长白山低山区森林土壤有机碳及养分空间异质性

以吉林延边汪清林业局金仓林场境内森林土壤为对象,采用多元线性回归方法和地统计学回归克里格方法,研究了土壤有机碳及养分的垂直分布规律,预测了其空间分布,并对预测结果进行插值.结果表明: 0～60 cm深度土壤有机碳密度为(16.14±4.58) kg·m^-2.随土壤深度增加,土壤有机碳含量、有机碳密度以及土壤全N、全P、全K、有效P及速效K含量都呈减小趋势,其中不同土层间土壤有机碳含量、有机碳密度差异显著(P<0.01).0～60 cm土层土壤有机碳含量和碳密度的拟合方程中,地形因子中高程和坡向余弦值是最优的拟合因子,方程的决定系数分别为0.34和0.39(P<0.01).0～20和0～60 cm土层的半方差函数模型分别为高斯模型和指数模型,利用回归克里格插值方法得到土壤有机碳的空间分布图.与普通克里格法相比,回归克里格法的空间预测精度改进了18%～58%.利用回归克里格插值方法预测了土壤全N的空间分布特征.     

澜沧江中游山地不同土地利用对土壤有机碳的影响及预测

基于2011年实地采集的210个表层（0～20 cm）土壤样本,研究了澜沧江中游山地4种典型土地利用类型土壤有机碳含量的空间分布差异.利用相关性分析研究土壤有机碳含量与土地利用类型、地形因子、归一化植被指数之间的关系,采用多元线性回归模型和克里格插值模型预测澜沧江中游山地有机碳含量分布.结果表明： 研究区4种土地利用类型表层土壤有机碳含量的大小依次为：林地>灌丛>草地>农田.土地利用类型、坡向、坡度和平面曲率均是影响土壤有机碳含量的重要因素.多元回归模型比地统计学模型对山地生态系统土壤有机碳的预测效果更好.     

喀斯特峰丛洼地不同土地利用类型土壤有机碳和氮素分布特征

为探讨喀斯特峰丛洼地景观类型表层土壤和土壤剖面有机碳和氮素的分布特征,在广西壮族自治区环江毛南族自治县采集典型景观类型耕地、退耕还草地、退耕还林地和林地表层样品及耕地、退耕还草地、退耕还林地剖面样品,进行了系统的分析。结果表明:林地土壤土层浅薄,但其表层土壤有机碳和全氮含量平均高达46.14和4.87g·kg-1,耕地土壤有机碳和全氮含量为13.96和1.88g·kg-1,退耕还林地表层土壤有机碳和全氮含量比耕地明显提高,退耕还草地比耕地略高;耕地0～40cm和退耕还草地0～30cm土壤有机碳和全氮含量随剖面深度增加急剧下降,耕地40～100cm和退耕还草地30～100cm则缓慢下降,退耕还林地土壤厚度一般小于1m,土壤有机碳和全氮含量在整个剖面均随深度增加急剧下降;说明地形、人类活动和土层厚度等影响表层土壤有机碳和全氮含量,其中地形和人类活动是关键影响因子;植被类型影响土壤有机碳和全氮的剖面分布,退耕还林(草)使土壤有机碳和氮储量增加。     

武夷山自然保护区不同海拔甜槠天然林土壤有机碳变化特征及影响因素

为揭示中亚热带常绿阔叶林建群种--甜槠天然林不同海拔土壤有机碳含量垂直分布差异及影响机制,以武夷山自然保护区甜槠天然林单一植被类型为研究对象,在其集中分布的5个海拔梯度（540、700、850、1022、1200 m）范围内设置固定样地,测定每个海拔梯度不同深度土层土壤因子（土壤全氮、全磷、土壤pH值、容重、土壤有机质、粉粒、砂粒、粘粒）、气候因子（土壤温度）、植被因子（细根生物量）及土壤有机碳含量等指标,分析了土壤有机碳沿海拔及垂直土层分布特征,并在主成分分析基础上构建了基于主控因子的线性回归模型。结果表明：（1）同一海拔高度,土壤有机碳含量在土壤垂直剖面分布具有明显的"表聚性"现象;同一土层深度,随着海拔升高,土壤有机碳含量逐渐增加,但增幅随土层深度增加而减小,高海拔地区有助于土壤有机碳的固存;（2）不同土层土壤有机碳含量与海拔、土壤全氮、土壤含水量、土壤粉粒呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与土壤温度、土壤容重、土壤粘粒、砂粒呈极显著负相关（P<0.01）;土壤细根生物量、土壤有机质与土壤有机碳含量在土壤表层（0-10、10-20 cm）呈极显著（P<0.01）或显著正相关（P<0.05）;土壤pH值、土壤砂粒与土壤有机碳含量在20-30 cm土层呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,但与其他土层关系不显著（P>0.05）;海拔因素是影响土壤有机碳含量分布的主要因素,其次为土壤因素,植被因素主要影响土壤表层有机碳含量分布。（3）海拔因素能通过影响与土壤有机碳形成和转化的因子及改变土壤有机碳的累积和分解速率,对土壤有机碳的分布产生影响。（4）多元线性回归模型拟合R²高于一元线性回归模型拟合R²,能解释土壤有机碳含量变异的82.1%-98.1%。由此可见,不同环境因子组合可以更好的解释不同土层土壤有机碳含量随海拔梯度的变异。     

中度强度森林火灾对马尾松次生林土壤有机碳密度的影响

森林火灾作为森林非连续的干扰因子, 是生物地球化学循环的驱动因子, 显著改变生态系统的结构和功能及养分循环与能量传递, 引起森林碳库与碳分配格局的变化, 进而影响森林演替进程及固碳能力。该研究以广东省马尾松(Pinus massoniana)次生林为研究对象, 采用相邻样地比较法和空间代替时间法, 以野外调查采样与室内试验分析为主要手段, 定量研究突发性森林火灾对土壤有机碳密度的影响, 探讨森林火灾对土壤有机碳固持的影响机制。结果表明: 与对照相比, 森林火灾后的幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林的土壤有机碳密度分别为35.12、40.80和52.34 t·hm^-2, 依次降低了10.93%、8.52%和7.56%。相比对照, 幼龄林、中龄林和成熟林土壤剖面(0-60 cm)的土壤有机碳密度变化范围分别为5.04-7.76、5.26-10.27和6.33-13.58 t·hm^-2, 依次降低了2.51%-16.83%、1.31%-11.85%和1.09%-12.50%; 森林火灾显著降低了幼龄林和中龄林0-30 cm的土壤有机碳密度, 显著降低了成熟林0-20 cm的土壤有机碳密度。马尾松次生林土壤有机碳密度与土壤理化性质具有显著相关关系。通径分析表明, 对照样地和过火样地中, 土壤全氮含量均对土壤有机碳密度的直接作用最大, 土壤细根生物量对土壤有机碳密度的直接作用较小, 但其通过土壤全氮含量对土壤有机碳密度的影响均表现在间接作用上。嵌套方差分析表明, 土壤深度解释了土壤有机碳密度变异的70.60%, 林龄解释了其变异的25.35%, 森林火灾解释了其变异的2.34%。研究发现: 森林火灾减少了马尾松次生林各林龄的土壤有机碳密度。在水平方向上, 随着林龄增长, 土壤有机碳密度的减少幅度降低; 在垂直方向上, 土壤有机碳密度随着土壤土层深度加深而降低, 且随林龄增长减少幅度下降。研究森林火灾对森林生态系统土壤有机碳的影响, 有助于理解森林生态系统土壤碳固持和碳循环过程, 对制定旨在减缓全球变化的科学合理的林火管理策略具有重要意义。     

六盘山华北落叶松土壤有机碳沿海拔梯度的分布规律及其影响因素

以六盘山自然保护区华北落叶松林地土壤（海拔范围为1800-2700 m）为研究对象,选取1900、2100、2300、2500 m 4个海拔梯度,研究华北落叶松林土壤有机碳含量、有机碳密度沿海拔梯度的分布规律及其影响因素,以期为准确估算华北落叶松林土壤有机碳储量及其固碳效益评价提供科学依据。结果表明：（1）六盘山不同海拔梯度华北落叶松林土壤粒径范围主要集中在粗粉粒、细粉粒和极细砂粒,粘粒含量最少,不足1%。林地土壤呈中性或弱碱性,pH均值范围为6.74-8.19;除土壤pH外,其他土壤理化指标沿海拔梯度的分布差异不显著（P>0.05）。（2）在1 m的标准土壤剖面内,土壤有机碳含量变化范围为15.80-35.45 g/kg,总有机碳密度的分布在21.34-42.28 kg/m²,且深层（40-100 cm）土壤有机碳含量及其密度在各海拔梯度内的变异程度大于表层土壤。（3）随着海拔的升高,土壤有机碳含量及其密度的表聚现象逐渐不明显;同一海拔高度,土壤有机碳含量和碳密度均随土层深度的增加而逐渐降低;同一土层深度土壤有机碳含量及其密度均随海拔的升高呈先增加后减少的趋势,而在整个土壤剖面上,土壤有机碳含量及其密度在较低海拔区域（小于2100 m）的变异程度较大。（4）冗余分析（RDA）表明：土壤理化性质可以解释华北落叶松林土壤有机碳含量及其密度81.02%的变异,其中电导率是影响华北落叶松土壤有机碳沿海拔梯度变异的主导因子,占环境因子总解释量的67.4%。     

广东省桉树人工林土壤有机碳密度及其影响因子

研究了广东省粤北、粤东、粤西和珠江三角洲4个地区桉树人工林土壤有机碳含量和有机碳密度,以及土壤有机碳密度的主要影响因子.结果表明:土壤A层和B层有机碳含量分别为(23.94±2.97)g·kg-1和(9.68±1.05)g·kg-1,二者差异显著;A层和B层有机碳密度分别为(27.64±7.72)t·hm-2和(108.36±9.37)t·hm-2,有显著差异;0～50 cm土层有机碳密度为(66.72±6.53)t·hm-2,略高于同一地区马尾松和杉木人工林.有机碳密度与海拔、A层和B层土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量和全氮含量呈显著正相关;土壤毛管孔隙度、毛管持水量和pH值是影响有机碳密度的主导因子.     

赤峰市敖汉旗土壤有机碳含量的垂直分布及其影响因素

选取内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗为研究对象,运用广义相加模型—分析敖汉旗0—100 cm深度土壤有机碳含量的空间变异特征,分析影响土壤有机碳空间变异的主导因素。结果表明,0—100 cm深度土壤有机碳含量的变化范围为0.23—20.71 g/kg,且随着土壤深度的增加有机碳含量逐渐降低。广义相加模型可以较为准确地解释土壤有机碳含量与环境因素之间的关系。植被因素的变化是影响表层土壤有机碳含量最重要的因素;在深层土壤中,含水率的变化是影响有机碳含量的主要因素。影响土壤有机碳空间变异的主导因素随着土壤深度的变化也表现出较大的差异。     

北京松山天然油松林土壤有机碳分布及其影响因素

随着全球气候的变化,森林土壤有机碳作为碳库的重要组成部分,成为森林碳循环研究的重点之一。以北京松山8块不同林龄天然油松林样地为研究对象,通过方差分析及方差分解的方法分析不同林龄土壤有机碳、碳密度的分布特征及影响因素,结果表明:(1)该地区油松林土壤碳含量平均值为20.61 g·kg~(-1);土壤碳密度为153.67 t·hm~(-2),低于中国森林生态系统平均值(193.55 t·hm~(-2))。同一林龄土壤有机碳含量随土壤深度的增加而显著降低(P0.05)。(2)在0~50 cm土层,不同林龄土壤有机碳含量普遍存在显著差异性(P0.05),在50~100 cm层差异不显著。随着林龄增大,土壤碳密度显著增加(P0.05)。各土层土壤碳密度与土壤碳含量随林龄变化趋势并不一致。中龄林、近熟林、成熟林、过熟林土壤有机碳均集中分布在较浅表层(0~30 cm),分别占总土层有机碳含量的81.1%、83.6%、82.5%、81.7%。(3)土壤各层碳含量、碳密度与土壤含水量呈显著相关(P0.001,P0.05),各层土壤碳含量与土壤容重呈显著负相关(P0.05)。各样地土壤平均碳含量(ACC)、碳密度(ACD)与地形因子、林分特征因子以及土壤因子之间普遍存在显著关联。地形模型、林分特征模型、土壤模型对ACC、ACD方差的解释程度具有一定的差异性。总体而言,林分特征模型能较好地解释ACD方差,地形因子模型、土壤因子模型对结果解释程度相对偏低。林分特征模型和土壤模型结合起来能较好地解释ACC方差,地形因子模型对结果解释程度不高。     

赤峰市敖汉旗土壤有机碳含量的垂直分布及其影响因素

选取内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗为研究对象,运用广义相加模型—分析敖汉旗0—100 cm深度土壤有机碳含量的空间变异特征,分析影响土壤有机碳空间变异的主导因素。结果表明,0—100 cm深度土壤有机碳含量的变化范围为0.23—20.71 g/kg,且随着土壤深度的增加有机碳含量逐渐降低。广义相加模型可以较为准确地解释土壤有机碳含量与环境因素之间的关系。植被因素的变化是影响表层土壤有机碳含量最重要的因素;在深层土壤中,含水率的变化是影响有机碳含量的主要因素。影响土壤有机碳空间变异的主导因素随着土壤深度的变化也表现出较大的差异。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.