洱海的浮游蓝藻布氏常丝藻及其分类学的讨论

常丝藻(Tychonema)是1988年由Anagnostidis和Komárek从颤藻属分离出来而新成立的蓝藻属,以纤细常丝藻(T.tenue)为模式种类。目前确认的常丝藻有纤细常丝藻、博多常丝藻(T.bornetii)和布氏常丝藻(T.bourrellyi)三个种类。我国已经有博多常丝藻的纪录,但是对模式种纤细常丝藻和它的相似种类布氏常丝藻却没有报道。在洱海中采集到布氏常丝藻(T.bourrellyi),研究并描述了该藻的藻丝颜色、藻细胞内含物的结构、藻体形态特征等。同时,通过藻种的分离培养技术,得到了布氏常丝藻的纯培养藻株,编号为CHAB663,并且测定了藻株的16S rRNA基因序列。测序结果表明,该藻株与T.bouurrellyi/T.tenue聚为一族。洱海分布的布氏常丝藻,是在欧洲以外首次发现此种藻类,也是我国的新纪录种。研究说明布氏常丝藻不仅仅分布在温带欧洲较为寒冷的水体中,在亚热带的水体中也可以存在。布氏常丝藻被认为是出现在轻微富营养化湖泊中,而我国洱海也被认为是富营养化的初级阶段的水体,这也表明,布氏常丝藻的出现对洱海的水环境状况起到了指示作用。此外,研究还对常丝藻属分类学问题进行了讨论。     

柄杆菌对固氮蓝藻生物量及色素的影响

柄杆菌对固氮蓝藻生物量和色素的影响研究结果表明:多态柄杆菌(Caulobacter polymorphus)017-41或新月柄杆菌(Caulobacter creseentus)CB_2的活菌、死菌及破碎细胞悬液分别与鱼腥藻(Anabaena)、念珠藻(Nostoc)不同藻珠混合培养时,试验组生长量均优于对照组;对衰老黄化的藻培养物的生长刺激作用尤为显著;试验组藻培养物的藻蓝或藻红素含量亦明显高于对照组。其作用机理尚待进一步阐明。     

越冬和复苏时期太湖水体蓝藻群落结构的时空变化

为研究太湖蓝藻在越冬与复苏时期群落结构的时空变化规律,于2008年11月,2009年2月,2009年4月,在太湖富营养化较严重的湖区选取8个采样点 (梅梁湾、竺山湾、贡湖湾、大浦、西太湖、南太湖、湖心和湖湾交汇处),分3层采水样,过滤并提取样品DNA经PCR扩增蓝藻16S rDNA序列,采用T-RFLP(末端标记的限制性酶切片段长度多样性)技术分析蓝藻群落结构和多样性变化。共得到87个不同的T-RFs(末端限制性酶切片段),表明太湖蓝藻具有丰富的基因多样性。T-RF相对丰度和聚类分析结果表明,太湖蓝藻群落结构在垂直空间上相似性较高,相似度 > 50%;在水平空间,与Microcystis spp.对应的信号峰在8个采样点均为最强峰(相对丰度为17.7% 47.5%)。竺山湾蓝藻多样性最低,西太湖最高,但其余采样点间蓝藻群落和Shannon多样性指数没有显著差异(P>0.05)。Microcystis相对丰度与Shannon多样性指数呈显著负相关(皮尔逊相关系数为-0.958)。在时间尺度上,相似性分析(Analysis of similarity,ANOSIM)结果显示太湖蓝藻群落结构存在极显著差异( P<0.01) 。春季复苏时蓝藻多样性最高,秋季衰亡时最低。聚类分析表明样品聚成两大特征类群,秋季衰亡时样品独自聚为1支,而春季复苏期和冬季越冬期样品彼此混杂。     

洱海沉积物中反硝化细菌的分离与反硝化作用研究

自洱海十个点位的沉积物中富集筛选出101株反硝化细菌并从中筛选出1株较强反硝化能力的细菌,命名为EH314。该细菌接触酶(过氧化氢酶)试验、产硫化氢试验和淀粉水解均为阳性,葡萄糖氧化发酵实验结果为氧化菌,产脂酶(Tween 80)试验结果为阴性;初步鉴定该菌为产碱杆菌属细菌;对细菌反硝化能力进行测定发现,菌株EH314能有效地降解水体中的硝酸盐且反硝化可在有氧条件下进行。     

淀山湖蓝藻季节动态及其影响因子

为了掌握淀山湖蓝藻门浮游植物群落及其与环境因子的关系,于2009年5月—2010年4月在全湖选取9个点位对浮游植物群落进行了调查,应用CANOCO4.5软件对获得的蓝藻门种类和环境因子数据进行典范对应分析(CCA),并绘制了物种与环境因子关系的二维排序图。结果表明:调查期间共出现蓝藻门15属46种,微囊藻属占69.9%,其次颤藻属占20.5%;蓝藻数量分布具有明显的季节性,密度变化范围为9.0×104～7.6×106 cells·L-1,蓝藻细胞密度与叶绿素a、总氮、营养状态指数TSIM(chl-a)和TSIM(TN)相关性较好,表明总氮浓度对蓝藻细胞密度影响较大,而密度和相对丰度影响着湖泊中的叶绿素含量和透明度等;CCA分析表明,春季水体受水温、生物需氧量、总磷影响较大,夏季水体受总磷、BOD5、透明度影响较大,秋季环境因子影响类型较为集中但不显著,冬季各环境因子影响较夏、秋两季明显,水体与铵态氮、透明度(SD)均呈正相关;分析了蓝藻中作为全湖优势种类的铜绿微囊藻和弱细颤藻与环境因子之间的关系,前者与水温、总氮呈显著正相关,与pH值呈现负相关;后者四季均有出现,数量变化受水温影响最大,在夏季与较低的pH值有关;环境因子改变与蓝藻季节演替内在联系表现为蓝藻群落在春冬2季受水温影响最大,夏季受TP、TN影响显著,秋季则与水体的透明度相关性最大。本实验对于理解淀山湖蓝藻优势种季节演替特征及对其开展监测治理具有指导意义。     

江苏省农作物最大光能利用率时空特征及影响因子

基于遥感数据的光能利用率模型被广泛应用于计算陆地生态系统的生产力,但其结果对最大光能利用率(εmax)参数非常敏感。由于该参数存在明显的时空变异性,在区域尺度上难以确定。利用MODIS遥感数据、分县产量统计数据和VPM模型推算了2001—2010年江苏省各县逐年的农田εmax,分析了其时空变化特征及其可能原因。结果表明,在2001—2010年期间,江苏省61个县区农田εmax平均值的变化范围为0.757—3.435 g C/MJ,呈现北高南低、中间高四周较低的空间分布特征;各县区农田的εmax都呈现出上升趋势,但在2001—2006年期间存在明显的年际波动,2002年、2004年和2006年的εmax相对较低,2007年后全省农田εmax稳定上升;εmax的年际波动呈现由北向南递减的趋势;全省大部分地区εmax的年际变化与单位耕地面积农用化肥施用量呈正相关性,苏北北部尤为明显;同时也与C4作物产量所占比例相关。研究表明在利用光能利用率模型计算农田生产力时,需要发展能考虑εmax时空变化的参数化方案。     

洱海CDOM吸收光谱特征变化及其影响因素

为了解溶解性有机质(CDOM)光学特性及影响因素,在2018年11月至2019年10月期间采集了洱海120个表层水样本,利用紫外吸收光谱解析了CDOM的组成及来源,主成分分析法(PCA)阐明光学特性与环境因子之间的相关性。结果表明:CDOM吸收系数[a(440)]范围为0.22—0.90/m,随时间变化显著(P<0.01),营养水平差异较小(P=0.97)。[a(440)]与溶解性有机碳(DOC)关系显著(P<0.01),有利于建立遥感模型监测CDOM时空分布特征。基于芳香度(SUVA₂₅₄)、斜率比值(SR)、分子量参数(M)和吸收光谱斜率(S275—295)等吸收特征参数发现CDOM光学特性随季节变化差异显著,由非度量多维尺度(NMDS)分析可分为以下2个时期:2018年11月至2019年7月和2019年8—10月,后者CDOM的SUVA254显著低于前者。吸收特征参数表明洱海CDOM分子量较小,主要为内源产生。在不同时期,水温、pH和TP始终对CDOM吸收特征产生较大影响。文章阐明了洱海表层水体CDOM分布特征及影响因素,为洱海水体污染治理提供理...     

蓝藻藻胆体末端能量受体L_(CM)蛋白色素化效率的研究

目的:探究在不同的金属离子以及不同酸碱度环境下,蓝藻藻胆体末端能量受体LCM蛋白色素化的效率。方法:通过分子生物学手段构建表达LCM蛋白中LP502片段以及合成色素分子所需的表达载体;通过大肠杆菌体外培养诱导表达LP502蛋白以及PCB色素分子;在蛋白纯化过程中创设各种不同的金属离子和酸碱度环境来孵育LP502蛋白与PCB色素分子,使其形成复合体;再通过镍离子亲和层析柱纯化并测量镍柱洗脱液中蛋白在667nm处的吸光值来判断蛋白的色素化效率高低。结论:金属离子方面,发现Zn2+对该蛋白色素化有明显的抑制作用;酸碱度方面,pH=8.8的碱性环境对该蛋白色素化有明显的促进作用。     

洱海入湖河流弥苴河下游氮磷季节性变化特征及主要影响因素

入湖河流携带污染物对洱海水环境的影响日益明显,对洱海入湖水量最大的河流——弥苴河下游水体氮磷进行了连续采样分析,以期为河口湿地建设和水质改善提供基础数据.结果表明:1)弥苴河水质介于地表水Ⅲ-Ⅴ类之间,主要污染物为氮和磷,其中总氮平均浓度为1.17 mg/L,最高浓度达到2.00 mg/L;总磷平均浓度为0.06 mg/L;2)弥苴河下游总氮、总磷浓度丰水期高于枯水期,并呈现出季节性变化规律;3)弥苴河下游水体总氮、总磷年均浓度远高于洱海水体总氮、总磷年均浓度,其中总氮高出2.10倍,总磷高出2.90倍;4)弥苴河下游河段非点源污染占据主导地位.     

洱海蓝藻水华暴发期浮游植物群落变化及影响因素

对洱海水质和浮游植物进行了调查, 分析了洱海藻类水华暴发季节水质营养水平及浮游植物多样性, 并探讨了洱海浮游植物种群演替的环境机制. 研究结果表明, 洱海蓝藻水华在6-10月份大量暴发, 蓝藻数量高达107 cells/L, 水华种类为微囊藻(Microcystis)属的一些种, 微囊藻在6-10月份占绝对优势, 最高可达90%以上. 分析5-11月洱海营养水平, 其中7月营养水平最高, 浮游植物生物量10月份最大(以叶绿素a表示). 使用SPSS里的pearson分析了浮游植物和各理化因子的关系, 结果表明相对于其他浮游植物种类, 总磷(TP)对微囊藻的影响比较大.       

洱海流域水生态分区

分区边界的确定是生态分区的重要步骤,但目前多数水生态分区的边界确定以定性分析、专家判断为主。本研究以洱海流域为例,建立了一套两级分区体系。该体系基于GIS技术,用子流域作为分区基本单元,并用相关分析法,定量筛选一、二级分区指标。其中,一级分区指标为高程、坡度和植被归一化指数(NDVI),二级分区指标为农田百分比和城镇百分比。通过指标图层的叠加和重分类,合并同质性子流域,从而将洱海流域划分为5个一级区和9个二级区。藻类群落分布的验证结果表明分区合理。本研究将定量分析和子流域边界应用于水生态分区,使分区边界的确定更科学,在实际管理中更具有可操作性。本研究结果为水生态分区研究提供了新的方法,为洱海流域水生态管理提供了基本管理单元。     

Response of bacterial communities to cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms in Lake Taihu,China

Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms are prevalent around the world, influencing aquatic organisms and altering the physico-chemical properties in freshwater systems. However, the response of bacterial communities to toxic cyanobacterial blooms and associated microcystins (MC) remain poorly understood even though global concentrations of MC have increased dramatically in the past few decades. To address this issue, the dynamics of bacterial community composition (BCC) in the water column and how BCC is influenced by both harmful cyanobacterial blooms and environmental factors were investigated on a monthly basis from August 2013 to July 2014 in Lake Taihu, China. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) revealed that seasonal variation in BCC was significant, and that the succession of BCC greatly depends on changes in environmental conditions. Redundancy analysis (RDA) results showed that the overall variation of BCC was explained mainly by dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate nitrogen (NO₃⁻-N), and Microcystis. The alpha biodiversity of the bacterial community was different among months with the highest diversity in February and the lowest diversity in October. Furthermore, significant negative relationships were found between alpha biodiversity indices and Microcystis abundance as well as with intracellular MC concentrations, indicating that Microcystis and associated MC may influence the bacterial community structure by reducing its biodiversity. This study shows that potential associations exist between toxic cyanobacterial blooms and bacterial communities but more investigations are needed to obtain a mechanistic understanding of their complex relationships.     

Analysis of environmental drivers influencing interspecific variations and associations among bloom-forming cyanobacteria in large,shallow eutrophic lakes

Non-diazotrophic Microcystis and filamentous N₂-fixing Aphanizomenon and Dolichospermum (formerly Anabaena) co-occur or successively dominate freshwaters globally. Previous studies indicate that dual nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) reduction is needed to control cyanobacterial blooms; however, N limitation may cause replacement of non-N₂-fixing by N₂-fixing taxa. To evaluate potentially counterproductive scenarios, the effects of temperature, nutrients, and zooplankton on the spatio-temporal variations of cyanobacteria were investigated in three large, shallow eutrophic lakes in China. The results illustrate that the community composition of cyanobacteria is primarily driven by physical factors and the zooplankton community, and their interactions. Niche differentiation between Microcystis and two N₂-fixing taxa in Lake Taihu and Lake Chaohu was observed, whereas small temperature fluctuations in Lake Dianchi supported co-dominance. Through structural equation modelling, predictor variables were aggregated into ‘composites’ representing their combined effects on species-specific biomass. The model results showed that Microcystis biomass was affected by water temperature and P concentrations across the studied lakes. The biomass of two filamentous taxa, by contrast, exhibited lake-specific responses. Understanding of driving forces of the succession and competition among bloom-forming cyanobacteria will help to guide lake restoration in the context of climate warming and N:P stoichiometry imbalances.     

Summer heatwaves promote blooms of harmful cyanobacteria

Dense surface blooms of toxic cyanobacteria in eutrophic lakes may lead to mass mortalities of fish and birds, and provide a serious health threat for cattle, pets, and humans. It has been argued that global warming may increase the incidence of harmful algal blooms. Here, we report on a lake experiment where intermittent artificial mixing failed to control blooms of the harmful cyanobacterium Microcystis during the summer of 2003, one of the hottest summers ever recorded in Europe. To understand this failure, we develop a coupled biological–physical model investigating how competition for light between buoyant cyanobacteria, diatoms, and green algae in eutrophic lakes is affected by the meteorological conditions of this extreme summer heatwave. The model consists of a phytoplankton competition model coupled to a one-dimensional hydrodynamic model, driven by meteorological data. The model predicts that high temperatures favour cyanobacteria directly, through increased growth rates. Moreover, high temperatures also increase the stability of the water column, thereby reducing vertical turbulent mixing, which shifts the competitive balance in favour of buoyant cyanobacteria. Through these direct and indirect temperature effects, in combination with reduced wind speed and reduced cloudiness, summer heatwaves boost the development of harmful cyanobacterial blooms. These findings warn that climate change is likely to yield an increased threat of harmful cyanobacteria in eutrophic freshwater ecosystems.     

Appearance and establishment of diazotrophic cyanobacteria in Lake Kinneret,Israel

1. We propose that the appearance and establishment of Nostocales (cyanobacteria) species of the genera Aphanizomenon and Cylindrospermopsis in the warm subtropical Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee, Israel) from 1994 was linked to changes in climate conditions and summer nitrogen (N) availability. 2. From 1994 to 2009, an increase in frequency of events of elevated water temperature (>29 °C) in summer, and to some extent a greater frequency of lower summer wind speed events, affected water turbulence and water column stratification, thus providing better physical conditions for the establishment of these populations. 3. In recent years, N‐depleted conditions in Lake Kinneret in early summer have promoted the development and domination of Nostocales that could gain an ecological advantage owing to their N₂‐fixing capability. 4. Nitrogen fixation rates coincided both with heterocyst abundance and with Nostocales biomass. The N supplied to the lake via nitrogen fixation ranged from negligible quantities when Nostocales represented only a minor component of the phytoplankton community to 123 tonnes when Cylindrospermopsis bloomed in 2005. This high N₂ fixation rate equals the average summer dissolved inorganic nitrogen load to the lake via the Jordan River.     

中国云南洱海周边褐家鼠的体表寄生虫群落组成

褐家鼠Rattus norvegicus可能是云南省部分鼠疫流行区的储存宿主之一, 其体表的某些寄生虫种类可能是人类疾病的传播媒介。为了解洱海周边地带褐家鼠的体表寄生虫群落, 并对其医学和兽医学的重要性进行描述。用U检验和相关分析的统计方法对2003-2004年采自云南洱海（中国滇西北著名的淡水湖泊）周边地区的431头褐家鼠的体表寄生虫群落进行了研究。用构成比（C）, 侵染率(P)和平均丰富度(A)反映体表寄生虫的流行和密度状况。调查点位于我国11大鼠疫自然疫源地之一, 此地也是我国恙虫病和流行性出血热的流行地区。结果表明: 431头褐家鼠中307头寄生有体表寄生虫, 侵染率为71%。采集到的体表寄生虫有47种, 包括23种恙螨、16种革螨、6种蚤和2种吸虱, 其中16种以前已经被证明是人类疾病的媒介。结果提示褐家鼠的体表寄生虫物种多样性高。     

Influence of outbreak of macroalgal blooms on phosphorus release from the sediments in Swan Lake Wetland,China

Macroalgal blooms have occurred worldwide frequently in coastal areas in recent decades, which dramatically modify phosphorus (P) cycle in water column and the sediments. Rongcheng Swan Lake Wetland, a coastal wetland in China, is suffering from extensive macroalgal blooms. In order to verify the influence of macroalgal growth on sediment P release, the sediments and filamentous Chaetomorpha spp. were incubated in the laboratory to investigate the changes of water quality parameters, P levels in overlying water, and sediments during the growth period. In addition, algal biomass and tissue P concentration were determined. In general, Chaetomorpha biomasses were much higher in high P treatments than in low P treatments. Compared with algae+low P water treatment, the addition of sediments increased the algal growth rate and P accumulation amount. During the algal growth, water pH increased greatly, which showed significant correlation with algal biomass in treatments with high P (P < 0.05). P fractions in the sediments showed that Fe/Al–P and organic P concentrations declined during the algal growth, and great changes were observed in algae+low P water+sediment treatment for both. As a whole, the sediments can supply P for Chaetomorpha growth when water P level was low, and the probable mechanism was the release of Fe/Al–P at high pH condition induced by intensive Chaetomorpha blooms.