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恢复力和社会-生态系统研究的理论及实践近年来在西方较为流行,然而经过几十年发展,学术界仍旧没有对恢复力的概念达成一致,相应的测量方法更是多种多样。基于恢复力理论对系统相对稳定状态和边界的假设以及恢复力概念3个阶段的演变和理论的发展,总结了测量恢复力的5种方法,得出恢复力测量的3个发展现状或趋势:阈值和断裂点方法依旧是量化恢复力的基本方法;恢复力测量从关注时间转向空间,关注生态转向社会和社会-生态;复杂学和多学科融合的方法是未来发展的主要方向。 相似文献
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退化生态系统的恢复是一项艰巨任务,它需要考虑到所要恢复的退化生态系统的结构,多样性和其动态的整体性和长期性。现在对于退化生态系统恢复研究已经要使生态学家们关注受损生态系统的理论和实际问题。退化生态系统恢复所面临的挑战是理解和利用生态演替理论来完成并加速恢复进程。恢复的主要目标是建立一个自维持的,由不同的群落或生态系统组成的能够满足不同需要如生物保护和粮食生产需要的景观。景观生态学关注于大的空间尺度的生态学问题。景观生态学研究方法可以为退化生态系统恢复实践提供指导。在解决退化生态系统的恢复问题时,景观生态学的方法在理论和实践上是有效的。景观生态学中的核心概念和其一般原理斑块形状、生态系统间相互作用、镶嵌系列等都同退化生态系统的恢复有着密切的关系。如恢复地点的选择和适当的恢复要素的空间配置。在评价退化生态系统的恢复是否取得成功,利用景观生态学也具有重要的意义。景观生态学理论如景观格局与景观异质性理论,干扰理论和尺度理论都能够指导退化生态系统的恢复实践。同样地,退化生态系统的恢复可以为景观生态学的研究提供非常恰当的实验场。寓景观生态学思想于退化生态系统恢复过程是一种新的有效途径。 相似文献
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南亚热带退化生态系统恢复和重建的生态学理论和应用 总被引:47,自引:2,他引:47
彭少麟 《热带亚热带植物学报》1996,4(3):36-44
退化生态系统的恢复与重建是一项十分复杂的系统工程,其功能和动态过程涉及物质、能量、空间、时间和多样性等基本的生态变量。在南亚热带的气候生态因子中,既有光、温、水充裕的有利一面,也有秋旱、台风和暴雨等不利的因素,但总的来说,影响退化生态系统恢复的主导生态因子是土壤因子,如土壤肥力和土壤水份。极度退化的生态系统的恢复与重建,第一步就是控制水土流失,提高土壤肥力和土壤理化结构,这还需要工程措施和生物措施相结合.退化生态系统的植被的恢复与重建,最有效和最省力的是顺从生态系统的演替发展规律来进行,生态系统演替理论是指导退化生态系统重建的重要的理论基础.退化生态系统恢复与重建的优化结构的构建,依赖于对空间、生物、能量生态学原理的理解。种群密度制约、种群空间分布格局、边缘效应、生态位分化、食物链、生物多样性等原理均对生态系统结构的构建有指导意义.而生态系统的群体发展,则受物质定律的影响. 相似文献
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生物通过非同化--异化过程影响环境的事实普遍存在,生态学家对此也开展了大量的研究,但缺乏相应理论框架的指导,使得这些工作的潜在价值未能得到充分的体现.学者Clive G.Jones等提出的\"生态系统工程师\"概念,概括了此类生态学现象的一般特征,为认识生物对环境的影响提供了一种新的理论框架.介绍了生态系统工程师概念及相关的理论体系,包括3个术语、2类生态系统工程师、5种生态系统工程概念模型以及工程效应的测定方法.同时,论述了该概念在入侵生态学、保护生物学、恢复生态学等领域的应用前景.最后,讨论了未来的研究方向.可以预料,生态系统工程师概念及相关理论的不断发展将有助于对生态学本质的认识,并为生态系统管理提供新的思路. 相似文献
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恢复生态学——退化生态系统生物多样性恢复的有效途径 总被引:56,自引:2,他引:56
人类在改造和利用自然的过程中 ,伴随着对自然环境产生负面的影响 ,这种影响以不同的时空规模出现。某些工业上的突发性事件 ,如前苏联的切尔诺贝尔核电站事故 ,巨大油轮的泄油事件等 ,均可在较大的范围且往往是在有限的区域内引起剧烈的生态变动 ,这种灾难性的环境变化随即会对生物多样性产生影响 ;另一种规模的人类活动的影响所引起的变化 ,如长期的工业污染 ,大规模的森林砍伐以及将大范围的自然生境逐渐转变成农业和工业景观 ,则是逐年的、跨区域的、甚至波及整个大陆 ,但这种变化对生物多样性的影响会持续更长的时间 ,因为某些种类会由… 相似文献
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恢复生态学起源于100a前的山地、草原、森林和野生生物等自然资源的管理研究,形成于20世纪80年代。它是研究生态整合性的恢复和管理过程的科学。恢复生态学的研究对象是在自然或人为干扰下形成的偏离自然状态的退化生态系统。生态恢复的目标包括恢复退化生态系统的结构、功能、动态和服务功能,其长期目标是通过恢复与保护相结合,实现生态系统的可持续发展。恢复生态学的理论与方法较多,它们均源于生态学等相关学科,但自我设计和人为设计是唯一源于恢复生态学研究和实践的理论。由于生态系统的复杂性,退化生态系统恢复的方向和时间具有不确定性,其恢复的机理可用临界阈值理论和状态跃迁模型进行解释。中国森林恢复中存在的问题包括:大量营造种类和结构单一的人工林忽视了生物多样性在生态恢复中的作用;大量使用外来种;忽视了生态系统健康所要求的异质性;忽略了物种间的生态交互作用;造林时对珍稀濒危种需要缺乏考虑;城镇绿化忽略了植被的生态功能等问题。此外,还介绍了生态恢复的方法、成功恢复的标准,并提出了恢复生态学的发展趋势:恢复生态学尚未形成理论和方法体系,要成熟还有很长的路要走;恢复生态学正在强调自然恢复与社会、人文的耦合;对森林恢复研究要集中在恢复中的障碍和如何克服这些障碍两个方面;鉴于生态系统复杂性和动态性,应停止期待发现能预测恢复产出的简单定律,相反,应该根据恢复地点及目标多样性而强调适应性恢复。 相似文献
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近几年,我国工业革命的速度在不断加快,人口也在不断增加,过度的开垦及其放牧都导致生态环境遭到了严重破坏。再加上整个工业化进程中产生的土地利用变化及其各种污染物的影响,导致全球化生态危机加剧,原本生态环境所具有的产品及其服务功能都在逐步消失。所以,生态受到影响将极有可能会导致人类的可持续化发展受到影响本文现就恢复生态学的理论进行了简单研究,并提出了相关意见及其建议。 相似文献
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第87届美国生态学学会年会暨第14届国际恢复生态学大会于2002年8月4日至9日在美国图森(Tucson)市会议中心召开。这是首次由美国生态学会和国际生态学会两个非常重要的学会共同举办的大型学术会议,盛况空前,有来自26个国家的超过3200人参加了大会。大会共举办了36个专题讨论会,2000多人提供论文并发言;5个墙报专题展,包含900多个墙报展板;另有18个研讨会和晚间19个学术交流会。整个会议的内容涵盖了生态学和恢复生态学研究领域的方方面面。大会还组织了16个主题的野外 相似文献
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目前国内外对脆弱性的论述很多,然而关于恢复力的研究却刚刚起步且困难重重。1973年Holling创造性地将恢复力引入到生态系统稳定性的研究中,并将其定义为系统吸收干扰并继续维持其功能、结构、反馈等不发生质变的能力。30多年来这一术语的概念和内涵在大量的案例研究中得到了丰富和完善,然而这些研究对恢复力的不同解释亦造成了大量的混淆,因此需要在统一的理论基础上,根据控制系统变化的属性来构建恢复力的概念并进行应用研究。在社会-生态系统框架下,分析了恢复力研究的基础理论——适应性循环及扰沌,对其概念及内涵做了进展综述,回顾了恢复力的应用案例,探讨了定量化问题,在此基础上对社会.生态系统恢复力的研究进行了展望,提出了面临的关键问题及今后的研究方向。 相似文献
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Vicky M. Temperton Eric Higgs Young D. Choi Edith Allen David Lamb Chang‐Seok Lee James Harris Richard J. Hobbs Joy B. Zedler 《Restoration Ecology》2014,22(3):271-278
Ecological restoration is set to play a key role in mitigating biodiversity loss. While many restorationists worry about what to do about and what to call rapidly changing ecosystems (no‐analog, novel, or other terms), ecologists and managers in some parts of the world have avoided these controversies and proceeded with developing and implementing innovative restoration projects. We discuss examples from South Korea, including the Cheonggyecheon river project in Seoul and the new National Institute of Ecology, which combines scientific research, planted reference systems for future restoration, and an Ecorium for outreach and education. South Korea faces a range of restoration challenges, including managing even‐aged planted forests, major land use changes (especially urbanization) affecting valuable tidal flats, and fragmented landscapes caused by intensive land use and the fenced Demilitarized Zone (DMZ). The examples from South Korea provide insights that might guide future actions more broadly. These include flexible targets for restoration not based on historical precedents, considering ecosystem functions and functional trait diversity as well as species composition, creating model restoration projects, and managing adaptively. 相似文献
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Philip J. Seddon 《Restoration Ecology》2010,18(6):796-802
Translocation, the intentional movement of living organisms from one area to another is increasingly being used as a conservation tool to overcome barriers to dispersal. A dichotomy exists for conservation‐oriented translocations: on one hand, there are those that release plants or animals into known historic ranges and on the other hand, there are releases outside historic distributions. Misuse of or attempts to redefine established terms and a proliferation of variants of new terms such as assisted colonization, confuse and hamper communication. The aim of this opinion article is to describe and define a conservation translocation spectrum, from species reintroductions to assisted colonization, and beyond, and in so doing provide a standard framework and terminology for discussing translocation options. I suggest that we are moving along this spectrum, away from the dictates of historical species distribution records, toward the inclusion of more risky interventions that will be required to respond to habitat shifts due to anthropogenic impacts. To some extent rapid climate change changes everything, including how we should view introductions versus reintroductions. We need to seriously consider adding other approaches to our conservation toolbox. Assisted colonization will start us along this path, acknowledging as it does the accelerated rate of habitat change and the problems of attempting to preserve dynamic systems. The next step along the conservation translocation spectrum may be for reintroduction biology and restoration ecology to more comprehensively join forces on carefully selected projects to use species introductions to create novel ecosystems through active ecological community construction. 相似文献
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Samuel T. Woodrich;Timothy Pape; 《Restoration Ecology》2024,32(4):e14128
Significant attention has been given to how artificial intelligence (AI) can be utilized by society and in scientific fields in recent years. This article explores how AI tools utilized in various fields have been and can be applied to ecological restoration projects, their affiliated benefits and drawbacks, and what those tools depend on. While restoration efforts can benefit from such tools, individual and institutional values primarily drive project goals. As such, AI tools are constrained in their usefulness in restoration because they can only factor in value-oriented variables to a certain degree. In fact, certain restoration practices may be so value-laden that the use of AI may bias a restoration project in a manner which could lead to undesired outcomes. This article posits that AI can be integrated into ecological restoration projects, but that practitioners (and academics) should recognize the complexity of what AI tools are before they use them. 相似文献
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There is an urgent need to develop the underlying theory and principles of “sustainability science,” based on an understanding
of the fundamental interactions between nature and humans. This requires a new research and education paradigm that embraces
biocomplexity, integrates the physical, biological, and social sciences, and uses a coupled, human–natural systems approach.
An initiative aligned with this paradigm and approach, and centered on the Hawaiian Island’s unique mountain-to-sea ecosystems,
is developing at the University of Hawai‘i. These ecosystems, extending from upland tropical forests to the fringing coral
reefs, correspond to the roughly wedge-shaped catchments, traditionally called ahupua‘a in the Hawaiian language. Despite the collapse of the ahupua‘a system and, tragically, the Native Hawaiian population, its legacy of ecological and cultural stewardship remains. This legacy,
and the potential of these ecosystems as microcosms for addressing the core questions of sustainability science, has provided
the impetus for a growing number of projects employing a social–ecological systems perspective. An overview of three projects
that employ a “learning community” approach and cultural stewardship perspective inspired by the ahupua‘a system is provided. These include the Ecosystems Thrust Area of Hawai‘i EPSCoR, a U.S. National Science Foundation research
infrastructure program, focused on ecosystem research and monitoring activities; a sustainability curriculum program, Mālama I Ka ‘Āina, of the College of Education; and a project that builds on programs of the Division of Ecology and Health and its affiliated
Asia-Pacific Center for Infectious Disease Ecology, linking ecosystem resilience and infectious diseases. 相似文献
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Michael R. Ngugi Victor J. Neldner David Doley Brano Kusy Darren Moore Christian Richter 《Restoration Ecology》2015,23(5):615-624
Post‐mining landscape reconstruction on open‐cut coal mines aims to support restoration of self‐sustaining native vegetation ecosystems that in perpetuity require no extra inputs relative to unmined analogs. Little is known about the soil moisture retention capacity of the limited layer of topsoil replaced (often <30 cm deep), impacts of deep ripping of the profile, and the combined impacts of these on plant available water during the mine restoration process. We examined changes in soil moisture parameters (soil water potential, Ψ, and soil water content, Θ) daily using automated soil sensors installed at 30 and 45–65 cm depths on mine restoration sites aged between 3 and 22 years and on adjacent remnant vegetation sites following heavy rainfall events at Meandu mine, southeast Queensland, Australia. Consistent patterns in soil moisture attributes were observed among rehabilitated sites with generally marked differences from remnant sites. Remnant site soil profiles had generally higher Θ after drying than rehabilitated sites and maintained high Ψ for extended periods after rain events. There was a relatively rapid decline of Ψ on reconstructed soil profiles compared with remnant sites although the times of decline onset varied. This response indicated that vegetation restoration sites released soil moisture more rapidly than remnant sites but the rate of drying decreased with increasing rehabilitation age and increased with increasing tree stem density. The rapid drying of mine rehabilitated sites may threaten the survival of some remnant forest species, limit tree growth, and delay restoration of self‐sustaining native ecosystem. 相似文献
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The SER Primer on Ecological Restoration provides a succinct introduction to, and overview of, the rapidly growing field of ecological restoration. The Primer was issued initially in 2002 by the Society for Ecological Restoration (SER) and reissued verbatim 2 years later in a more attractive format ( http://www.ser.org/resources;resources-detail-view/ser-international-primer-on-ecological-restoration ). A SER committee recently began deliberations to update the Primer, and much discussion is underway. As two of the Primer's principal authors, we were invited to share our views on how the Primer can be advantageously revised in the light of any changes or new insights since 2002. In particular, we were asked how the Primer might be modified to reflect the ways that ecological restoration address conservation issues raised by climate change and other rapid environmental shifts and global changes. We also touch on questions relating to the benefits of ecological restoration to human society, as this is an area where the Primer needs sharper focus. We have structured the following in a ‘Frequently Asked Questions’ format to highlight issues raised in the recent literature and to focus attention on other issues that merit consideration in the Primer revision process. 相似文献
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Amy K. Hahs Mark J. McDonnell Michael A. McCarthy Peter A. Vesk Richard T. Corlett Briony A. Norton Steven E. Clemants Richard P. Duncan Ken Thompson Mark W. Schwartz Nicholas S. G. Williams 《Ecology letters》2009,12(11):1165-1173
Plant extinctions from urban areas are a growing threat to biodiversity worldwide. To minimize this threat, it is critical to understand what factors are influencing plant extinction rates. We compiled plant extinction rate data for 22 cities around the world. Two-thirds of the variation in plant extinction rates was explained by a combination of the city's historical development and the current proportion of native vegetation, with the former explaining the greatest variability. As a single variable, the amount of native vegetation remaining also influenced extinction rates, particularly in cities > 200 years old. Our study demonstrates that the legacies of landscape transformations by agrarian and urban development last for hundreds of years, and modern cities potentially carry a large extinction debt. This finding highlights the importance of preserving native vegetation in urban areas and the need for mitigation to minimize potential plant extinctions in the future. 相似文献