不同干扰下阿拉善荒漠啮齿动物优势种对气候变化的响应

气候变化已对物种分布范围和丰富度产生了极大的影响。荒漠生态系统对气候变化的反应可能更加敏感。作为荒漠生态系统的重要组成者,了解荒漠啮齿动物特别是优势鼠种将对气候变化如何响应,对于荒漠地区生物多样性的维持将具有重要意义。2002—2010年,采用标志重捕法对阿拉善荒漠4种不同生境下啮齿动物优势种群进行了研究,分别利用Spearman相关分析以及典范对应分析(Canonical Correspondence analysis,CCA)对啮齿动物优势种群动态与年平均温度和年降水量的相关性进行了分析。结果表明,不同啮齿动物优势种对温度和降雨的响应不同,尤其以子午沙鼠表现最为显著。跳鼠对温度的适宜性要高于仓鼠科的子午沙鼠和黑线仓鼠,而仓鼠科啮齿动物对降雨的适宜性高于跳鼠。较小尺度上的人为干扰更可能从改变食性和生境的途径上加剧或缓冲降雨对荒漠啮齿动物优势种的影响,而不是改变温度对啮齿动物的作用。     

阿拉善荒漠啮齿动物优势种觅食活动对不同放牧方式的响应

阿拉善荒漠脆弱生态系统对人为干扰反应较敏感,不同放牧方式导致该生态系统的植被资源类型、密度、分布、盖度、基质以及动物感知捕食风险等各不相同。同域分布的荒漠啮齿动物在不同干扰下的觅食差异性对于荒漠地区生物多样性的维持具有重要意义。本文于2020年通过红外相机陷阱技术对阿拉善荒漠区同域共存的三趾跳鼠(Dipus sagitta)、五趾跳鼠(Orientallactaga sibirica)和子午沙鼠(Meriones meridianus) 3种优势鼠种在3种不同放牧方式下的摄食行为进行观测,结果显示：(1)不同放牧方式下3种啮齿动物优势种的种群密度与摄食行为成正比,放牧增加了五趾跳鼠种群密度,其摄食行为也在放牧强度大的生境中占比更多;子午沙鼠在放牧强度较小且植被盖度较高的生境中种群密度较高,摄食行为也多集中于此;三趾跳鼠在不同放牧方式下种群密度差异不大,相对来说在放牧强度更大的生境中花费的觅食努力更大;(2)相同放牧方式下,子午沙鼠面对食物会采取“觅食+取食+贮食”相结合的摄食策略,而三趾跳鼠和五趾跳鼠更倾向于“觅食+原地取食”的摄食策略。由此表明,尽管不同鼠种具有差异化的摄食策略,但是...     

荒漠啮齿动物群落对开垦干扰的响应及其种群生态对策

开垦对功能相对脆弱的荒漠生态系统是重要的干扰,这种干扰往往导致栖息地破碎化,并对动植物群落产生强烈影响。作为荒漠生态系统的重要成分,啮齿动物群落受到开垦干扰后对环境的响应及其群落中种群的生态对策,是荒漠生态系统生物多样性及其功能维持稳定的重要基础。2006～2011年,采用标志重捕法对内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区未开垦和开垦草地啮齿动物群落格局及其不同生态对策种群的数量组成进行了专门研究。目的（1）明确开垦干扰下啮齿动物群落格局时间尺度变化;（2）验证假设：人为干扰区（开垦区）啮齿动物群落中r?对策者占据优势,未干扰区（未开垦区）以K?对策者为主;（3）依据啮齿动物群落中不同生态对策种群的数量组成来判断群落所受干扰的程度。结果表明,开垦干扰降低了啮齿动物群落多样性,改变了群落中不同生态对策种群的数量组成,种群以r?对策者为优势;未开垦区啮齿动物群落中以K?对策种群为主。开垦区啮齿动物群落受到严重干扰。     

不同干扰下荒漠啮齿动物种群动态的空间同步性

荒漠啮齿动物是动物生态学研究中的重要类群,对于丰富种群和群落生态学理论具有重要意义.国外关于荒漠啮齿动物的研究较多,尤以北美的研究较为深入,涉及群落组成(Brown,1973)、生态位(Harris, 1984;Kenagy and Bartholomew, 1985)、物种共存(Brown and Munger,1985)、资源分享及微生境选择(Brown and Lieberman,1973;Price,1978)等方面;而国内关于荒漠啮齿动物研究相对较少.     

不同放牧强度对植物及啮齿动物作用的研究

从栖息地结构特征决定啮齿动物群落组成的角度出发,通过分析不同放牧强度下植物地上部分生物量,植被组成,种的多样性以及不同被牧处理间相似性系数的变化,初步探讨了小哺乳动物对植被变化的反应,得到如下结论：（１）在不同放牧强度下,植物地上部分生物量随放牧强度的增加而减少,植被组成中,优良牧草的比例随牧草随放牧强度的增加而降低,杂类草的比例随放牧强度的增加而升高。（２）植物种的多样性指数随放牧强度的增加而升     

不同干扰条件下荒漠啮齿动物生态位特征

2002和2003年的4、7、10月份在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区设开垦区、轮牧区、过牧区和禁牧区4个不同类型的干扰区,每个干扰区布设4个固定样方,对荒漠啮齿动物的空间生态位及其季节特征进行了研究。结果表明:五趾跳鼠和子午沙鼠的空间生态位宽度指数最高,分别为0.925和0.908;短尾仓鼠、小毛足鼠和草原黄鼠的次之,分别为0.789、0.782和0.711;五趾心颅跳鼠的最低,为0.003。草原黄鼠与小毛足鼠等6个种对的空间生态位重叠指数最高,均大于0.9,接近于1,生态位几乎完全重叠。长爪沙鼠与五趾心颅跳鼠、三趾心颅跳鼠的空间生态位重叠指数均为0,不存在资源利用竞争。在荒漠生境中,啮齿动物不仅对不同干扰条件的适应性较强,而且对资源利用存在较大程度的趋同性。在不同干扰条件下荒漠啮齿动物的生态位宽度会随着不同季节的变化出现明显的改变。同样,生态位重叠和生态位分化随着不同生态季节的变化也会发生明显的改变,春、秋季的生态位重叠程度低,分化程度高,秋季较春季略强;夏季的生态位重叠程度高,而分化程度低。     

人为干扰下荒漠啮齿动物群落格局——变动趋势与敏感性反应

2002～2004年,在阿拉善荒漠区的典型地区,选择了4种不同干扰条件的样地,分别为开垦区、轮牧区、过牧区和禁牧区,在两种尺度上研究啮齿动物群落的变动趋势及其种群的敏感性反应,在每种干扰条件的地段设计了标志流放区,面积为0.95hm2,采用标志重捕法,每月连捕4d,同时在4种不同干扰条件的地区选择了4条线路取样,每条线路面积约10 km2,采用铗日法调查,分别在4、7、10月份取样.用不同干扰条件下每个群落组成种的捕获量构成变量矩阵,应用PCA（主成分分析）方法分析群落中种群对不同干扰条件的敏感性反应.结果表明,3个年度中在两个观察尺度上,啮齿动物群落的格局在4种不同的干扰条件下表现出不同特征,各个群落的组成种类和主要种类的数量均有较大差异,特别是在开垦区和过牧区两种干扰条件下啮齿动物群落的组成种类及主要种类的数量均有较大的改变.同时PCA分析结果表明,在3个年度的两种观察尺度上,啮齿动物群落中的主要种群在4种不同干扰条件下的敏感性反应具有明显的差别.在开垦区黑线仓鼠的敏感性反应最强,在禁牧区的反应也较明显;在轮牧区各鼠种的敏感性反应差别不明显,而在过牧区三趾跳鼠和小毛足鼠的反应最强.     

北美CHIHUAHUAN荒漠11种啮齿动物种群密度季节性和周期性的比较研究

本文提出了季节性指标并用时间序列方法分析和比较了北美Chihuahuan荒漠11种啮齿动物种群密度的季节性、趋势和周期性。结果表明,研究期各年间盘尼西拉特斯颊囊鼠(C.p-enicillatus)有最显著的季节性,鹿鼠属(Peromyscus)的两个物种和伏拉瓦斯囊鼠(Pg.flav-us)的季节性最无规律;11个种群中有7个有趋势,除旗尾更格卢鼠(D.spectabilis)的种群密度呈减少趋势外,其余6个种群的密度呈增加的趋势;种群密度的周期,麦利阿姆更格卢鼠(D.merriami)是4年,曼利卡拉特斯鹿鼠(P.maniculatus)是4.5年,盘尼西拉特斯颊囊鼠(C.penicillatus)等3个种群是1年。对11个种群的比较说明,这些种群密度的季节性、趋势和周期性呈现出明显的多样化,且与它们的亲缘关系或种系发生历史无显著关系。11个种群的密度变动的多样化维持了它们在时间方面的共存。     

不育剂EP - 1 对荒漠啮齿动物优势种群数量的影响

2011 ～ 2012 年在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠区,利用复合不育剂EP - 1 (左炔诺孕酮- 炔雌醚),设试验区和对照区,采用春季试验区一次性投饵的方法,对子午沙鼠、小毛足鼠和三趾跳鼠3 种荒漠啮齿动物优势种群的不育控制进行研究。结果表明,不育剂EP - 1 显著降低了优势种群当年的幼体出生率,试验区5 ～ 6 月小毛足鼠幼体比例较对照区显著降低(P < 0. 05),5 ～ 8 月子午沙鼠和6 ～ 8 月三趾跳鼠成体比例分别较对照区显著增加(P < 0. 05),同时显著降低了优势鼠种当年的种群数量,试验区子午沙鼠和小毛足鼠种群在繁殖高峰期的数量均显著低于对照区(P < 0.05),4 ～ 5 月三趾跳鼠种群数量显著低于对照区(P < 0. 05)。次年,试验区5 ～ 7 月子午沙鼠种群成体比例显著高于对照区(P < 0. 05),全年种群数量显著低于对照区(P < 0.05),而三趾跳鼠种群数量与对照区差异并不显著。因此,不育剂EP - 1 对3 种荒漠啮齿动物优势种群数量增长均具有控制作用,尤其对子午沙鼠种群的持续控制效果更加明显。可见,种群在繁殖期年龄结构的变化是影响其种群数量动态的重要因素。     

宁夏荒漠草原优势植物生长及生物量分配对放牧干扰的响应

于2011年植物生长旺季(8月)在围封禁牧(NG)、轻度放牧(LG)、中度放牧(MG)和重度放牧(HG)区分别随机选取荒漠草原优势植物甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)和牛心朴子(Cynanchum komarovii)各15株为研究对象,对比分析其生长特征、各植物构件生物量及生物量资源分配差异对不同放牧强度的响应机制,为退化草原的恢复演替提供依据。结果表明:(1)甘草株高和地径、牛心朴子株高均随放牧强度的增加呈先升高后下降的趋势,而且均在轻度放牧条件下最高,重度放牧时则显著降低。(2)甘草和牛心朴子的总生物量、茎生物量和叶生物量随着放牧强度的增加呈先升高后降低的趋势,且不同放牧强度间差异显著;甘草和牛心朴子根系生物量随放牧强度的加强变化趋势不同。(3)甘草和牛心朴子生物量分配的总体格局为:根叶茎;随着放牧强度的增加,甘草根生物量比呈先升高后降低趋势,茎生物量比呈下降的趋势,叶生物量比呈上升趋势,而牛心朴子根生物量比呈先下降后升高的趋势,茎生物量和叶生物量呈先增加后下降的趋势。研究认为,不同放牧强度下两种植物形态可塑性和生物量分配格局的差异反映出植物生态适应策略的不同。     

人为不同干扰条件下荒漠啮齿动物群落格局的动态特征——动物与植物群落的典型相关分析

群落的格局和动态是群落牛态学和生态系统生态学研究中的基础问题,也是揭示群落结构和功能的核心问题。为了深入了解生态系统的结构与功能,研究啮齿动物群落格局在人为不同干扰下的动态特征,特别是研究荒漠区的脆弱生态系统中啮齿动物群落格局在人为不同干扰下的动态特征,是揭示人为干扰下荒漠生态系统结构和功能变化特征的基础。2002～2004年在内蒙古阿拉善典型荒漠区,选择了4种不同干扰条件的生境,分别为禁牧区、过牧区、轮牧区和开垦区,研究了人为不同干扰下啮齿动物群落格局的变动趋势,应用典型相关方法分析了啮齿动物群落与植物群落在不同干扰条件下的相互关系。结果表明,在两种观察尺度域上（标志样地和线路样地）动物群落变量与植物群落变量的相关关系表现为：动物群落变量与植物群落变量中的草本关系最为突出,在分析的两个尺度的8个样地中,除标志样地的过牧区外,其它7个样地均与草本关系密切,且绝大多数样地动物群落变量与草本的盖度和地上生物量呈负相关关系。这说明荒漠生态系统中,在4种干扰条件下,草本的特性,特别是草本的盖度和地上生物量对啮齿动物群落格局及其动态变化起到关键作用,其值越大,啮齿动物群落组成种的丰富度（数量）和生物量就越小。就同一种干扰条件下的两种尺度域上的情况看,动物群落和植物群落的相关性较突出的特点是：在禁牧区和开垦区,喜湿的种类（黑线仓鼠和草原黄鼠）与植被的相关性显著,在轮牧区和过牧区,喜旱的种类（小毛足鼠和三趾跳鼠）与植被的相关性显著,且均与草本呈负相关关系。     

不同干扰下荒漠啮齿动物群落多样性的多尺度分析

尺度问题是生态学的核心问题。本文将荒漠啮齿动物群落主要特征参数Shannon-Wiener多样性指数作为信息,来探究其在人为干扰下对尺度变化的响应,目的是为了揭示不同干扰条件下荒漠区啮齿动物群落多样性随尺度变化的趋势,为动物群落格局—过程研究的尺度推绎提供生态学基础。2003~2008年每年7月,在内蒙古阿拉善荒漠禁牧、轮牧、过牧和开垦4种不同干扰生境中,选择了1.25hm2,2.5hm2,5hm2和10hm2等4个空间尺度,应用铗日法统计样地中的啮齿动物群落种数及各物种的捕获数据,计算Shannon-Wiener多样性指数,将其作为原始信号进行小波分解。研究结果表明：在荒漠区≤10hm2内,除过牧区外,在其他干扰类型中啮齿动物群落多样性随空间尺度增加均呈上升趋势。啮齿动物群落多样性的原始信号中存在规则的周期性干扰,这种干扰可能是由群落的年际波动造成的。在4种尺度下,各干扰区啮齿动物群落多样性除在开垦区未表现出明显周期外,其余干扰区各自均具有相同的周期：轮牧区4年,禁牧区3年,过牧区2年。荒漠区4种干扰类型中随着空间尺度的增加啮齿动物群落多样性变动幅度减小,抗干扰能力逐渐增强。但不同干扰中啮齿动物多样性的变动幅度和抗干扰能力是不同的。禁牧区与开垦区的啮齿动物多样性在≤2.5hm2范围内较易受到扰动;过牧区在≤5hm2的范围内较不稳定;轮牧区在整个10hm2范围内都易受到扰动。     

Fluctuations and patterns of desert rodent communities under human disturbance: fluctuating tendency and sensitive response of their population

The four kinds of sites under different kinds of human disturbances, i.e. a farmland area, a rotational-grazing area, an over-grazing area and a prohibited-grazing area, were selected in the typical region of the Alashan Desert of Inner Mongolia from April to October in 2002, 2003 and 2004 respectively. The fluctuating tendency of rodent communities and the sensitive response of their populations were studied using mark-recapture and trap-day methods. The four kinds of mark-recapture samples and line samples were taken in different human disturbance areas. The area of the mark-recapturing sample was 0.95 hm2 and that of the line sample was 10 km2. The samples were collected every month in the mark-recapturing sites for four consecutive days and in line sites in April, July and October every year. The variable matrix was composed of the numbers of captured rodents of the rodent communities. The sensitive response of the populations in the communities was analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that there were different types of rodent communities under different kinds of human disturbance on two scales in three years. In each scale, there were large differences in both the number of species and the number of main population in the rodent communities under different kinds of human disturbance on the farmland area and over-grazing area especially. The results of PCA showed that the sensitive response of the populations of the communities was significantly different under different kinds of human disturbance on the two scales in the three years. Cricetulus barabensis was the most sensitive on the farmland area, there were no differences in sensitive response of the various rodents on the rotational-grazing area, and Dipus sagitta and Phodopus roborovskii were the most sensitive in the over-grazing area.     

Fluctuations and patterns of desert rodent communities under human disturbance: fluctuating tendency and sensitive response of their population

The four kinds of sites under different kinds of human disturbances, i.e. a farmland area, a rotational-grazing area, an over-grazing area and a prohibited-grazing area, were selected in the typical region of the Alashan Desert of Inner Mongolia from April to October in 2002, 2003 and 2004 respectively. The fluctuating tendency of rodent communities and the sensitive response of their populations were studied using mark-recapture and trap-day methods. The four kinds of mark-recapture samples and line samples were taken in different human disturbance areas. The area of the mark-recapturing sample was 0.95 hm² and that of the line sample was 10 km². The samples were collected every month in the mark-recapturing sites for four consecutive days and in line sites in April, July and October every year. The variable matrix was composed of the numbers of captured rodents of the rodent communities. The sensitive response of the populations in the communities was analyzed with principal component analysis (PCA). Results showed that there were different types of rodent communities under different kinds of human disturbance on two scales in three years. In each scale, there were large differences in both the number of species and the number of main population in the rodent communities under different kinds of human disturbance on the farmland area and over-grazing area especially. The results of PCA showed that the sensitive response of the populations of the commu nities was significantly different under different kinds of human disturbance on the two scales in the three years. Cricetulus barabensis was the most sensitive on the farmland area, there were no differences in sensitive response of the various rodents on the rotational-grazing area, and Dipus sagitta and Phodopus roborovskii were the most sensitive in the over-grazing area. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(3): 849–861 [译自:生态学报]     

Relationships between hormones and aggressive behavior in green anole lizards: an analysis using structural equation modeling

We investigated the relationship between aggressive behavior and circulating androgens in the context of agonistic social interaction and examined the effect of this interaction on the androgen-aggression relationship in response to a subsequent social challenge in male Anolis carolinensis lizards. Individuals comprising an aggressive encounter group were exposed to an aggressive conspecific male for 10 min per day during a 5-day encounter period, while controls were exposed to a neutral stimulus for the same period. On the sixth day, their responses to an intruder test were observed. At intervals, individuals were sacrificed to monitor plasma androgen levels. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test three a priori interaction models of the relationship between social stimulus, aggressive behavior, and androgen. Model 1 posits that exposure to a social stimulus influences androgen and aggressive behavior independently. In Model 2, a social stimulus triggers aggressive behavior, which in turn increases circulating levels of androgen. In Model 3, exposure to a social stimulus influences circulating androgen levels, which in turn triggers aggressive behavior. During the 5 days of the encounter period, circulating testosterone (T) levels of the aggressive encounter group followed the same pattern as their aggressive behavioral responses, while the control group did not show significant changes in their aggressive behavior or T level. Our SEM results supported Model 2. A means analysis showed that during the intruder test, animals with 5 days of aggressive encounters showed more aggressive responses than did control animals, while their circulating androgen levels did not differ. This further supports Model 2, suggesting that an animal's own aggressive behavior may trigger increases in levels of plasma androgen.     

天山北坡中段草地生态系统多功能性对放牧的响应

生态系统多功能性(EMF)是指生态系统能够提供多种服务和功能的能力。放牧是草地资源实现开发和利用的主要途径之一,但草地EMF对放牧干扰的响应尚不明确,且其驱动因子仍不清楚。以天山北坡中段草地生态系统为研究对象,基于野外植物群落调查和室内土壤理化性质分析以及微生物高通量测序,探讨轻度放牧、重度放牧和未放牧处理下草地EMF的变化规律。结果表明,(1)相较于重度放牧,轻度放牧显著提高草地生产力、土壤碳养分、土壤氮养分、土壤磷养分、土壤钾养分等生态系统单一功能以及多功能性(P<0.05)。(2)线性拟合结果表明,草地生态系统单功能和多功能性与植物Shannon-Wiener指数、土壤细菌Shannon-Wiener指数、土壤真菌Shannon-Wiener指数、土壤含水量之间呈显著正相关关系(P<0.05),与土壤容重呈显著负相关关系(P<0.05)。(3)通过结构方程模型总体来看,放牧能够直接对EMF产生负向效应,也可通过植物多样性和土壤细菌多样性及其二者之间的相互作用间接地对EMF产生负向效应,并且同时考虑多个生态系统功能对放牧的响应可以更好的反映整个生态系统的变化。研究强调了植物群落多样性和土壤微生物群落多样性对维持草地生态系统功能及多功能性的重要性,轻度放牧处理是更好地保护生物多样性及维持草地EMF的可行策略,该结果揭为合理制定天山北坡中段草地生态系统的可持续经营和管理提供了理论参考。     

基于结构方程模型分析林分空间结构对草本物种多样性的影响

林分空间结构的改变直接影响林下草本物种的多样性。以针叶纯林、针阔混交林和常绿阔叶林为研究对象,采用结构方程模型研究了林分空间结构对林下草本物种多样性的影响,并探讨了林分水平空间结构,垂直空间结构以及林木竞争态势对林下草本物种多样性的影响的相对重要性。结果表明,林分水平空间结构对林下草本的物种多样性指数和物种均匀性指数均存在极显著的影响(P<0.001),影响系数高达0.96和0.89,对林下草本物种丰富度存在显著影响(P<0.01),影响系数为0.22;林分垂直空间结对林下草本丰富度和物种均匀性指数均存在极显著的影响(P<0.001),影响系数分别为0.86和0.43,对林下草本物种多样性指数存在显著影响(P<0.01),影响系数为0.16;林木竞争指数与林下草本丰富度和物种多样性指数也均存在极显著的影响(P<0.001),但影响系数较小,分别为-0.47和-0.30,而对林下草本物种均匀性指数未达到显著影响作用(P>0.05),影响系数仅为-0.04。整体上看,林分水平空间结构、垂直空间结构和林木竞争态势均对林下草本物种多样性有较强的影响作用,但从...     

Using multiple biomarkers and determinants to obtain a better measurement of oxidative stress: a latent variable structural equation model approach

Purpose: Since oxidative stress involves a variety of cellular changes, no single biomarker can serve as a complete measure of this complex biological process. The analytic technique of structural equation modeling (SEM) provides a possible solution to this problem by modelling a latent (unobserved) variable constructed from the covariance of multiple biomarkers.

Methods: Using three pooled datasets, we modelled a latent oxidative stress variable from five biomarkers related to oxidative stress: F₂-isoprostanes (FIP), fluorescent oxidation products, mitochondrial DNA copy number, γ-tocopherol (Gtoc) and C-reactive protein (CRP, an inflammation marker closely linked to oxidative stress). We validated the latent variable by assessing its relation to pro- and anti-oxidant exposures.

Results: FIP, Gtoc and CRP characterized the latent oxidative stress variable. Obesity, smoking, aspirin use and β-carotene were statistically significantly associated with oxidative stress in the theorized directions; the same exposures were weakly and inconsistently associated with the individual biomarkers.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that using SEM with latent variables decreases the biomarker-specific variability, and may produce a better measure of oxidative stress than do single variables. This methodology can be applied to similar areas of research in which a single biomarker is not sufficient to fully describe a complex biological phenomenon.