高寒沙区生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤碳释放动态

生物土壤结皮广泛分布于荒漠生态系统,能够通过自身的呼吸作用影响土壤碳释放以及区域碳循环过程。本研究在具有典型高寒沙区气候特征的青藏高原东北部（青海共和盆地）,以广泛分布于人工植被恢复区的藻类和藓类结皮为研究对象,裸地为对照,观测了裸地与两种类型生物土壤结皮去除和覆盖土壤碳释放速率的日动态和生长季动态规律,探讨生物土壤结皮对土壤碳释放量的影响。结果表明：生物土壤结皮去除和覆盖土壤碳释放速率日动态和生长季动态特征与裸地一致,均呈“单峰”曲线。生物土壤结皮覆盖土壤的日最大碳释放速率出现于13:00左右,裸地与去除结皮土壤的日峰值均出现于15:00左右,生物土壤结皮的存在使土壤碳释放速率的日峰值出现时间提前2h左右,各观测类型生长季内碳释放速率最大值均出现在8月。在相对干旱年份（2017）,藻类和苔藓结皮覆盖导致土壤碳释放量分别增加了22.07%和85.61%,其中,藻类和苔藓结皮层碳释放量占增加量的67.60%和25.76%;而在相对湿润年份（2018）,藻类和苔藓结皮覆盖导致土壤碳释放量分别增加了139.37%和290.53%,二者结皮层碳释放量分别占增加量的69.09%和45.59%,生物土壤结皮发育促进了土壤的碳释放。温度对土壤碳释放变化的贡献率为48.89%,是高寒沙区土壤碳释放日动态变化的关键驱动因子。因此,在核算荒漠生态系统碳交换过程中,应充分考虑各区域不同类型生物土壤结皮对土壤碳释放产生的影响。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘不同类型生物土壤结皮对土壤有机碳矿化的影响

生物土壤结皮(BSCs)是荒漠生态系统的重要组成部分,是该区土壤碳循环及碳平衡的关键影响因素。研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘不同类型生物土壤结皮覆盖下土壤碳矿化过程及其对温度(10℃、25℃和35℃)和水分(土壤含水量10%和25%)变化响应特征,分析了土壤碳矿化过程与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明:(1)结皮的形成和发育显著影响土壤有机碳矿化过程,藻类、地衣和藓类结皮覆盖的土壤碳矿化速率和CO₂-C累积释放量均显著高于去除结皮的土壤,不同类型BSCs覆盖土壤和去除结皮土壤之间均表现为藓类结皮土壤>地衣结皮土壤>藻类结皮。(2)含结皮层土壤的平均和最大矿化速率均随温度升高和水分增加而逐渐增大,有结皮覆盖的土壤和去除结皮的土壤对温度和水分变化的响应规律相同。(3)有结皮土壤和去除结皮土壤碳矿化速率的温度敏感性(Q₁₀)与结皮类型密切相关,均表现为藓类结皮>地衣结皮>藻类结皮。结果表明生物土壤结皮由以藻类为主向以藓类为主的演变进一步促进了土壤碳矿化过程,结皮对土壤碳循环的调控作用受水热等环境因子的共同影响。     

模拟降水对古尔班通古特沙漠生物结皮表观土壤碳通量的影响

水分是控制干旱区生态过程的重要环境因素,在水分受限制的生态系统中,降水通过改变土壤的干湿状态直接控制地下生物过程。生物结皮作为干旱区主要的地表覆盖物,能利用空气中有限的水分进行光合作用,其自身的碳交换是干旱区土壤碳通量的重要组成部分。通过模拟0(对照)、2、5 mm和15 mm 4个降水梯度,利用红外气体分析仪,对古尔班通古特沙漠中部生物结皮以及裸地表观土壤碳通量进行测量,探讨不同强度降水条件下生物结皮对表观土壤碳通量的影响,结果表明:(1)降水增加了生物结皮表观土壤碳释放量,2、5 mm和15 mm 3种降水处理累积碳释放量分别是对照的151.48%、274.97%、306.44%,并且随着降水后时间的延长,表观土壤碳通量逐渐减小直至达到降水前的水平;(2)生物结皮与裸地的表观土壤碳通量对降水的响应不同,对照和最大降水量下,生物结皮表观土壤碳通量大于裸地,但是2 mm和5 mm降水后,生物结皮表观土壤碳通量小于裸地,并且二者在2 mm降水时差异显著(P<0.05),而在其它降水处理下无显著差异;(3)连续两次降水事件,活性碳在初级降水后的大量释放使得二次降水后释放量下降,其中裸地碳释放量下降速率与降水强度正相关。本研究说明,在探求荒漠地区土壤碳交换对降水的响应规律时,应该考虑生物结皮的影响以及连续降水事件的差异。     

沙埋对干旱沙区生物结皮覆盖土壤温室气体通量的影响

以腾格里沙漠东南缘自然植被区生长的两种典型生物结皮——藓类和藻类-地衣混生结皮覆盖土壤为对象,通过设置0(对照)、1 mm(浅层)和10 mm(深层)沙埋处理,研究了沙埋对该区结皮覆盖土壤温室气体通量的影响,并通过测定沙埋后土壤温度、水分的变化,初步探讨了沙埋影响生物结皮覆盖土壤温室气体通量的环境机制.结果表明: 沙埋显著增加了两类结皮覆盖土壤的CO₂释放通量和CH₄吸收通量(P<0.05);但对N₂O通量的影响因沙埋厚度和结皮类型的不同而异:深层沙埋(10 mm)显著增加了两类结皮覆盖土壤的N₂O吸收通量,浅层沙埋(1 mm)仅显著降低了藓类结皮覆盖土壤的N₂O吸收通量,而对混生结皮覆盖土壤的N₂O通量影响不显著.沙埋显著增加了两类结皮覆盖土壤的表层温度和0~5 cm深土壤湿度,从而增加了其CO₂释放通量.但是沙埋引起的土壤温湿度的变化与CH₄和N₂O通量变化的相关性不显著,说明沙埋引起的土壤温湿度变化不是影响其CH₄和N₂O通量的关键因子.     

湿润持续时间对生物土壤结皮固氮活性的影响

土壤可利用氮是干旱半干旱区生态系统中除水分之外的关键限制因子,研究湿润持续时间和温度变化对温性荒漠藻类结皮和藓类结皮固氮活性的影响,对于深入认识和准确评价全球变化大背景下生物土壤结皮对区域生态系统的氮贡献至关重要。通过野外调查采样,在一次较大降水事件发生后,利用开顶式生长室,采用乙炔还原法连续测定了沙坡头地区人工植被区和天然植被区两类典型生物土壤结皮固氮活性的变化,分析了湿润持续时间和模拟增温对其固氮活性的影响。研究结果表明:在经历31d持续干旱,降水发生后第4天两类结皮的固氮活性达到最大,此后随样品水分含量下降,至第10天其固氮活性将至最低;结皮固氮活性与水分含量之间呈显著的二次函数关系,其固氮活性随水分含量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,藻类结皮的固氮活性显著高于藓类结皮;短期模拟增温并不能显著提高其固氮活性,增温主要通过加速结皮水分散失来影响其固氮活性。上述结果反映了水分是控制生物土壤结皮固氮活性的关键因子,而实验前样品所经历的环境条件则决定了降水发生后其到达最大固氮速率的时间,野外长期观测结合控制严格的室内实验才能准确评价生物土壤结皮对区域生态系统的氮贡献。     

腾格里沙漠东南缘生物结皮土壤呼吸对水热因子变化的响应

生物结皮土壤呼吸是干旱区碳循环的重要参与者,是了解荒漠生态系统碳循环的重要过程之一,但有关生物结皮土壤呼吸对水热因子的响应还存在许多不确定性,难以在区域尺度上准确评估生物结皮土壤系统碳排放对水热因子变化的响应及反馈方向和程度。该文以腾格里沙漠东南缘天然植被区藓类和藻-地衣结皮土壤为研究对象,利用开顶式生长室模拟增温,采用全自动土壤碳通量测定系统研究了模拟增温及降水格局变化对不同类型生物结皮土壤呼吸的影响。结果表明:观测期间(2016年4月1日到7月31日),不同自然降水事件下(降水量在0.3–30.0 mm间),藓类结皮土壤呼吸速率在–0.16–4.69μmol·m~(–2)·s~(–1)之间变动,藻-地衣结皮土壤呼吸速率在–0.21–5.72μmol·m~(–2)·s~(–1)之间变动。藓类结皮土壤呼吸速率平均为1.09μmol·m~(–2)·s~(–1),高于藻-地衣结皮土壤呼吸速率的0.94μmol·m~(–2)·s~(–1),是藻-地衣结皮土壤呼吸速率的1.2倍。生物结皮土壤呼吸在不同的降水事件下具有明显的时空异质性,且生物结皮土壤呼吸速率与降水量有显著正相关关系。对照下两类结皮土壤呼吸速率平均为1.24μmol·m~(–2)·s~(–1),增温条件下为0.79μmol·m~(–2)·s~(–1),增温显著降低了其呼吸速率,增温主要是通过加速土壤水分的散失而降低两类结皮土壤呼吸。大多数情况下,土壤温度和生物结皮土壤呼吸呈现类似的单峰曲线,但土壤温度峰值出现的时间滞后于生物结皮土壤呼吸峰值出现的时间,滞后时间一般为2 h。     

模拟增温对高寒沙区生物土壤结皮-土壤系统呼吸的影响

生物土壤结皮是高寒沙区重要的地表覆盖类型, 研究增温对高寒地区生物土壤结皮-土壤系统呼吸的影响, 能够为准确评估高寒生态系统中生物土壤结皮对气候变化的响应和反馈提供一定的参考。该文以人工植被恢复区的苔藓和藻类结皮为研究对象, 采用开顶式被动增温装置(OTC)进行模拟增温, 观测增温条件下苔藓和藻类结皮-土壤系统呼吸速率的日动态和生长季动态, 探讨增温对其CO₂释放量和温度敏感性的影响。研究结果显示, 增温未改变苔藓和藻类结皮-土壤系统呼吸速率的日动态和生长季动态特征, 均呈“单峰”曲线, 日动态峰值出现在13:00左右, 生长季动态峰值出现在8月左右; 增温改变了生物土壤结皮-土壤系统呼吸速率的日动态峰值。相对干旱年份(2017), 适度增温增加了两类生物土壤结皮-土壤系统生长季累积CO₂释放量, 过高幅度增温, 两类生物土壤结皮-土壤系统CO₂释放量的增加程度降低; 相对湿润年份(2018), 增温幅度越高, 两类生物土壤结皮-土壤系统CO₂释放量增加程度越大。两种类型生物土壤结皮-土壤系统呼吸速率与温度间的关系均可用指数函数较好地描述, 相对干旱年份, 增温幅度越高, 苔藓和藻类结皮-土壤呼吸的温度敏感性越小, 变化范围分别为1.47-1.61和1.60-1.95; 相对湿润年份, 增温幅度越高, 温度敏感性越大, 变化范围分别为1.44-1.68和1.44-1.76。该研究表明, 全球气候变暖很大程度地增强了高寒生态系统中生物土壤结皮-土壤系统的呼吸作用, 因此在准确评估高寒生态系统碳循环过程时, 应充分考虑气候变暖对该区广泛分布的生物土壤结皮所产生的影响。     

毛乌素沙地生物结皮覆盖区土壤水分收支变化特征

探究半干旱生态系统生物土壤结皮对土壤水文过程的影响,并量化生物结皮覆盖下土壤水分收支状况,可为荒漠地区植被恢复与重建提供理论依据。本研究基于2018—2020年生长季(5—10月)对毛乌素沙地不同类型生物结皮(如藻类和苔藓)覆盖区土壤水分的连续观测,以裸沙为对照,分析了生物结皮对0～40 cm土壤水分收支的影响。结果表明: 与裸沙相比,藻类结皮和苔藓结皮显著降低了降雨对40 cm以下土壤水分的补充,增加了土壤水分的蒸发损失。在相对湿润年份(2018年),裸沙和不同类型生物结皮覆盖土壤的水分支出量(渗漏量+蒸发量)均低于降雨量,土壤水分状况为收入;在相对干旱年份(2019和2020年),藻类结皮和苔藓结皮覆盖土壤的水分支出量高于降雨量,土壤水分产生亏缺,但是裸沙相反。可见,生物结皮导致其下覆0～40 cm土壤水分收支不平衡,在相对干旱年份出现了水分亏缺,这可能驱动该区域植被群落向浅根系植物演替。     

不同降水条件下生物结皮覆盖对沙地土壤有机碳的影响

生物结皮是干旱半干旱地区重要的地表活体覆盖物,其通过光合固碳影响土壤有机碳、活性碳组分的含量及其稳定性。目前有关生物结皮中有机碳变化特征的研究非常有限。本研究在毛乌素沙地沿降水梯度从西北向东南选择了两类典型的生物结皮(苔藓结皮、藻结皮),直线跨度188 km,通过测定土壤有机碳(SOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、颗粒态有机碳(POC)和易氧化有机碳(ROC),探讨生物结皮对土壤有机碳稳定性的作用及其对降水梯度的响应,并基于藓类植物凋落物分解试验解析降水变化对其碳分解过程的影响。结果表明: 1)两类生物结皮覆盖均显著提高了SOC和MBC、DOC、POC、ROC等活性碳组分含量及SOC稳定性,其中,藓结皮对SOC的提升作用为藻结皮的1.6～2.6倍。2)两类生物结皮SOC含量最低点均出现在西北样地(分别为6.43、14.50 g·kg^-1),随降水升高,SOC总体上呈现递增的趋势。3)随降水的升高,藓类凋落物所需的分解时间逐渐减少,研究期内(7月至次年2月)的分解系数在0.010～0.014,显著低于维管植物,自西北向东南3个样地藓类凋落物的碳释放量分别为8.09、10.89、12.88 g·kg^-1。4)典范对应分析显示,水蒸气分压力、实际蒸散量、年均温、地表向下短波辐射、潜在蒸散量、饱和水汽压差等是影响SOC及其活性碳组分含量的关键气候因子,粉粒含量是影响其含量的主要土壤因子。     

固沙植被区两类结皮斑块土壤呼吸对不同频率干湿交替的响应

由降水的不连续性引起的土壤干湿交替是荒漠生态系统土壤呼吸的重要影响因素。本文研究了腾格里沙漠东南缘天然固沙植被区以藓类和藻类为优势的2类结皮斑块土壤呼吸对相同总降雨量(20 mm)不同降雨频率(10和20 d)条件下的多重干湿交替的响应。结果表明:2类结皮斑块土壤呼吸速率均在降雨后迅速升高,并在0.5~2 h达到峰值,然后逐渐下降并恢复到降雨前水平;随着干湿交替过程的依次进行,土壤呼吸速率峰值、平均值以及累积碳释放量均呈现逐渐减小的趋势,但随着干旱期的延长,这种减小的程度降低;两类结皮斑块土壤10 d循环条件下的累积碳释放量均低于20 d循环;相同条件下的藓类结皮斑块土壤碳释放量均高于藻类结皮斑块土壤。说明地表覆盖和干湿交替频率均是影响荒漠生态系统土壤呼吸对干湿交替响应的重要因素。     

Carbon exchange in biological soil crust communities under differential temperatures and soil water contents: implications for global change

Biological soil crusts (biocrusts) are an integral part of the soil system in arid regions worldwide, stabilizing soil surfaces, aiding vascular plant establishment, and are significant sources of ecosystem nitrogen and carbon. Hydration and temperature primarily control ecosystem CO₂ flux in these systems. Using constructed mesocosms for incubations under controlled laboratory conditions, we examined the effect of temperature (5–35 °C) and water content (WC, 20–100%) on CO₂ exchange in light (cyanobacterially dominated) and dark (cyanobacteria/lichen and moss dominated) biocrusts of the cool Colorado Plateau Desert in Utah and the hot Chihuahuan Desert in New Mexico. In light crusts from both Utah and New Mexico, net photosynthesis was highest at temperatures >30 °C. Net photosynthesis in light crusts from Utah was relatively insensitive to changes in soil moisture. In contrast, light crusts from New Mexico tended to exhibit higher rates of net photosynthesis at higher soil moisture. Dark crusts originating from both sites exhibited the greatest net photosynthesis at intermediate soil water content (40–60%). Declines in net photosynthesis were observed in dark crusts with crusts from Utah showing declines at temperatures >25 °C and those originating from New Mexico showing declines at temperatures >35 °C. Maximum net photosynthesis in all crust types from all locations were strongly influenced by offsets in the optimal temperature and water content for gross photosynthesis compared with dark respiration. Gross photosynthesis tended to be maximized at some intermediate value of temperature and water content and dark respiration tended to increase linearly. The results of this study suggest biocrusts are capable of CO₂ exchange under a wide range of conditions. However, significant changes in the magnitude of this exchange should be expected for the temperature and precipitation changes suggested by current climate models.     

Impact of Environmental Factors and Biological Soil Crust Types on Soil Respiration in a Desert Ecosystem

The responses of soil respiration to environmental conditions have been studied extensively in various ecosystems. However, little is known about the impacts of temperature and moisture on soils respiration under biological soil crusts. In this study, CO₂ efflux from biologically-crusted soils was measured continuously with an automated chamber system in Ningxia, northwest China, from June to October 2012. The highest soil respiration was observed in lichen-crusted soil (0.93±0.43 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹) and the lowest values in algae-crusted soil (0.73±0.31 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹). Over the diurnal scale, soil respiration was highest in the morning whereas soil temperature was highest in the midday, which resulted in diurnal hysteresis between the two variables. In addition, the lag time between soil respiration and soil temperature was negatively correlated with the soil volumetric water content and was reduced as soil water content increased. Over the seasonal scale, daily mean nighttime soil respiration was positively correlated with soil temperature when moisture exceeded 0.075 and 0.085 m³ m⁻³ in lichen- and moss-crusted soil, respectively. However, moisture did not affect on soil respiration in algae-crusted soil during the study period. Daily mean nighttime soil respiration normalized by soil temperature increased with water content in lichen- and moss-crusted soil. Our results indicated that different types of biological soil crusts could affect response of soil respiration to environmental factors. There is a need to consider the spatial distribution of different types of biological soil crusts and their relative contributions to the total C budgets at the ecosystem or landscape level.     

Biological soil crusts influence carbon release responses following rainfall in a temperate desert,northern China

How soil cover types and rainfall patterns influence carbon (C) release in temperate desert ecosystems has largely been unexplored. We removed intact crusts down to 10 cm from the Shapotou region, China, and measured them in PVC mesocosms, immediately after rainfall. C release rates were measured in soils with four cover types (moss-crusted soil, algae-crusted soil, mixed (composed of moss, algae, and lichen)-crusted soil, and mobile dune sand). We investigated seven different rainfall magnitudes (0–1, 1–2, 2–5, 5–10, 10–15, 15–20, and >20 mm) under natural conditions. C release from all four BSCs increased with increasing rainfall amount. With a rainfall increase from 0 to 45 mm, carbon release amounts increased from 0.13 ± 0.09 to 15.2 ± 1.35 gC m^?2 in moss-crusted soil, 0.08 ± 0.06 to 6.43 ± 1.23 gC m^?2 in algae-crusted soil, 0.11 ± 0.08 to 8.01 ± 0.51 gC m^?2 in mixed-crusted soil, and 0.06 ± 0.04 to 8.47 ± 0.51 gC m^?2 in mobile dune sand, respectively. Immediately following heavy rainfall events (44.9 mm), moss-crusted soils showed significantly higher carbon release rates than algae- and mixed-crusted soils and mobile dune sands, which were 0.95 ± 0.02, 0.30 ± 0.03, 0.13 ± 0.04, and 0.51 ± 0.02 μmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1, respectively. Changes in rainfall patterns, especially large rain pulses (>10 mm) affect the contributions of different soil cover types to carbon release amounts; moss-crusted soils sustain higher respiration rates than other biological crusts after short-term extreme rainfall events.     

NO Gas Loss from Biologically Crusted Soils in Canyonlands National Park,Utah

In this study, we examined N gas loss as nitric oxide (NO) from N-fixing biologically crusted soils in Canyonlands National Park, Utah. We hypothesized that NO gas loss would increase with increasing N fixation potential of the biologically crusted soil. NO fluxes were measured from biologically crusted soils with three levels of N fixation potential (Scytonema-Nostoc-Collema spp. (dark)>Scytonema-Nostoc-Microcoleus spp. (medium)>Microcoleus spp. (light)) from soil cores and field chambers. In both cores and field chambers there was a significant effect of crust type on NO fluxes, but this was highly dependent on season. NO fluxes from field chambers increased with increasing N fixation potential of the biologically crusted soils (dark>medium>light) in the summer months, with no differences in the spring and autumn. Soil chlorophyllasis Type a content (an index of N fixation potential), percent N, and temperature explained 40% of the variability in NO fluxes from our field sites. Estimates of annual NO loss from dark and light crusts was 0.04-0.16 and 0.02-0.11-N/ha/year. Overall, NO gas loss accounts for approximately 3-7% of the N inputs via N fixation in dark and light biologically crusted soils. Land use practices have drastically altered biological soil crusts communities over the past century. Livestock grazing and intensive recreational use of public lands has resulted in a large scale conversion of dark cyanolichen crusts to light cyanobacterial crusts. As a result, changes in biologically crusted soils in arid and semi-arid regions of the western US may subsequently impact regional NO loss.     

Precipitation pulse size effects on Sonoran Desert soil microbial crusts

Deserts are characterized by low productivity and substantial unvegetated space, which is often covered by soil microbial crust communities. Microbial crusts are important for nitrogen fixation, soil stabilization and water infiltration, but their role in ecosystem production is not well understood. This study addresses the following questions: what are the CO₂ exchange responses of crusts to pulses of water, does the contribution of crusts to ecosystem flux differ from the soil respiratory flux, and is this contribution pulse size dependent? Following water application to crusts and soils, CO₂ exchange was measured and respiration was partitioned through mixing model analysis of Keeling plots across treatments. Following small precipitation pulse sizes, crusts contributed 80% of soil-level CO₂ fluxes to the atmosphere. However, following a large pulse event, roots and soil microbes contributed nearly 100% of the soil-level flux. Rainfall events in southern Arizona are dominated by small pulse sizes, suggesting that crusts may frequently contribute to ecosystem production. Carbon cycle studies of arid land systems should consider crusts as important contributors because of their dynamic responses to different pulse sizes as compared to the remaining ecosystem components.     

Precipitation Pattern Determines the Inter-annual Variation of Herbaceous Layer and Carbon Fluxes in a Phreatophyte-Dominated Desert Ecosystem

Arid and semi-arid ecosystems dominated by shrubby species are an important component in the global carbon cycle but are largely under-represented in studies of the effect of climate change on carbon flux. This study synthesizes data from long-term eddy covariance measurements and experiments to assess how changes in ecosystem composition, driven by precipitation patterns, affect inter-annual variability of carbon flux and their components in a halophyte desert community dominated by deep-rooted shrubs (phreatophytes, which depend on groundwater as their primary water source). Our results demonstrated that the carbon balance of this community responded strongly to precipitation variations. Both pre-growing season precipitation and growing season precipitation frequency significantly affected inter-annual variations in ecosystem carbon flux. Heavy pre-growing season precipitation (November–April, mostly as snow) increased annual net ecosystem carbon exchange, by facilitating the growth and carbon assimilation of shallow-rooted annual plants, which used spring and summer precipitation to increase community productivity. Sufficient pre-growing season precipitation led to more germination and growth of shallow-rooted annual plants. When followed by high-frequency growing season precipitation, community productivity of this desert ecosystem was lifted to the level of grassland or forest ecosystems. The long-term observations and experimental results confirmed that precipitation patterns and the herbaceous component were dominant drivers of the carbon dynamics in this phreatophyte-dominated desert ecosystem. This study illustrates the importance of inter-annual variations in climate and ecosystem composition for the carbon flux in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. It also highlights the important effect of changing frequency and seasonal pattern of precipitation on the regional and global carbon cycle in the coming decades.     

荒漠地衣结皮研究进展

微型生物结皮在干旱、半干旱荒漠地区广泛分布,对维持荒漠生态系统的稳定性具有重要作用。地衣结皮是微型生物结皮的重要组成部分及主要类型之一,在固沙、固碳和固氮能力方面独具优势。本文从区域尺度和局部尺度综述了国内外荒漠地衣分布、群落组成及其影响因素,从微尺度探讨了荒漠地衣在形成过程中可能相关的生物因子的作用与功能。虽已有研究发现气候类型、降水量、土壤理化性质、微地形和温度会对荒漠地衣生长型、种类、丰度及盖度产生影响,来自地衣体、地衣结皮和地衣结皮土壤中的生物因素与维持地衣正常生命活动及分布之间存在相关关系,但上述结论尚具有一定的局限性,主要表现在区域尺度仍缺乏专门对荒漠地衣的研究,微尺度缺乏对地衣相关生物功能的实验性探索及验证。上述局限在一定程度上限制了通过人工手段大规模应用荒漠地衣结皮的研究。本文基于国内外研究进展及存在问题,对荒漠地衣结皮应用进行了展望,以期为人工构建荒漠地衣结皮和干旱、半干旱荒漠治理及生态恢复提供新的思路和参考。     

亚洲中部干旱区3个典型生态系统生长季水碳通量特征

亚洲中部干旱区地处欧亚大陆腹地, 干旱少雨, 生态环境十分脆弱, 研究该地区大气与地表之间的能量和物质交换对干旱区水资源利用和生态环境保护具有重要意义。该文分析了亚洲中部干旱区荒漠与草地生态系统能量、水汽和CO₂通量的日变化及季节变化特征, 探究了水汽和CO₂通量对主要环境因子的响应。通过分析亚洲中部干旱区3个站点的涡度相关资料发现: 亚洲中部干旱区荒漠和草地生态系统在生长季(4-10月)能量、水汽通量、净CO₂通量和总初级生产力的日变化呈“单峰型”, 而荒漠生态系统呼吸日变化相对稳定; 草地生态系统白天的潜热通量占净辐射通量的比例明显高于荒漠生态系统; 草地生态系统在5-8月呈现较强的碳汇, 而荒漠生态系统表现为弱碳汇。亚洲中部干旱区草地和荒漠生态系统水汽通量和总初级生产力对降水、净辐射通量或光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差、气温均表现出明显的敏感性。     

Characteristics of water and carbon fluxes during growing season in three typical arid ecosystems in central Asia

亚洲中部干旱区地处欧亚大陆腹地, 干旱少雨, 生态环境十分脆弱, 研究该地区大气与地表之间的能量和物质交换对干旱区水资源利用和生态环境保护具有重要意义。该文分析了亚洲中部干旱区荒漠与草地生态系统能量、水汽和CO₂通量的日变化及季节变化特征, 探究了水汽和CO₂通量对主要环境因子的响应。通过分析亚洲中部干旱区3个站点的涡度相关资料发现: 亚洲中部干旱区荒漠和草地生态系统在生长季(4-10月)能量、水汽通量、净CO₂通量和总初级生产力的日变化呈“单峰型”, 而荒漠生态系统呼吸日变化相对稳定; 草地生态系统白天的潜热通量占净辐射通量的比例明显高于荒漠生态系统; 草地生态系统在5-8月呈现较强的碳汇, 而荒漠生态系统表现为弱碳汇。亚洲中部干旱区草地和荒漠生态系统水汽通量和总初级生产力对降水、净辐射通量或光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差、气温均表现出明显的敏感性。