Apelin/APJ 系统对能量代谢及其相关疾病调控的影响

G蛋白偶联受体APJ及其内源性配体Apelin在许多外周组织和中枢神经系统中高度表达,包括骨骼肌、胰腺、脂肪组织和下丘脑。Apelin /APJ系统调控许多生理功能,如调节血管生成,液体体内平衡和能量代谢;同时还参与不同疾病的发生发展,如糖尿病及其并发症、肥胖等。越来越多的证据表明,Apelin/APJ系统能调节胰岛素敏感性,刺激葡萄糖利用缓解糖尿病的形成;Apelin/APJ系统还能缓解肥胖引起的高血压、心血管等疾病;同时Apelin/APJ系统能促进肿瘤细胞的增殖与迁移。这篇综述旨在介绍Apelin /APJ系统在人体内各组织中可能存在的能量代谢调节功能及其对相关代谢性疾病的调控,Apelin /APJ系统有望成为潜在的用于治疗代谢性疾病的分子靶标。     

生长因子Progranulin的结合受体和生物学功能

生长因子颗粒素蛋白前体（progranulin, PGRN）广泛存在于动物和植物组织中.研究证明,哺乳动物的PGRN是一个多功能分子,在组织/器官发育、细胞分化、肿瘤发生发展、炎症应答以及神经退行性疾病中均具有重要的作用.PGRN发挥生物学功能需要和多种结合蛋白相互结合,例如sortilin、Toll样受体9（TLR9）、肿瘤坏死因子受体（TNFR）及分泌性淋巴细胞蛋白酶抑制因子（SLPI）等. 本文将对PGRN的结合受体和生物学功能进行综述.     

Apelin/APJ调节鱼类摄食的研究进展

Apelin是1998年首次从牛胃分泌物中提取出的APJ的内源性配体,Apelin及其受体APJ广泛分布于动物中枢和外周组织中。Apelin通过与受体APJ结合,不仅参与血压调节、痛觉调节、体液平衡和细胞凋亡等多种生理过程,还在动物摄食调控和胃肠道运动调节中发挥重要作用。目前,关于Apelin调控摄食的作用还存在争议。现依据Apelin和APJ在哺乳动物和鱼类的研究进展,阐述Apelin及APJ的结构、组织分布和对动物摄食的调控及其机制,以期为其在鱼类摄食调控方面的研究提供参考。     

Apelin/APJ系统-能量代谢调控的重要靶点

脂肪组织不仅储存能量,更可通过分泌多种脂肪因子调节胰岛素的敏感性和能量代谢平衡。Apelin是由脂肪组织产生和分泌的一类新型脂肪因子,其受体为血管紧张素1型受体(APJ),为G蛋白偶联受体家族的成员之一。迄今为止,apelin是APJ的唯一天然内源性配体。研究证明,apelin与心血管功能、内分泌调节、食物摄入、细胞增殖、免疫调节、体液平衡和血管生成密切相关。且apelin可以通过内分泌、旁分泌、自分泌等方式作用于不同组织,从而参与肥胖及相关疾病的发生与发展。本文对近年来apelin在各类组织中的能量代谢调节作用及信号通路等方面的研究进行了归纳,并对apelin/APJ系统在治疗代谢紊乱疾病等的前景进行了展望。     

Apelin/APJ系统的神经保护作用及其机制

Apelin/APJ系统在人与动物组织中广泛分布,不仅参与维持生理稳态,也参与多种疾病的病理生理过程。越来越多的证据表明,apelin/APJ系统具有神经保护作用,能对抗兴奋性毒性损伤、氧化应激损伤以及损伤诱导的神经元凋亡。本文现就apelin/APJ系统神经保护作用及其机制的相关研究进展作一综述。     

骨骼肌的内分泌功能

长期以来,骨骼肌被认为是一种效应器官,接受神经和体液的调节。近年大量实验研究资料发现骨骼肌也具有分泌活性物质的功能,能表达、合成和分泌多种生物信号分子,包括调节肽、细胞因子和生长因子等,也是一种重要的内分泌器官。骨骼肌分泌的活性物质以旁分泌和／或自分泌方式调节骨骼肌的生长、代谢和运动功能;甚至以血液循环内分泌的方式调节机体远隔器官组织的功能。骨骼肌生成和分泌的活性物质在运动系统疾病和某些全身性疾病的发病中具有重要的作用。本文将对骨骼肌分泌的主要活性物质及其生理和病理生理学意义进行综述。     

Apelin/APJ：血管功能调节因子和药物治疗新靶点

Apelin(APJendogenousligand)是血管紧张素Ⅱ1型受体相关蛋白(angiotensin receptor-like 1,APJ)的内源性配体.Apelin/APJ系统在机体内广泛分布,在众多血管系统表达水平较高,如心血管系统、肺血管系统等.研究发现,apelin可调节血管张力,促进血管平滑肌细胞增殖、视网膜血管新生以及单核细胞向内皮细胞黏附,促进肝门静脉和冠状动脉侧枝形成等.本文就apelin调节血管功能及其相关疾病(高血压、肺动脉高压、动脉粥样硬化、胶质瘤、肺癌、门静脉高压、糖尿病血管并发症等)进行综述,揭示了apelin与血管及其相关疾病的内在联系,表明apelin/APJ可作为血管疾病的治疗靶点.     

乳酸——运动改善认知功能的明星分子

既往的研究中,乳酸一直被认为是细胞糖酵解产生的代谢废物。然而,近年的研究表明,乳酸可作为重要的能量代谢底物和信号分子影响多组织器官的生理进程,其运输载体单羧酸转运体及受体G蛋白偶联受体81可能在神经保护过程中发挥关键作用。在中枢神经系统内,乳酸可作用于多种细胞如神经元、星形胶质细胞、小胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞和血管内皮细胞等,参与改善脑能量代谢,增强神经发生,提高突触可塑性,降低神经炎症,缓解神经毒性,促使髓鞘再生,进而影响个体认知功能。适宜的运动有利于脑健康,但运动能否通过调节乳酸及相关生物学机制改善认知功能未见详尽报道。该文通过分析运动如何调控乳酸及其运输载体和受体的生理水平,以及乳酸如何调节认知功能,探讨乳酸作为运动改善认知功能中介分子的可能性,为借助运动疗法缓解认知衰退的相关疾病提供理论支持。     

O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰在神经发育和神经系统疾病中的作用

O-连接乙酰葡糖胺(O-GlcNAc)糖基化转移酶Ogt催化的O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰是一种重要的翻译后修饰形式. O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰通过调控蛋白质的功能而参与了多种生物学过程,并与多种疾病密切相关. O-GlcNAc修饰广泛存在于神经系统中,并在发育和衰老过程中表现出动态变化.既往研究表明, O-GlcNAc修饰对胚胎和成体神经发生,神经元的成熟、存活、突触发育和小鼠的认知能力等都发挥重要的调控作用.在多种神经发育和退行性疾病中,许多关键蛋白的O-GlcNAc修饰水平表现出显著改变.本文综述了O-GlcNAc糖基化修饰在神经发育和神经系统疾病中作用和分子机制的研究进展.     

循环microRNAs——参与机体稳态调节的新的生物活性小分子北大核心CSCD

循环microRNAs(miRNAs,miRs)是一类长约22nt的内源性非编码单链RNAs(ssRNA)。它们作为机体的代谢分子群中新的生物活性小分子,与已知的神经、内分泌以及免疫3大调节体系共同组成网络调节,在机体稳态调节中发挥着重要的作用,广泛参与了生命过程中一系列的重要进程。循环microRNAs由于其在血浆中的稳定性可作为多种心血管疾病的分子标志。此外,循环mi-croRNAs亦可与血浆中的多种分子结合作为内分泌或旁/自分泌因子参与机体稳态维持和疾病如血管内皮功能和动脉粥样硬化、心肌梗死、冠状动脉性心脏病、心力衰竭、高血压和糖尿病等疾病的发生发展。     

Apelin 在心血管疾病中的研究进展

Apelin是APJ(angiotensin II protein J)的一个配体,是一种重要的生理调节肽。Apelin-APJ系统在心血管系统存在广泛的作用,参与高血压、冠心病、心力衰竭及心房纤颤等多种疾病的病理生理过程,本文就apelin的生物学特性及与多种心血管疾病的关系作一综述。     

The protective effect of apelin on ischemia/reperfusion injury

Apelin is the endogenous ligand for the APJ, a member of the G protein coupled receptors family. Apelin/APJ system is widely distributed in central nervous system and peripheral tissues, especially in heart, lung and kidney. Apelin plays important physiological and pathological roles in cardiovascular system, immune system, neuroprotection, etc. This article outlines the protective effect of apelin on ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Apelin could activate multiple protective mechanisms to prevent heart, brain, liver and kidney I/R injury. Apelin/APJ system may be a promising therapeutic target for ischemic and other related diseases.     

Apelin suppresses apoptosis of human vascular smooth muscle cells via APJ/PI3-K/Akt signaling pathways

Apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays an important role in regulating vascular remodeling during cardiovascular diseases. Apelin is the endogenous ligand for the G-protein-coupled receptor APJ and plays an important role in the cardiovascular system. However, the mechanisms of apelin on apoptosis of VSMCs have not been elucidated. Using a culture of human VSMCs as a model for the study of apoptosis, the relationship between apelin and apoptosis of human VSMCs and the signal pathway involved were investigated. Using western blotting, we confirmed that VSMCs could express APJ. To evaluate the possible role of apelin in VSMC apoptosis, we assessed its effect on apoptosis of human VSMCs. The results showed that apelin inhibited human VSMCs apoptosis induced by serum deprivation. Suppression of APJ with small-interfering RNA (siRNA) abolished the anti-apoptotic activity of apelin. Apelin increased Bcl-2 protein expression, but decreased Bax protein expression. An increase in activation of extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK) and Akt (a downstream effector of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase) was shown after apelin stimulation. Suppression of APJ with siRNA abolished the apelin-induced activation of ERK and Akt. LY294002 (a PI3-K inhibitor) blocked apelin-induced activation of Akt and abolished the apelin-induced antiapoptotic activity. Our study suggests that apelin suppresses serum deprivation-induced apoptosis of human VSMCs, and that the anti-apoptotic action is mediated through the APJ/PI3-K/Akt signaling pathways.     

Obesity is a common soil for premature cardiac aging and heart diseases - Role of autophagy

The advance in medical technology and healthcare has dramatically improved the average human lifespan. One of the consequences for longevity is the high prevalence of aging-related chronic disorders such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer and metabolic abnormalities. As the composition of aging population is raising in western countries, heart failure remains the number one cause of death with a more severe impact in the elderly. Obesity and aging are the most critical risk factors for increased susceptibility to heart failure in developing and developed countries. Numerous population-based and experimental data have depicted a close relationship between the age-related diseases and obesity. There is an overall agreement that obesity is causally linked to the development of cardiovascular disorders and severe premature cardiac aging. Accumulating evidence indicates that autophagy plays an important role in obesity, cardiac aging and diseases. In this review, we will focus on the role of autophagy in obesity-related cardiac aging and diseases, and how it regulates age-dependent changes in the heart.     

基于调节肠道菌群的功能性低聚糖改善肥胖的研究进展

肥胖是机体脂肪积聚过多的一种典型的能量过剩疾病,是导致2型糖尿病和心血管疾病等一系列代谢性疾病的主要原因之一,已成为威胁全球健康的重大公共卫生问题。肠道菌群作为机体能量代谢调控的重要参与者,在肥胖及相关代谢性疾病的发生发展中起着关键作用,通过饮食干预调节肠道菌群,进而改善机体健康状况将是未来的研究热点之一。已有研究表明,功能性低聚糖作为一类典型的新型益生元,可调节肠道菌群结构及其代谢产物的水平,影响机体能量代谢过程,改善肥胖及相关代谢性疾病。本文主要对肠道菌群在肥胖中的潜在作用机制,以及常见功能性低聚糖调节肠道菌群改善肥胖的作用效果进行综述,以期为通过靶向肠道菌群精准干预肥胖及相关代谢性疾病提供一些新的潜在防治策略。

     

硫氧还蛋白系统在COPD抗氧化中的作用研究进展

硫氧还蛋白系统是由硫氧还蛋白（thioredoxin,Trx）,硫氧还蛋白还原酶（thioredoxinreductase,TrxR）和还原型辅酶Ⅱ（NADPH）组成的多功能小分子蛋白系统,广泛表达的硫氧还蛋白作为蛋白质二硫键的还原酶,它参与很多生理过程,并发挥重要生物学功能,包括调节机体的氧化还原反应、抑制细胞凋亡、调节转录因子DNA结合活性以及免疫应答等,其中一重要作用是参与调节细胞氧化还原状态以对抗氧化应激。因此在一些炎症性疾病如慢性阻塞性肺疾病、急性呼吸窘迫综合征、肺间质疾病、哮喘、肺结节病等的发生发展中扮演重要角色,本文对硫氧还蛋白系统在慢性阻塞性肺疾病中的抗氧化作用作一综述。     

自噬与小胶质细胞相关神经炎症

小胶质细胞是中枢神经系统中重要的神经免疫细胞,当中枢神经系统受到刺激后,小胶质细胞通过炎症反应来应对这种刺激,这种炎症反应在神经性疾病中具有重要作用。研究发现,小胶质细胞自噬在炎症的发生与发展中也发挥了重要作用,它能直接或间接地影响炎症反应,同时自身也被其他信号调控。自噬过程有利有弊,适当的自噬过程能促进疾病的恢复,自噬紊乱则使病情恶化,所以明确自噬的调控机制对治疗和预防相关疾病具有重要意义。本文综述了近年来自噬在小胶质细胞相关炎症中研究进展,以及其可能的调控机制,以期为相关研究人员提供一定帮助。     

Function and regulation of apelin/APJ system in digestive physiology and pathology

Apelin is an endogenous ligand of seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptor APJ. Apelin and APJ are distributed in various tissues, including the heart, lung, liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract and even in tumor tissues. Studies show that apelin messenger RNA is widely expressed in gastrointestinal (GI) tissues, including stomach and small intestine, which is closely correlated with GI function. Thus, the apelin/APJ system may exert a broad range of activities in the digestive system. In this paper, we review the role of the apelin/APJ system in the digestive system in physiological conditions, such as gastric acid secretion, control of appetite and food intake, cell proliferation, cholecystokinin secretion and histamine release, gut–brain axis, GI motility, and others. In pathological conditions, the apelin/APJ system plays an important role in the healing process of stress gastric injury, the clinical features and prognosis of patients with gastric cancers, the reduction of inflammatory response to enteritis and pancreatitis, the mediation of liver fibrogenesis, the promotion of liver damage, the inhibition of liver regeneration, the contribution of splanchnic neovascularization in portal hypertension, the treatment of colon cancer, and GI oxidative damage. Overall, the apelin/APJ system plays diversified functions and regulatory roles in digestive physiology and pathology. Further exploration of the relationship between the apelin/APJ system and the digestive system will help to find new and effective drugs for treating and alleviating the pain of digestive diseases.     

Apelin/APJ system: a promising therapy target for hypertension

Apelin is a recently described endogenous peptide and its receptor APJ, is a member of the G protein-coupled receptors family. Apelin and APJ are widely distributed in central and peripheral tissues exert important biological effects on cardiovascular system. Recent studies have suggested that apelin/APJ system involves in decreasing the blood pressure and have a close relationship with hypertension, presumably, pathophysiology of hypertension as well. Such as, apelin/APJ system may be concerned in hyperfunction of the sympathetic nervous system, renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system, endothelial injury, excessive endothelin, sodium retention, vascular remodeling, insulin resistance elicit hypertension, as well as in hypertension-induced organ damaged. Meanwhile, on the ground of the variation of apelin level in hypertension therapeutic process and combining with the recently researches on APJ agonist and antagonist, we could infer that apelin/APJ system would be a promising therapeutic target for hypertension and other cardiovascular disease in the future. However, the role of apelin on these pathogenic conditions was not consistent, consequently, the contradictory role of apelin on these pathogenesis of hypertension would be discussed in this article.