不同火强度对河北平泉油松林土壤有机碳及土壤养分影响

选择河北省平泉县油松林火烧迹地为研究区, 按照过火林地燃烧状况, 划分轻度火烧(L)、中度火烧(M)、重度火烧(H)3 个强度的林地作为研究样地, 选择相邻未过火林地(CK)作为对照样地。以0-10 cm, 10-20 cm, 20-30 cm 的顺序采集土壤样品。样品用于分析不同火烧影响下土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤养分中铵态氮(NH₄⁺-N)、硝态氮(NO₃^- -N)、全氮(TN)、全钾(TK)、全磷(TP)、速效氮(AN)、速效钾(AK)、速效磷(AP)含量和土壤pH 值变化, 以及土壤有机碳和土壤养分其在火烧之后不同土层深度之间的数值波动。结果表明: (1)不同火烧强度对土壤有机碳含量差异影响显著(P<0.05), 与未过火林地相比, 中度、轻度火烧的土壤有机碳含量降低, 重度火烧土壤有机碳含量增加; 土壤有机碳含量变化随土层深度增加而降低; (2)不同火烧强度对土壤养分中所有指标的差异性显著 (P < 0.05), 不同土层深度之间的数量变化明显。铵态氮含量在各土层均表现为重度火烧后增加, 中、轻度火烧则减少; 硝态氮含量受轻度、中度、重度火烧后在各土层整体增加; 速效氮含量在0-10 cm 土层轻度、中度、重度火烧后增加, 在10-20 cm 土层中度、重度火烧后减少而轻度火烧后增加, 在20-30 cm 土层重度和轻度火烧后增加, 中度火烧后减少。轻度、中度、重度火烧后的全氮和全磷含量在各土层整体降低。速效磷含量在0-10 cm 土层受重度和轻度火烧后增加, 10-20 cm、20-30 cm 土层重度、中度、轻度火烧后含量皆减少。全钾含量在0-10 cm 土层重度、轻度火烧后含量降低, 中度火烧后含量增加, 10-20 cm土层火烧后含量均会增加, 20-30 cm 土层火烧后含量均会降低。速效钾含量受重度、中度、轻度火烧后在各土层含量均会减少; (3) 不同火烧强度与土壤pH 值差异性极显著(P < 0.01), 火烧后pH 值上升。上述结果可为研究林火干扰后土壤有机碳和土壤养分的变化规律, 以及火烧迹地植被恢复的研究提供参考。     

火烧对马尾松林土壤酶活性和有机碳组分的影响

土壤酶参与土壤有机质矿化过程,林火能通过改变土壤中微生物的群落结构等来改变土壤酶的活性,进而影响土壤有机碳的动态过程。土壤有机碳库是陆地碳库的重要组成部分,火烧会使土壤有机碳组分发生变化,研究火烧后土壤有机碳组分的变化对于土壤有机碳库的管理具有重要意义。以我国中亚热带典型马尾松人工林火烧迹地为研究对象,通过对比研究,探讨了火烧对土壤酶活性和土壤有机碳组分的影响以及两者之间的关系。结果表明:(1)与对照相比,火烧后一年0—10 cm土层土壤p H值明显升高(P0.05),土壤总碳含量显著降低(P0.05),土壤全氮含量平均降低17.5%(P0.05)。0—10 cm土层和10—20 cm土层土壤含水量均显著低于对照(P0.05)。(2)相比对照,土壤β-葡萄糖苷酶活性在0—10 cm土层显著降低(P0.05),土壤酚氧化物酶活性和过氧化物酶活性显著升高(P0.05)。(3)火烧后一年0—10 cm土层土壤微生物量碳、土壤颗粒性有机碳、土壤易氧化碳含量比对照分别降低26.4%、30.9%和2.69%,但无显著差异,土壤溶解性有机碳含量则显著降低(P0.05);两个土层土壤不稳定有机碳含量和粘粒有机碳含量变化不显著。     

马尾松林采伐迹地火烧黑炭对土壤活性碳氮库的影响

黑炭是火烧过程中不完全燃烧的产物,在火烧迹地的分布具有异质性。为了解黑炭输入量对土壤活性碳氮库的影响,选取中亚热带33年生马尾松人工林采伐迹地为研究对象,对比炼山1年后移除(B0)、单倍(B1)和双倍黑炭输入(B2)处理和未火烧对照土壤可溶性有机碳氮含量(DOC和DON)、矿质氮、土壤微生物量碳氮含量(MBC和MBN)之间的差异。结果表明:炼山对土壤DOC和DON含量的影响因土层而异,在0—10 cm土层,火烧土壤DOC和DON含量与对照土壤没有显著差异,而在10—20 cm土壤要显著低于对照土壤(P0.05)。火烧土壤矿质氮、土壤MBC和MBN含量均低于对照土壤,但差异未达到显著性水平(P0.05)。火烧土壤含水率、pH、全碳和全氮、铵态氮、土壤MBN含量均与黑炭输入量成正比,特别是在10—20 cm土层,B2处理土壤铵态氮含量显著高于B0和B1处理(P0.05)。对于土壤MBN,黑炭输入处理(B1和B2)火烧土壤MBN含量与对照土壤没有显著差异,而去除黑炭处理(B0)火烧土壤MBN含量则显著低于对照土壤(P0.05)。结果说明黑炭输入对火烧土壤的微生物群落恢复和N素保持具有积极意义,因此亚热带人工林管理过程中应重视黑炭的利用。     

火烧对古尔班通古特沙漠土壤养分和土壤酶活性的影响

以古尔班通古特沙漠2016年6月意外火烧事件为背景,对比分析火烧和未火烧样地区不同土壤深度化学性质、土壤酶活性的变化特征,为全面评估火烧对温带荒漠生态系统的影响提供土壤学依据。结果表明:火烧样地和对照样地土壤养分含量和酶活性总体上均表现为上层土壤(0—5 cm)大于下层土壤(5—10 cm),仅土壤氧化酶(过氧化氢酶)活性表现为下层土壤大于上层土壤。同时,火烧和土壤深度存在交互效应,火烧对土壤特性的影响受土壤深度的限制。土壤化学性质受火烧的影响主要表现在0—5 cm土壤层,尤其是速效养分在火烧之后有显著增加趋势。火烧对5—10 cm土壤层土壤化学性质无显著影响。火烧后,硝态氮(NO3-N)含量显著下降,铵态氮(NH4-N)含量上升。土壤水解酶、氧化酶活性在火烧之后降低,具体表现为,蔗糖酶、脲酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶活性在0—5 cm和5—10 cm土壤层均极显著下降,而碱性磷酸酶活性仅在0—5 cm土壤层显著下降。过氧化氢酶活性则在5—10 cm土壤层活性显著下降。表明上层土壤水解酶活性对火烧干扰较为敏感,氧化酶活性在火烧干扰下相对稳定。从各土层土壤酶活性的变化特征来看,火烧对水解酶活性的影响随土壤深度增加而降低,而氧化酶则呈现相反的趋势。总体而言,火烧显著提高了古尔班通古特沙漠土壤速效养分的含量,降低了土壤酶活性,不同土壤酶对火烧响应的敏感程度不同。为深入评估火烧干扰对温带荒漠生态系统的影响提供一定理论依据。     

黄河三角洲盐碱地不同造林模式下的土壤碳氮分布特征

为了探讨不同造林模式对土壤碳氮影响的生态效应,以黄河三角洲盐碱地白蜡+棉花(FC)、香花槐+棉花(RC)、竹柳+棉花(SC)、白蜡林(F)、竹柳林(S)等5种造林模式为研究对象,分析比较各造林模式土壤的碳氮形态及分布特征,为重度退化刺槐林的经营改造和造林模式选择提供理论依据。结果显示:(1)不同造林模式下土壤的可溶性总碳和可溶性有机碳含量均高于裸地,农林间作高于纯林,其中SC模式含量最高,其次为FC和RC模式,而F和S纯林模式较低;5种造林模式不同土层可溶性有机碳含量均表现为0—20 cm高于20—40 cm。(2)农林间作模式0—40 cm土层的可溶性全氮和可溶性有机氮平均含量均高于纯林模式,其中SC模式的含量最高。FC、SC和S纯林模式0—20 cm土层可溶性有机氮含量显著高于20—40 cm土层,分别为其1.4、1.5和2.7倍;而RC模式20—40 cm土层可溶性有机氮含量显著高于0—20 cm土层。(3)5种造林模式中,除F纯林土壤硝态氮低于裸地外,其他造林模式下的土壤各种氮养分含量均显著高于裸地。土壤可溶性有机碳与全氮和铵态氮的相关性达到极显著水平(P0.01)。研究表明农林间作模式可显著提高重度退化刺槐林皆伐后土壤中有效态碳、氮含量,其中SC模式改良效果较好,而纯林模式较差。     

杉木人工林不同深度土壤CO2通量

土壤CO₂通量具有明显的时间和空间变异性。土壤温度和含水量是影响土壤CO₂通量的重要因素,同时,不同深度的土壤CO₂通量对温度和含水量变化的响应差异较大,因此,研究土壤CO₂通量和影响因素随土壤深度的变化,对于准确评估土壤碳排放具有重要意义。选择福建三明杉木人工林(Cunninghamia lanceolata)作为研究对象,利用非散射红外CO₂浓度探头和Li-8100开路式土壤碳通量系统,并使用Fick扩散法计算了0-60cm深度土壤CO₂的通量,结果表明:(1)5种扩散模型计算的表层(5cm)CO₂通量与Li-8100测量结果均具有显著相关性(P<0.01),Moldrup气体扩散模型计算结果较好。(2)土壤CO₂浓度随深度的增加而升高,但60cm深度以下土壤CO₂浓度开始降低;不同深度土壤CO₂浓度的日变化均呈现单峰型;0-60cm土壤CO₂通量日通量均值变化范围为0.54-2.17μmol m^-2 s^-1;(3)指数拟合分析显示,5、10cm和60cm深度处土壤CO₂通量与温度具有显著相关性,Q₁₀值分别为1.35、2.01和4.95。不同深度土壤含水量与CO₂通量的相关性不显著。     

沙质草地营造樟子松林后土壤容重的变化及其影响因子

采用野外调查和室内试验相结合,以辽宁省章古台地区不同生长阶段(包括幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林和过熟林)的20块樟子松人工固沙林样地(以临近的7块天然草地为对照)为研究对象,研究了沙质草地营造樟子松人工林后不同生长阶段0—100 cm土层土壤容重的变化及其影响因子。结果表明:天然沙质草地营造樟子松人工固沙林后,不同生长阶段樟子松林在0—10 cm土层土壤容重变化的变异系数为78%,其他土层变异系数范围为1.08%—4.35%。随着樟子松人工林林龄的增加,土壤容重变化量在0—20 cm和60—100 cm层逐渐降低,在20—60 cm层先降低,到37年左右后逐渐升高,过熟林较成熟林显著增大。林龄对不同土层容重变化的决定系数由大到小依次为40—60、60—80、20—40、10—20、0—10、80—100 cm层。土壤容重变化在60—80 cm层与土壤粗颗粒(粒径0.05 mm)含量、在0—10、20—40 cm和60—80 cm层与土壤全氮含量、在0—10、20—60 cm和80—100 cm层与土壤全磷含量、在20—40 cm和80—100 cm层与土壤全钾含量显著负相关,且土壤全氮和全磷含量对土壤容重的影响效果随土层深度的增加逐渐降低,土壤容重变化在10—20 cm层与土壤含水率、在20—40 cm层与土壤有机碳含量呈显著的正相关。总体上,沙质草地营造樟子松人工林可以改善土壤结构,提高土壤质量,建议采取封育禁牧等营林措施增加樟子松林下枯落物积累,提高土壤养分含量,同时对37年樟子松人工林逐渐进行更新。     

帽儿山不同年龄森林土壤呼吸速率的影响因子

为探明东北温带森林恢复过程中土壤呼吸(R_S)的变化趋势及其影响因子,在帽儿山选取皆伐后天然更新恢复的4个年龄(1a、10a、25a和56a)林分进行了1年的野外原位测定。结果表明:(1)皆伐后天然更新恢复1年、10年、25年和56年林分的年R_S通量差异显著(P0.05),分别为686.5、639.7、733.3、762.3g C m~(-2)a~(-1);其中生长季(5月─10月)和非生长季的R_S通量也存在显著差异,均呈现出随林龄增加先减后增的趋势。全年、生长季和非生长季R_S随林龄变化的变异系数分别为7.6%、6.3%和21.1%,表明非生长季R_S通量的变异性加大了全年R_S通量的差异。(2)4个年龄林分的Rs季节变化趋势相似,且其主控因子均随季节而变:6月─8月Rs与土壤含水率呈二次函数关系(R~2波动在56%─79%之间),其余时段则与土壤温度呈指数函数关系(R~2波动在85%─93%之间)。(3)不同年龄林分生长季R_S与0─20cm土层有机碳(SOC)密度呈正相关关系(R~2=0.434,P0.05),而非生长季R_S与同期土壤5cm温度呈正相关关系(R~2=0.959,P0.01)。本研究区森林皆伐导致R_S降低,随皆伐后森林恢复R_S不断增加,其主导驱动因子是SOC密度的增加和非生长季土壤温度的变化。     

樟子松人工林营建对土壤颗粒组成变化的影响

植被恢复是退化生态系统的主要恢复措施,也是人类改善区域生态环境较为重要和直接的活动。目前,针对不同植被恢复方式对干旱半干旱地区土壤理化性质及生物特征开展了大量研究。然而,关于科尔沁沙地樟子松人工林营建对土壤颗粒组成变化的影响却鲜有报道。因此,以辽宁省章古台地区不同生长阶段(包括幼龄林、中龄林、成熟林和过熟林)的20块樟子松人工林样地为研究对象(以临近的7块天然草地为对照),研究了沙地樟子松人工林营建对0—100 cm土层土壤颗粒组成变化的影响。结果表明:沙质草地营建樟子松人工林后,不同土层土壤细颗粒(<0.05 mm)含量均呈增加趋势,并且在0—10 cm层增加趋势明显,随土层深度增加土壤细颗粒增加量逐渐降低(除幼龄林外),但樟子松林地土壤颗粒组成仍以砂粒为主,土壤粘粒和粉粒含量极低(仅占5%左右)。随着樟子松人工林林龄的增加,土壤细颗粒变化量在0—10 cm层逐渐升高,而在10—100 cm层并无显著变化趋势。土壤细颗粒含量的变化在10—100 cm层与土壤含水量呈显著正相关,在0—10、20—40 cm和80—100 cm层与土壤全钾极显著负相关,在20—60 cm层与土壤有...     

云雾山典型草原火烧不同恢复年限土壤化学性质变化

云雾山典型草原处于黄土高原半干旱地区,也是草原火灾多发区,试验比较了未烧地与新烧地、火烧后3 a和火烧后11 a土壤有机碳(SOC)、全N、全P和速效K含量的变化过程。测量的土壤深度为50 cm,每10 cm一层,比较了4个样地0—10 cm、10—20 cm、20—30 cm、30—40 cm、40—50 cm土壤养分的变化。结果表明:(1)新烧地土壤剖面各层SOC、全N、全P和速效K含量都显著高于未烧地。(2)火烧后3 a样地土壤剖面各层SOC、全N、全P和速效K含量与未烧地差异不显著。(3)火烧后11 a样地土壤剖面各层全N含量都显著高于未烧地,SOC、全P和速效K含量除了0—10 cm层与未烧地差异不显著外,其它土层均显著增加。(4)4个样地的土壤剖面各层从上到下SOC、土壤全N、全P和速效K含量呈递减趋势。(5)3个火烧样地土壤表层(0—10 cm)的pH值和未烧地差异不显著。     

干旱对土壤剖面不同深度土壤CO2通量的影响

由于全球气候变化,预计未来我国亚热带地区干旱频率和持续时间将会增加。森林土壤CO₂的释放是陆地生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,然而,有关不同深度土壤CO₂通量对干旱响应的理解仍相当有限。选择武夷山针叶林（Coniferous Forest,CF）和常绿阔叶林（Evergreen Broadleaved Forest,EBF）为研究对象,于2014年6月至2015年12月,采用梯度法计算10、30 cm和50 cm深度各层土壤CO₂通量,探讨模拟干旱对其影响。结果表明：CF和EBF样地土壤CO₂浓度均随土壤深度的增加而升高。CF和EBF样地对照（CK）处理10 cm深度土壤CO₂生产量分别占总CO₂生产量的53.5%和55.7%,表明土壤CO₂生产量主要来源于浅层土壤,这可能与浅层土壤有高的有机碳含量及细根生物量主要分布区有关。干旱处理使CF和EBF样地不同深度土壤CO₂通量均显著减少。在两个样地土壤CO₂通量的温度敏感性（Q₁₀）值均随着土壤深度的增加而减少。干旱处理显著减少了CF样地浅层土壤的Q₁₀值（P=0.02）,对深层土壤影响不显著（30 cm：P=0.30;50 cm：P=0.23）;而在EBF样地干旱处理显著减少了深层土壤的Q₁₀值（30 cm：P=0.02;50 cm：P=0.01）,对浅层土壤影响不显著（P=0.32）。     

Effects of rainfall events on soil CO2 flux in a cool temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest

The effects of rainfall events on soil CO₂ fluxes were examined in a cool temperate Quercus/Betula forest in Japan. The soil CO₂ fluxes were measured using an open-flow gas exchange system with an infrared gas analyzer in the snow-free season from August 1999 to November 2000. Soil CO₂ flux showed no significant diurnal trend on days without rain. In contrast, rainfall events caused a significant increase in soil CO₂ flux. To determine the effect of rainfall events and to evaluate more precisely the daily and annual soil carbon flux, we constructed a multiple polynomial regression model that included two variables, soil temperature and soil water content, using the soil CO₂ flux data recorded on sunny days. Daily soil carbon fluxes on sunny days calculated by the model were almost the same as those determined by the field measurements. On the contrary, the fluxes measured on rainy days were significantly higher than those calculated daily from the soil carbon fluxes by the model. Annual soil carbon fluxes in 1999 and 2000 were estimated using models that both do and do not take rainfall effects into consideration. The result indicates that post-rainfall increases in soil CO₂ flux represent approximately 16–21% of the annual soil carbon flux in this cool temperate deciduous forest.     

温带针阔混交林土壤碳氮气体通量的主控因子与耦合关系

中高纬度森林地区由于气候条件变化剧烈,土壤温室气体排放量的估算存在很大的不确定性,并且不同碳氮气体通量的主控因子与耦合关系尚不明确。以长白山温带针阔混交林为研究对象,采用静态箱-气相色谱法连续4a(2005—2009年)测定土壤二氧化碳(CO2)、甲烷(CH4)和氧化亚氮(N2O)净交换通量以及温度、水分等相关环境因子。研究结果表明:温带针阔混交林土壤整体上表现为CO2和N2O的排放源和CH4的吸收汇。土壤CH4、CO2和N2O通量的年均值分别为-1.3 kg CH4hm-2a-1、15102.2 kg CO2hm-2a-1和6.13 kg N2O hm-2a-1。土壤CO2通量呈现明显的季节性规律,主要受土壤温度的影响,水分次之;土壤CH4通量的季节变化不明显,与土壤水分显著正相关;土壤N2O通量季节变化与土壤CO2通量相似,与土壤水分、温度显著正相关。土壤CO2通量和CH4通量不存在任何类型的耦合关系,与N2O通量也不存在耦合关系;土壤CH4和N2O通量之间表现为消长型耦合关系。这项研究显示温带针阔混交林土壤碳氮气体通量主要受环境因子驱动,不同气体通量产生与消耗之间存在复杂的耦合关系,下一步研究需要深入探讨环境变化对其耦合关系的影响以及内在的生物驱动机制。     

Soil respiration in Pinus tabulaeformis forest during dormant period at Huoditang forest zone in the Qinling Mountains, China

Soil CO₂ efflux in forest ecosystems during dormant season is one of the key components of the forest ecosystem carbon balance. Little work has been done to quantify soil CO₂ efflux in most forests in China in special time because of difficulty in taking measurements. Soil respiration in a natural secondary Pinus tabulaeformis forest at Huoditang in the Qinling Mountains was measured from October to December in 2006 by means of open-path dynamic chamber technique. Relationships of soil respiration rate (R_s) with mean soil temperature (MST) and mean volumetric soil moisture content (MVSC) in different depths (0-5 cm and 5-10 cm) were examined in the current study. We found that (1) At the same observation site (upper-part, middle-part or under-part), there were tremendous temporal and spatial variations in R_s with variation coefficients of 48.38%, 82.51% and 81.88% in October, November and December, respectively; (2) There was a significant exponent relationship between diurnal mean soil respiration rate (F_c) and diurnal mean soil temperature (DMST) when DMST > 8.5°C for both soil depths (0-5 cm and 5-10 cm) examined. The temperature sensitivity of soil respiration, known as the Q₁₀ value, was 1.297 and 1.323 in soil depths of 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm, respectively; (3) Relationship between R_s and MVSC was complex in soil depths of 0-5 cm and 5-10 cm; (4) Soil CO₂ efflux from October to December in 2006 in the experimental area was (977.37 ± 88.43) to (997.19 ± 80.73) gCm⁻² (p = 0.005).     

The variation of soil microbial respiration with depth in relation to soil carbon composition

The vertical variation in soil microbial respiratory activity and its relationship to organic carbon pools is critical for modeling soil C stock and predicting impacts of climate change, but is not well understood. Mineral soil samples, taken from four Scottish soils at different depths (0–8, 8–16, 16–24, 24–32 cm), were analyzed and incubated in the laboratory under constant temperature and environmental conditions. The vegetation type/plant species showed significant effects on the absolute concentration of C components and microbial activity, but the relative distribution of C and respiration rate with soil depth are similar across sites. Soil C pools and microbial respiratory activity declined rapidly with soil depth, with about 30% of total organic carbon (TOC) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and about half microbial carbon (C_mic) and respired CO₂ observed in the top 8 cm. The ratio of CO₂:TOC generally decreased with soil depth, but CO₂:DOC was significantly higher in the top 8 cm of soil than in the subsoil (8–32 cm). No general pattern between qCO₂ (CO₂:C_mic) and soil depth was found. The vertical distributions of soil C pools and microbial respiratory activity were best fitted with a single exponential equation. Compared with TOC and DOC, C_mic appears to be an adequate predictor for the variation in microbial respiration rate with soil depth, with 95% of variation in normalized respiration rate accounted for by a linear relationship.     

Carbon limitation of soil respiration under winter snowpacks: potential feedbacks between growing season and winter carbon fluxes

A reduction in the length of the snow‐covered season in response to a warming of high‐latitude and high‐elevation ecosystems may increase soil carbon availability both through increased litter fall following longer growing seasons and by allowing early winter soil frosts that lyse plant and microbial cells. To evaluate how an increase in labile carbon during winter may affect ecosystem carbon balance we investigated the relationship between carbon availability and winter CO₂ fluxes at several locations in the Colorado Rockies. Landscape‐scale surveys of winter CO₂ fluxes from sites with different soil carbon content indicated that winter CO₂ fluxes were positively related to carbon availability and experimental additions of glucose to soil confirmed that CO₂ fluxes from snow‐covered soil at temperatures between 0 and ?3°C were carbon limited. Glucose added to snow‐covered soil increased CO₂ fluxes by 52–160% relative to control sites within 24 h and remained 62–70% higher after 30 days. Concurrently a shift in the δ¹³C values of emitted CO₂ toward the glucose value indicated preferential utilization of the added carbon confirming the presence of active heterotrophic respiration in soils at temperatures below 0°C. The sensitivity of these winter fluxes to substrate availability, coupled with predicted changes in winter snow cover, suggests that feedbacks between growing season carbon uptake and winter heterotrophic activity may have unforeseen consequences for carbon and nutrient cycling in northern forests. For example, published winter CO₂ fluxes indicate that on average 50% of growing season carbon uptake currently is respired during the winter; changes in winter CO₂ flux in response to climate change have the potential to reduce substantially the net carbon sink in these ecosystems.     

Winter CO2 flux from soil and snow surfaces in a cool-temperate deciduous forest, Japan

We measured diurnal and wintertime changes in CO₂ fluxes from soil and snow surfaces in a Japanese cool-temperate Quercus/Betula forest between December 1994 and May 1995. To evaluate the relationship between these winter fluxes and temperature, flux measurements were made with the open-flow infrared gas analyzer (IRGA) method rather than with the more commonly used closed chamber method or the snow CO₂ profile method. The open-flow IRGA method proved to be more successful in measurements of winter CO₂ fluxes than the two standard methods. Despite colder air temperatures, soil temperature profiles were greater than 0°C because of the thermal insulation effect of deep snowpack. This reveals that soil temperature is satisfactory for microbial respiration throughout the winter. Unfrozen soils under the snowpack showed neither diurnal nor wintertime trends in CO₂ fluxes or in soil surface temperature, although there was a daily snow surface CO₂ flux of 0.18–0.32 g m^–2. By combining this with other reference data, Japanese cool-temperate forest soils in snowy regions can be estimated to emit < 100 g m^–2 carbon over an entire winter, and this value accounts for < 15% of the annual emission. In the present study, when data for all winter fluxes were taken together, fluxes were most highly correlated with deep soil temperatures rather than the soil surface temperature. Such a high correlation can be attributed to the relatively increased respiration of the deep soil where the temperature was higher than the soil surface temperature. Thus, deeper soil temperature is a better predictor of winter CO₂ fluxes in cold and snowy ecosystems.     

岩溶区不同土地利用方式下土壤CO2排放模拟研究

土地利用变化作为全球气候变化研究的重要内容之一,对土壤CO₂的排放具有重要影响。岩溶区石漠化治理过程中植被恢复伴随着土地利用方式的转变,其对土壤CO₂排放的影响有待进一步研究。基于控制性实验,以土壤、岩溶含水介质初始条件相同,仅土地利用方式不同的贵州普定沙湾模拟试验场为研究对象,通过1年的土壤CO₂浓度和通量数据,研究岩溶区不同土地利用方式下土壤CO₂的排放规律及其影响因素。结果表明：(1)土壤CO₂的浓度和通量具有明显的季节变化规律,不同季节下的土壤CO₂通量呈现昼夜变化规律,温度和降雨影响着土壤CO₂的排放,前者可促进排放量,后者可抑制排放量,且不同土地利用方式受影响的程度不同;(2)耕作活动也会影响土壤CO₂的排放,耕作使得土壤变得松散,加上岩溶区下伏基岩的溶蚀作用,增加了土壤CO₂向含水层的扩散,导致春季耕地表现为负通量;(3)不同土地利用方式下土壤CO₂的年排...     

Process-level controls on CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> fluxes from a seasonally snow-covered subalpine meadow soil,Niwot Ridge,Colorado

Fluxes of CO₂ during the snow-covered season contribute to annual carbon budgets, but our understanding of the mechanisms controlling the seasonal pattern and magnitude of carbon emissions in seasonally snow-covered areas is still developing. In a subalpine meadow on Niwot Ridge, Colorado, soil CO₂ fluxes were quantified with the gradient method through the snowpack in winter 2006 and 2007 and with chamber measurements during summer 2007. The CO₂ fluxes of 0.71 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in 2006 and 0.86 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in 2007 are among the highest reported for snow-covered ecosystems in the literature. These fluxes resulted in 156 and 189 g C m⁻² emitted over the winter, ~30% of the annual soil CO₂ efflux at this site. In general, the CO₂ flux increased during the winter as soil moisture increased. A conceptual model was developed with distinct snow cover zones to describe this as well as the three other reported temporal patterns in CO₂ flux from seasonally snow-covered soils. As snow depth and duration increase, the factor controlling the CO₂ flux shifts from freeze–thaw cycles (zone I) to soil temperature (zone II) to soil moisture (zone III) to carbon availability (zone IV). The temporal pattern in CO₂ flux in each zone changes from periodic pulses of CO₂ during thaw events (zone I), to CO₂ fluxes reaching a minimum when soil temperatures are lowest in mid-winter (zone II), to CO₂ fluxes increasing gradually as soil moisture increases (zone III), to CO₂ fluxes decreasing as available carbon is consumed. This model predicts that interannual variability in snow cover or directional shifts in climate may result in dramatically different seasonal patterns of CO₂ flux from seasonally snow-covered soils.     

短期增温和增加降水对内蒙古荒漠草原土壤呼吸的影响

利用红外辐射增温装置模拟短期持续增温和降水增加交互作用对内蒙古荒漠草原土壤呼吸作用的影响, 结果表明: 土壤含水量对月土壤呼吸的影响显著大于土壤温度增加的影响, 生长旺季的月土壤呼吸显著大于生长末季; 土壤温度和水分增加都显著影响日土壤呼吸, 但二者的交互作用对土壤呼吸无显著影响。荒漠草原7‒8月平均土壤呼吸速率为1.35 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1, 7月份为2.08 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1, 8月份为0.63 μmol CO₂·m ^-2·s ^-1。土壤呼吸与地下各层根系生物量呈幂函数关系, 0‒10 cm土层的根系生物量对土壤呼吸的解释率(79.2%)明显高于10‒20 cm土层的解释率(31.6%)。0-10 cm土层的根系生物量是根系生物量的主体, 根系生物量对土壤呼吸的影响具有层次性。在未来全球变暖和降水格局变化的情景下, 荒漠草原土壤水分含量是影响生物量的主导环境因子, 而根系生物量的差异是造成土壤呼吸异质性的主要生物因素, 土壤含水量可通过影响根系生物量控制土壤呼吸的异质性。