile to revisit their experiences.     

Success of Delayed Translocation of Loggerhead Turtle Nests

ABSTRACT Sea turtle embryo mortality in natural nests due to environmental and anthropogenic factors can be very high. To increase hatching success of these endangered species, nest translocation to hatcheries immediately after egg-laying is a common management tool. To test the viability of delayed translocation, we moved 50 loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) nests to a beach hatchery after various times (0–96 hr) after egg-laying at Boavista Island (Republic of Cabo Verde, western Africa). We transported eggs in a rigid plastic container, being careful to maintain their original vertical orientation. Delayed translocation times of 0 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 84 hours, or 96 hours after egg-laying did not have any effect on hatching success, incubation period, or hatchling size and mass. Delayed translocation slightly increased the duration of the translocation process because of extra precautions taken (e.g., maintaining axial orientation, protecting eggs from mechanical shocks). We conclude that delayed nest translocation can be done in a safe and effective way, thereby increasing the efficiency of the whole monitoring program. Finally, delayed translocation, accompanied by an evaluation of fertility, would seem to permit the removal of undeveloped eggs and to facilitate their subsequent exploitation by local communities without affecting turtle nesting success.