不同生态地理区域杉木人工林土壤微生物及生化活性的研究

 本文研究了广西龙胜县里骆林区、宜山县庆远林区、岑溪县七坪林区和田林县老山林区四种不同生态地理区域杉木人工林土壤微生物及其生化活性。研究结果表明：1．土壤微生物的总数及各类群数量均以龙胜县里骆林区和田林县老山林区杉木人工林土壤最高,岑溪县七坪林区次之,宜山县庆远林区最低。2．土壤生化活性包括土壤氮的转化强度,土壤碳的氧化代谢能力和土壤酶活性,也均以龙胜县里骆林区和田林县老山林区杉木人工林土壤最强,岑溪县七坪林区次之,宜山县庆远林区最弱。3．四种不同生态地理区域杉木人工林生长状况与土壤微生物的数量分布和生化活性表现相似规律,龙胜县里骆林区和田林县老山林区杉木人工林林木生长最好,岑溪县七坪林区次之,宜山县庆远林区最差。     

三种土壤微生物总DNA提取方法的比较

本文对3种常用的土壤微生物总DNA提取方法Martin法、高盐改进法及试剂盒法进行了比较,并通过DNA得率、纯度及16S rDNA V3可变区的PCR扩增结合DGGE法(denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis),分别对3种方法进行评价.结果表明,3种方法提取的DNA均能满足土壤微生物多样性分析的要求.其中试剂盒方法操作简单,提取的DNA质量较高,但DNA得率较低且成本昂贵.Martin法和高盐改进法用时较长,DNA得率较高,纯度较低,但对后续PCR扩增和DGGE分析没有明显影响,且成本低廉.     

威廉环毛蚯蚓对土壤微生物量及活性的影响

探讨威廉环毛蚯蚓（Ｐｈｅｒｅｔｉｍａ ｇｕｉｌｌｅｌｍｉ）对土壤总微生物量,活性微生物量的影响,蚯蚓处理中（土壤与蚯蚓的比例为５：１,干重：活体重,处理时间为２４ｈ）,用熏蒸提取法测定的土壤总微生物量下降,用底物诱导呼吸法测定的活性微生物量和真菌与细菌比例无显著变化;蚯蚓处理土壤促进了被微生物固持的养分的释放和土壤微生物群体年轻化,增强了微生物的代谢商和纤维素分解活性,结合对文献资料的分析,讨论了     

保护性耕作对土壤微生物量及活性的影响

研究保护性耕作对土壤微生物特性的影响对于土壤管理具有重要意义。试验研究了保护性耕作对麦田土壤微生物量碳、活跃微生物量、土壤呼吸、呼吸商的影响。前3项采用的方法分别是:基质诱导呼吸法、呼吸曲线数学分析法和CO2释放量法。结果表明,保护性耕作土壤微生物量碳0～10cm土层大于10～20cm土层,而常规耕作两土层间无明显差异。秸秆还田在播种前、越冬期和起身期能显著提高土壤微生物量碳,而开花期和收获期则降低土壤微生物量碳。少耕还田10～20cm土层微生物具有较强的养分调控作用。保护性耕作利于0～10cm土层活跃微生物量的提高。秸秆还田和保护性耕作在耕作作业初期(越冬期和起身期)能增强土壤呼吸速率;在耕作作业后期(开花期和收获期)能显著降低土壤呼吸速率。免耕秸秆覆盖在10～20cm土层呼吸商较高,而常规耕作无秸秆还田在0～10cm土层呼吸商较高。土壤微生物量碳和呼吸商是衡量土壤微生物特性的重要指标。     

秸秆预处理对土壤微生物量及呼吸活性的影响

冬小麦秸秆经8．0g·L^-1H2O2(pH11．0)溶液、12．5g·L^-1 NaOH溶液或H2SO4溶液浸泡8h并80℃烘干后,与无机N一起加入土壤,进行室内25℃恒温培养试验,在不同时间测定土壤微生物量C、N和CO2释放速率。结果表明,培养前期,秸秆预处理使土壤微生物量C数量增加了1．0～1．4倍,但降低了土壤微生物的呼吸活性;培养后期,NaOH和H2SO4处理使土壤微生物量C分别下降了28％和42％,但增加了土壤微生物的呼吸活性;H2O2处理则使土壤微生物量N增加90％;土壤微生物区系中的真菌比例在不同时刻有所增加,表明将秸秆预处理后施入土壤,将对土壤中微生物数量和呼吸活性产生一定影响。     

广西杉木人工林土壤微生物及生化特性的研究

本文对桂北龙胜里骆林区、桂中宜山庆远林区、桂南岭溪七坪林区和桂西田林老山林区以及龙胜县里骆林区不同立地杉木人工林土壤微生物及其生化特性的研究结果表明:1、四地杉木人工林土壤微生物的数量以龙胜里骆林区和田林老山林区土壤最高,岭溪七坪林区次之,宜山庆远林区最低。2、四地区杉木人工林土壤生化活性也以龙胜里骆林区和田林老山林区土壤最强,岭溪七坪林区次之,宜山庆远林区最弱。3、龙胜里骆林区不同立地杉木人工林土壤微生物数量以山洼和黑砂土土壤最多,山坡次之,山脊、红土和黄土较少。生化活性也以山洼、山坡和黑砂土土壤较强,山脊、红土和黄土较弱。但海与拔不相关。     

熏蒸剂溴甲烷对农田土壤微生物的影响

土壤微生物是反应土壤健康状况最敏感的生物学指标,溴甲烷残留不仅消耗臭氧层,影响生态平衡,还会造成土壤质量恶化和微生物群落结构的变化。为明确溴甲烷对农田土壤微生物群落结构及生态过程的影响,以兰州市红古区连续两年种植草莓的土壤为研究对象,测定熏蒸剂溴甲烷处理后土壤微生物量碳、基础呼吸、诱导呼吸和微生物代谢熵等相关指标,并运用磷脂脂肪酸法(PLFA)测定不同类群微生物的变化。结果表明:经溴甲烷熏蒸处理至培养结束(第90天)时土壤微生物基础呼吸和诱导呼吸分别下降0.6%和16.2%,并且与对照皆差异显著(P 0.05);微生物量碳培养结束时与对照差异显著(P 0.05),且减少5.6%;总体上微生物基础呼吸、诱导呼吸和微生物量碳都呈现先下降后逐渐恢复的趋势;微生物代谢熵(q CO_2)第15天后都高于对照,但随培养时间延长,处理组和对照组的差值逐渐降低,到培养期结束仍未恢复,相差5.1%。溴甲烷对土壤细菌(B)、真菌(F)和革兰氏阴性菌(GN)、革兰氏阳性菌(GP)都存在抑制作用; B、F含量分别较对照下降0.64%—8.72%、0.03%—5.61%;到培养期结束时,GP的量下降0.26%,GN下降10.42%,GN对溴甲烷的敏感性强于GP,且GN的变化具有滞后性;溴甲烷处理降低了B/F和GN/GP,但对GN/GP影响比对B/F的更为显著,土壤微生物压力指数增加。综上,说明施用溴甲烷使农田土壤微生物受到了长期的、持续的外源压力胁迫,溴甲烷在对有害微生物杀死的同时,也对有益微生物造成极大的伤害,不利于土壤优良性状的保持,使土壤中微生物丰富度和多样性下降。因此,实际应用中应充分考虑溴甲烷对土壤微生物带来的负面影响。     

茶园土壤微生物总DNA不同提取方法的比较

传统的微生物分离培养方法,在反映茶园土壤微生物基因信息上有很大的局限性,因此,目前逐步被分子生态学的方法替代,而获得高质量、大片段、无偏好的土壤微生物总DNA则是茶园土壤微生物分子生态学研究的基础.本文采用SDS高盐法、变性剂加SDS高盐法、脱腐SDS高盐法、CTAB法和Krsek改进法5种土壤微生物DNA提取方法分别从茶园土壤微生物中提取总DNA,并对5种方法提取的DNA的片段大小、质量和产量进行了综合评价.结果表明,Krsek改进法提取到的DNA片段最大(>23 kb)、纯度最高(OD260/OD280>1.70;OD260/OD230>1.35)、产量较高(>34.50μg/g dry soil)且不需纯化就可以用于PCR扩增和RFLP分析.因此,Krsek改进法是一种高效、可靠且适合于茶园土壤微生物分子生态学研究的DNA提取方法.     

东北设施黑土土壤微生物总DNA提取方法探讨

目的:找到一种适合东北设施高腐殖含量黑土土壤微生物总DNA简单易行的提取方法。方法:采用5种不同的DNA提取方法进行土壤总DNA提取。结果:5种提取方法的DNA产量在6.88～29.71μg/g,OD260/OD280值为1.03～1.27,OD260/OD230值为0.65～0.88,经纯化后均可进行PCR扩增。但经改进的方法 E提取DNA产量最高,纯度最好。结论:方法 E—加入TENP和PBS缓冲液预处理的提取方法是一种适宜东北设施黑土土壤微生物总DNA批量提取简单易行的方法。     

秸秆还田量对土壤CO2释放和土壤微生物量的影响

对玉米季、小麦季3种不同秸秆还田量的土壤生物学指标的测定结果表明,在秸秆倍量还田中,随着秸秆量的增加,CO₂释放量增加,而且倍量处理的增加量显著大于全量处理;在玉米和小麦季节中,不同量秸秆还田对土壤0～10和10～20cm的土壤微生物量的影响不同,但均能增大土壤微生物量,全量和倍量处理间没有明显差异.在土壤表层及下层,微生物量的最大值均落后于土壤呼吸的最大值,且土壤微生物量达到最大值即其最活跃状态后,下降缓慢,但土壤呼吸减少较快,说明微生物活动存在明显的合成性呼吸与维持性呼吸;综合评价不同秸秆量还田的效应,应采用秸秆全量还田,既能调节土壤物理环境,促进微生物的代谢活动,利于养分的转化,又可以减少环境污染.     

三江平原4种典型湿地土壤碳氮分布差异和微生物特征

选择三江平原洪河湿地保护区4种典型湿地类型：小叶章+沼柳湿地、小叶章湿地、毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地作为研究对象,分析了不同湿地土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)含量和微生物活性指标(土壤蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、过氧化氢酶、微生物生物量碳MBC、微生物生物量氮MBN、微生物呼吸速率MBR、微生物商q_MB和代谢商q CO₂)的变化及其相互关系.结果表明： SOC和TN含量均随土层深度增加而减少,不同湿地类型之间具有极显著性差异(P<0.01).各湿地土壤酶活性(除过氧化氢酶)、MBC、MBN含量和MBR均以表层(0～10 cm)最高,并随着土层深度的增加而降低.在0～30 cm土层内,小叶章+沼柳湿地和小叶章湿地SOC、TN含量、土壤酶活性、MBC、MBN含量、MBR、q_MB和qCO₂均高于淹水区的毛苔草湿地和芦苇湿地.统计分析表明,SOC、TN与微生物活性指标(qCO₂除外)均存在极显著正相关关系(P<0.01).表明研究区土壤微生物特征对SOC、TN的变化具有重要的影响和指示作用.     

Microcalorimetric assessment of microbial activity in long-term fertilization experimental soils of Southern China

Microcalorimetry, plate count and PCR–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) were employed to investigate microbial diversity and activity in soils from the Red Soil Experimental Station of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hunan Province, China, where a wheat–corn rotation with 12 fertilization treatments was established in 1990. Fertilization greatly increased microbial biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) (C_mic and N_mic) as well as the activities of phosphatase, urease, invertase, protease, catalase and dehydrogenase. Manure alone (M) enhanced the number of denitrifying and aerobic bacteria by 54.4% and 20.5%, respectively, whereas fallow (H) increased the number of aerobic cellulose decomposing bacteria by 31.4%. Fallow and soils amended with mineral fertilizers plus pig manure or straw increased both the DGGE band patterns and the Shannon index compared with mineral fertilizers or the control. Mineral treatments with lower bacterial numbers enhanced the values of the peak time ( t _max) more than did organic treatments. The peak height ( P _max) was positively correlated ( P <0.01), with soil enzymes, C_mic and N_mic, and the number of microorganisms, whereas the peak time ( t _max) was negatively connected ( P <0.01) with these parameters. The microbial growth rate constant ( k ) was linked to bacteria ( P <0.01), actinomycetes ( P <0.05) and catalase ( P <0.05). The total heat evolution ( Q ) had no relationships with any soil microbial properties (except for catalase). We propose that P _max and t _max could be used as indices of soil microbial activity, while the values of k and Q are poor indicators.     

Effect of alginite amendment on microbial activity and soil water content in forest soils

The effect of the amendment with alginite, an organic rock originating from the biomass of fossilized unicellular algae, on microbial activity of forest soils was tested using a pot experiment. Five variants of soil-alginite mixtures were tested in three replicates with two forest soils: a loose sandy soil and a sandy loam. Gravimetric moisture closely correlated with the dose of alginite in both soils. Basal respiration and catalase activity increased with the dose of alginite in the sandy soil, but not in the sandy loam, where the highest response was observed at intermediate doses of alginite. The correlations of microbial activity parameters with moisture in the sandy soil were also much closer than in the sandy loam. The amendment with alginite was thus effective in improving some of the selected microbial activity indicators, but the optimum dose of alginite strongly depends on soil texture.     

不同秸秆还田和耕作方式对夏玉米农田土壤呼吸及微生物活性的影响

采用基质诱导呼吸法和CO2释放量法,研究了冬小麦季长期不同耕作方式(常规翻耕、免耕和深松)和秸秆处理(秸秆还田和无秸秆还田)对夏玉米田土壤呼吸及微生物活性的影响.结果表明:秸秆还田和保护性耕作主要在O～ 10 cm土层起作用.秸秆还田能明显提高土壤微生物生物量碳和微生物活性,降低呼吸熵,在苗期和开花期提高土壤呼吸,而在灌浆期、腊熟期和收获期降低土壤呼吸;在相同秸秆处理条件下,深松和免耕比常规翻耕能显著降低土壤呼吸和呼吸熵,提高微生物生物量碳和微生物活性.整个生育期,秸秆还田结合保护性耕作能显著提高微生物生物量碳和微生物活性,降低呼吸熵,与常规翻耕无秸秆还田相比,深松秸秆还田和免耕秸秆还田0～10 cm土层微生物生物量碳平均提高了95.8％和74.3％,微生物活性提高了97.1％和74.2％.     

Chemistry and microbial activity of forest and pasture riparian-zone soils along three Pacific Northwest streams

Throughout the United States, agricultural practices are responsible for large quantities of nutrients entering lakes and streams. Previous studies have shown that forested riparian areas can filter nutrients from surface runoff and groundwater that may potentially contaminate lakes and streams. This study examined seasonal differences in soil chemistry and soil microorganisms in paired mixed-forest riparian and pasture systems, the aim being to gain understanding of the sequestering of N and P. The forest soils retained higher levels of organic C and N, mineralizable N, extractable P, and fungal biomass, and had higher respiration rates than pasture soils. These findings suggest that forested riparian zones have a greater capacity than pasture soils to sequester C and retain nutrients. In past studies, fungal biomass has been shown to be less than bacterial biomass in grassland soils, but in this study, fungal biomass was greater than bacterial biomass throughout the year in both forest and pasture soils.     

不同灌溉方式下3种土壤微生物活性测定方法比较

探究不同灌溉方式下土壤微生物活性,对维持土壤稳定和提高水资源利用效率具有重要意义。以沈阳农业大学长期定位灌溉试验基地为平台,采用土壤酶活性、土壤呼吸和微量热法,研究节水灌溉组覆膜滴灌、渗灌及对照组沟灌下的土壤微生物活性并比较3种微生物活性测定方法。结果表明:不同灌溉方式下土壤脲酶、转化酶、脱氢酶活性无显著差异,土壤呼吸在3个主要生长季也没有明显变化规律;而微量热法得到的热功率时间曲线呈现了典型的微生物生长特征趋势,覆膜滴灌的生长速率较大,且与沟灌的总热量、最大热功率相差不大。因此,从可持续农业观点出发,覆膜滴灌是保证土壤微生物活性较高的一种节水灌溉方式;微量热法也为传统方法下不易检测的微生物活性提供了新思路。     

Microscale fumigation-extraction and substrate-induced respiration methods for measuring microbial biomass in barley rhizosphere

Changes in microbial biomass in the rhizosphere of young barley seedlings was studied. A fumigation-extraction (FE) method with measurement of ninhydrin-reactive nitrogen (NR-N) and a substrate-induced respiration (SIR) method were applied on a microscale to rhizosphere soil samples of approximately 0.1 g. Rhizosphere soil was defined as the soil adhering to the roots when they were carefully separated from the bulk soil. The rhizosphere soil was gently washed off the roots with either distilled water (FE) or with glucose solution (SIR). Shaking and mild sonication was used to disperse the soil without disrupting the roots. Fumigation was carried out by direct addition of liquid chloroform to the isolated soil. These techniques were proven to give reliable results under the experimental conditions of this investigation. Rhizosphere soil was isolated from segments of the roots representing different distances to the seed different root ages. In the rhizosphere of young barley seedlings, biomass NR-N increased significantly compared to the bulk soil from day 6 after sowing (average increases of 33–97%), especially where adventitious roots had developed. From this time, SIR rates were also significantly higher in the rhizosphere than in bulk soil (average increases 72–170%). The average ratio of SIR rate to biomass NR-N was found to be approximately 50% higher in the rhizosphere than in the bulk soil, which may indicate that a larger fraction of the microbial community is potentially active in the rhizosphere as compared to the bulk soil.     

Microbial activity in pig slurry-amended soils under aerobic incubation

A 120-day aerobic incubation experiment was conducted to study the effects of pig slurry application on soil microbial activity. Pig slurry was added to soil at rates of 0 (control treatment), 150 and 300 m³ ha⁻¹. Soil samples were taken after 0, 7, 14, 30, 45, 60, and 120 days of incubation and analyzed for total organic C and microbial biomass C contents, and basal respiration. Most of the organic C applied to soil with pig slurry was readily decomposed within 30 days. During the first phase (0 to 14–30 days), the addition of pig slurry to the soil, especially at the larger rate, increased microbial biomass C content, microbial biomass C/total organic C ratio, basal respiration, and metabolic quotient. The microbial growth and the increase of their activity that these results reflected were not persistent, since the initially measured values in pig slurry-amended soils decreased and reached those of the control soil in a relatively short time.     

猪粪和土霉素对不同肥力土壤微生物数量及活性的影响

在不施肥和施用猪粪两种情况下,采用培养试验研究了不同浓度土霉素污染(0、0.1、1、10、100和1000 mg·kg^-1)对土壤细菌丰度、酶活性和NO₃-N浓度等的影响.试验培养温度为25 ℃,培养时间为30 d,取样分析时间分别为1、4和30 d.结果表明：在不施肥条件下,土霉素污染对土壤细菌数量及微生物活性的影响较小,土壤S₁、S₂和S₃细菌数量、呼吸强度、酶活性和NO₃-N浓度下降10%时土霉素的剂量（EC₁₀）分别为36～1000 mg·kg^-1、20～1000 mg·kg^-1和4～1000 mg·kg^-1;而在施用猪粪的情况下,对应的数值分别为2～656 mg·kg^-1、2～81 mg·kg^-1和1～42 mg·kg^-1.添加土霉素对土壤细菌及酶活性的影响随土壤肥力的提高而增大,且其对土壤细菌数量和呼吸强度的影响大于对酶活性和NO₃-N浓度的影响.土霉素污染对土壤微生物数量和活性的影响随时间变化而变化,一般在培养4 d时的影响最为明显.土霉素对土壤微生物的影响总体上表现为抑制作用.