陕北黄土高原植被生态系统水分利用效率气候时滞效应

基于月尺度气温、降水以及MODIS-GPP、MODIS-ET遥感数据,采用基于像元的时滞偏相关分析,揭示了陕北黄土高原植被生态系统水分利用效率气候时滞效应及其影响因素。结果表明:①2000—2014年,受退耕还林草生态工程和气候变化的双重影响,陕北黄土高原WUE呈波动变化趋势,2001—2003年显著下降,2003—2005年、2010—2013年显著上升。受不同植被类型的影响,年内WUE呈急速双峰、缓速双峰和单峰型3种变化状态。②陕北黄土高原WUE对降水存在明显的时滞效应,滞后时间多为3个月,人为扰动较大的I-1、I-2、Ⅱ-2生态区以及植被覆盖度较高的Ⅲ-3生态区WUE对降水的时滞响应程度明显低于其他生态区;而对气温的时滞效应较弱,仅南部的Ⅲ-2、Ⅲ-3生态区WUE对气温存在1—2个月滞后时间。③不同植被类型WUE对降水的时滞效应较明显,荒漠类植被WUE对降水时滞响应程度最强,滞后时间近3个月,针叶林时滞响应程度最弱,滞后时间为2.1个月;但对气温的时滞效应总体较弱,针叶林WUE对气温滞后时间为15 d,其余大多数植被类型WUE对气温不存在滞后时间。④WUE气候时滞效应对植被覆盖度...     

内蒙古不同类型草原光合植被覆盖度对降水变化的响应

植被是影响土壤侵蚀过程的重要因素。论文基于MODIS遥感数据和同期降水数据,用相关和回归分析方法从不同时间尺度揭示了内蒙古草甸草原、典型草原和荒漠草原2002—2016年光合植被覆盖度(Fractional Photosynthetic Vegetation,f_PV)的变化规律及其对降水变化的响应。结果表明:(1)2002—2016年间多年平均f_PV草甸草原为46.5%,典型草原和荒漠草原分别为36.3%和22.4%;草甸草原f_PV随时间变化呈不显著增长趋势(线性变化斜率为0.29%/a),典型草原和荒漠草原f_PV呈不显著下降趋势(线性变化斜率分别为-0.04%/a和-0.21%/a);相应时期年降水量随时间变化都呈现不显著波动上升趋势。(2)内蒙古草原的月植被覆盖度对月降水量存在明显的1—2个月滞后效应和显著的累积效应,且表现出草原类型越干旱,滞后效应越明显的特征;相比草甸草原和典型草原,荒漠草原植被对降水量变化更加敏感。(3)内蒙古3类草原年平均植被覆盖度对降水量的响应,均表现出年、季、月尺度上...     

乌珠穆沁草原水热分配差异对植被的影响

利用MODIS NDVI 数据和气象站点的气温和降水资料, 运用最大值合成、一元线性分析和相关分析方法, 分别从年际变化、季节变化和月变化角度分析2000-2013 年乌珠穆沁草原植被覆盖变化及其对气温和降水变化的响应特征。结果表明, 从年际变化看, 近15 年来乌珠穆沁草原植被覆盖呈增加趋势, 其变化趋势主要受降水量的控制; 从季节变化来看, 夏季和秋季植被覆盖度呈上升趋势, 而春季呈下降趋势。春季和夏季植被覆盖变化主要受降水的影响,而秋季植被生长与气温的关系较与降水的关系密切; 从植被生长的月变化来看, NDVI 与气温的相关性小, 与降水量的相关性大。在返青期初期(4、5 月)NDVI 值随气温升高而升高, 温度有助于植被的生长, 其他时段气温对NDVI 值产生负向作用, 其中7 月份植被生长受气温的负向作用最明显; 4-6 月受当月降水量的影响明显, 7、8 月份NDVI 值与6月份降水量呈显著相关, 表明植被生长对降水变化具有一定滞后性。     

1961-2005年东北地区气温和降水变化趋势

利用东北地区96个气象站1961-2005年的日平均气温和日降水量资料,采用线性倾向率法,累积距平法,Mann-Kendall法和Morlet小波分析等方法,对东北地区近45年来的气候变化和突变现象进行了研究.结果表明:近45年来,东北地区年平均气温变化在2.45-5.72℃之间,年均温呈现显著上升趋势,气候倾向率为0.38 ℃/10 a(P＜0.01),1988-1989年间发生了由低温到高温的突变;东北地区四季平均气温均呈现增高的趋势,其中冬季气温增幅最大,气候倾向率达到0.53℃/10 a,夏季气温增幅最小,0.24 ℃/10 a.东北地区年均温和季节均温年代际变化亦呈现明显的增暖趋势,年均温,春季均温和冬季均温均在1981-1990年开始变暖,夏季均温和秋季均温在1991-2000年开始变暖.东北地区气温增暖幅度随纬度的升高而增大,大兴安岭北部和小兴安岭地区是增温最明显的地区,增暖幅度较小的地区为辽河平原,辽东半岛和长白山南部地区.东北地区年降水量变化在430.40-678.72 mm之间,降水量变化趋势不明显,整体呈现减少趋势,气候倾向率为-5.71 mm/10 a(P＞0.05),1981-1990年为降水最多的年代,1982-1983年间发生了降水量由少到多的突变.四季降水量变化呈现不同的趋势,其中春季和冬季降水量呈现增多的趋势,夏季和秋季降水量呈现减少的趋势.降水量减少较明显的地区为辽东半岛和长白山南段,降水量增多较明显的地区为大兴安岭北部和松嫩平原.Morlet小波分析结果表明,东北地区年平均气温存在11a的强显著周期,此外还有24 a和6a尺度的变化周期;东北地区年降水量存在16a的强显著周期和6 a的小尺度变化周期.通过以上分析,近45 a东北地区总体气候呈现明显暖干化趋势.     

乌伊岭国家级自然保护区植被覆盖演变及其对气候突变的响应

探究中国北方高纬度森林覆盖区植被演变受到气候因子变化乃至突变的影响,选用MODIS-NDVI数据与TM/ETM+数据,结合62年的气象观测数据,运用像元二分法模型、累计距平分析、Mann-Kendall非参数检验、滑动T检验与相关性分析,探讨了乌伊岭国家级自然保护区1975—2016年气候变化及其突变对植被覆盖的演化规律,并对不同气候因子与植被覆盖类型的空间变化进行相关性分析。结果表明:(1)乌伊岭保护区气候变化呈现暖干化发展的趋势。年均气温上升(0.557℃/10a),年均最低气温与冬季增温幅度最快,秋季最慢。降水量年际变化较小(-14.052 mm/10a),季节性变化明显。经突变性检验,1980—1995年是气候增温减湿的突变时期。(2)研究区植被生长季的NDVI为0.673,有植被覆盖的区域占87.69%,其中高等植被覆盖区所占比最大。(3)气候突变时期,生长季NDVI显著下降,植被退化严重。低植被覆盖区无显著变化,而高植被覆盖区开始逐渐退化为中等与中低等植被覆盖区。在空间上植被覆盖的退化状况主要由中心山地沿四周低山丘陵区累年逐渐降低。不同植被覆盖区域下降的幅度:混交林草地针叶林耕地湿地。(4)乌伊岭保护区年均最大NDVI与年均气温和年均降水量的相关系数分别为0.261、0.068,其中呈正相关区域占总面积56.67%和42.79%,在分布趋势上两者都表现出明显的空间差异性。而气温因子影响植被覆盖的空间范围与能力更强,空间相关性更高,也是影响植被退化的主导因素。     

黄河上游不同干湿气候区植被对气候变化的响应

 研究气候变化背景下植被变化趋势及其与水热因子的关系, 对于黄河源区的生态恢复和生态建设具有重要意义。采用基于FAO Penman-Monteith的降水蒸散比来描述区域的干湿状况, 划分了黄河上游地区的干湿气候区。在此基础上, 利用AVHRR归一化植被指数(NDVI)和GLOPEM净初级生产力(NPP)数据集和同期的气候资料, 分析了黄河上游植被覆盖、植被生产力和气候变化的趋势, 探讨了不同干湿气候区影响植被变化的主要气候因子。结果表明, 研究区域东南部为半湿润气候区, 其余为半干旱气候区, 干湿气候分界线与450 mm降水等值线较接近; 1981–2006年区域气候趋于干暖化, 尤其是气温的升高趋势明显; 半湿润地区NDVI和NPP显著增加, 半干旱地区略有增加; 半湿润地区的NDVI多与气温显著正相关, 与降水量的相关性较弱, 气温是植被生长的主要气候制约因素; 半干旱地区的NDVI则与降水量的正相关性更强, 对降水量的变化较为敏感。NPP对气候变化的响应模式与NDVI相似。植被对气候变化的响应部分依赖于研究区域所具备的水热条件, 干湿气候划分有助于更好地解释植被对气候变化响应的空间差异。     

宁夏近20年来植被覆盖度及其与气温降水的关系

利用1981—2004年的植被指数(NDVI)资料,结合实地植被调查资料,将宁夏植被类型划分4个区域,确定了各地植被指数与覆盖度的关系,分析了宁夏各区域植被覆盖度的年际变化、季节变化、植被覆盖度的面积变化及其与气温和降水量的关系。结果表明:24年来宁夏贺兰山与贺兰山东麓的年植被覆盖度呈下降趋势,中部干旱带植被覆盖度呈上升趋势;近4年来,贺兰山植被状况整体变好;贺兰山东麓植被状况整体变差;中部干旱带的植被状况夏季变差,秋季变好;南部山区的植被覆盖度整体变好。宁夏春夏季降水量是影响植被覆盖度的关键性因子,气温对植被覆盖度的影响不显著。     

中国重要生态系统保护和修复工程区域植被覆盖时空变化研究

植被覆盖变化是气候变化和生态环境变化的双重指示器,如何量化全国尺度植被变化、评估生态修复成效,成为当前陆地表层生态系统研究领域共同的科学问题。利用2000—2020年的植被覆盖度(FVC)数据,采用增幅变化分析、Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、稳定性分析方法,对中国六大重要生态系统保护和修复工程区域的自然植被覆盖度本底和时空变化特征进行了研究,并对不同区域植被覆盖度变化与气温、降水的相关性进行了分析,以期掌握我国生态系统保护和修复“家底”。结果表明：(1)2020年,六大区域平均植被覆盖度为27.66%,2000—2020年,黄河重点生态区、北方防沙带和青藏高原生态屏障区增幅分别为54.4%、34.6%和21.8%,是全国范围平均植被覆盖度增幅的1.04—2.59倍;长江重点生态区、东北森林带和南方丘陵山地带增幅分别为18.0%、13.7%和12.9%,均低于全国增幅,我国西北方较南方改善更明显。(2)2000—2020年,六大区域植被覆盖度变化总体呈增加趋势。黄河重点生态区、东北森林带、南方丘陵山地带和长江重点生态区增加区域面积占比均超过60%,北方防沙带和青藏高原生态屏障...     

湖北省地区植被覆盖变化及其对气候因子的响应

归一化植被指数(NDVI)作为一个重要的遥感参数,能够准确地反映植被覆盖程度和植被生长状况、生物物理化学性质及生态系统参数的变化,其时序数据也已成为基于生物气候特征开展大区域植被和土地覆盖分类的基本手段。基于2001—2012年MODIS-NDVI数据,利用趋势分析法以及线性相关分析等方法对湖北省植被年际变化趋势、月变化趋势进行详细分析;并且研究该区植被覆盖时空变化及其与气温和降水的关系。结果表明近12年来,研究区大部分区域植被覆盖度良好,其中鄂西北及鄂南地区NDVI值较高为0.82,鄂中东部城市NDVI值较低为0.13;2001—2012年间年均NDVI整体呈增加趋势,增速1%/10a;植被覆盖度基本不变区域占研究区总面积的92.8%,大致符合我国中部地区植被覆盖变化趋势;分析NDVI与气候因子的相关关系可知,降水量对湖北植被NDVI年变化起有重要影响;逐月NDVI与月平均气温及月降水量的回归分析表明,降水和气温对生长季不同月份的植被NDVI影响明显不同,同时呈现一定的滞后性。     

基于SPOT NDVI的甘肃河东植被覆盖变化及其对气候因子的响应

基于1998—2011年SPOT NDVI和年均气温、降水数据,采用植被覆盖度法、趋势分析法及相关分析法对甘肃河东地区植被覆盖时空变化及其对气温和降水的关系进行研究。结果表明:河东地区植被覆盖度南高北低,依次为陇南山区甘南高原陇东高原陇中高原;近14年来植被覆盖度呈波动上升趋势,增速分别为陇南山区0.050 10 a-1、甘南高原0.009 10 a-1、陇东高原0.039 10 a-1、陇中高原0.023 10 a-1;植被覆盖轻度改善面积占37.20%,基本不变占59.75%,表明研究区植被覆盖稳中有所上升;河东地区植被NDVI与气温和降水的相关性各异,其中54.59%的地区植被NDVI与气温呈负相关,45.41%区域呈正相关;87.86%的地区植被NDVI与降水呈正相关,12.14%区域呈负相关;植被NDVI与降水正相关面积明显大于气温,说明降水是研究区植被生长的主导气候因子。     

Numerical approaches towards life cycle interpretation five examples

The ISO-standard for LCA distinguishes four phases, of which the last one, the interpretation, is the least elaborated. It can be regarded as containing procedural steps (like a completeness check) as well as numerical steps (like a sensitivity check). This paper provides five examples of techniques that can be used for the numerical steps. These are the contribution analysis, the perturbation analysis, the uncertainty analysis, the comparative analysis, and the discernibility analysis. All five techniques are described at a non-technical level with respect to basic concept, possibilities, tabular and graphical representation, restriction and warnings, and all are illustrated with a simple example.     

影响水稻光合日变化的酶和相关因素的分析

水稻叶片的最大光合速率出现在上午１０：００时,Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ初始活力也在此时达到最大,然后逐渐降低,下午１４：００时略上升后又下降．Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ初始活力与光合速率之间极显著相关,相关系数为 ０．９４７４．运用相关性分析、回归分析、通径分析,对晴（有时有云）天气水稻叶片的光合速度、光合关键酶及有关因素的日变化进行综合评估,结果发现中午光合下降主要来自气孔限制,同时Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性也下降;Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性是影响光合日变化的又一重要生化因子．体内Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活性受Ｒｕｂｉｓｃｏ活化酶的调节．     

Discrimination of higher plant calluses based on embryogenic capacity and taxonomic classification by pyrolysis mass spectrometry

Pyrolysis mass spectrometry (PyMS) is a rapid, simple, high-resolution analytical method based on thermal degradation of complex material in a vacuum, and has been widely applied to the discrimination of closely related microbial strains. Minimally prepared samples of embryogenic and non-embryogenic calluses derived from various higher plants (sweet potato, morning glory, Korean ginseng, Siberian ginseng, and balloon flower) were subjected to PyMS for spectral fingerprinting. A dendrogram based on the unweighted pair group method, with arithmetic mean of pyrolysis mass spectra, divided the calluses into Siberian ginseng embryogenic callus and the others, which were subsequently divided into embryogenic and non-embryogenic callus groups, regardless of plant species from which the calluses were derived. In the non-embryogenic callus group, the dendrogram was in agreement with the known taxonomy of the plants. These results indicate that PyMS analysis could be applied for discriminating plant calluses based on embryogenic capacity and taxonomic classification.     

Intraspecific variation in Licuala glabra Griff. (Palmae) in Peninsular Malaysia– a morphometric analysis

We studied vegetative and reproductive characters of 74 herbarium specimens of Licuala glabra Griff. (Palmae) collected from 22 localities throughout Peninsular Malaysia. To test the null hypothesis that there are no distinct groups within the species, cluster analysis (nearest neighbour), principal coordinates and principal components analyses were performed on the set of 43 qualitative and quantitative characters. The results obtained suggested that: (1) there are three infraspeciflc groups within the species, viz., the two published varieties glabra and selangorensis as well as a possible third novel taxon; (2) there is clustering of individuals corresponding to their geographic localities; (3) clusters generated using only reproductive characters indicate a biogeographic distribution of populations correlated with the mountain ranges in the peninsula.     

Fish ecoregions of Kansas: stream fish assemblage patterns and associated environmental correlates

Synopsis Principal components analysis was performed on fish presence/absence data for 39 common fish species from 410 stream sites in Kansas. The analysis confirmed ten ecologically meaningful fish assemblages, based on species associations. Factor scores based on these assemblages were then clustered into six geographic areas or fish ecoregions. Canonical discriminant analysis identified environmental variables that distinguished the derived fish ecoregions. Mean annual runoff, mean annual growing season, and discharge appear most important. Mean width, mean depth, chloride concentration, water temperature, substrate type, gradient, and percent of pool habitat were less important. Correspondence exists between these fish ecoregions and the patterns of physiographic regions, river basins, geology, soil, and potential natural vegetation in Kansas. The multivariate statistical approach used to classify fish ecoregions should have considerable potential value for fish assessment and management purposes in areas other than the state of Kansas.     

Some remarks about the analysis of active control studies

In an active-controlled trial, the experimental treatment can be declared to be non-inferior to the control if the confidence interval for the difference excludes a fixed pre-specified margin. Recently, some articles have discussed an alternative method where the data from the current study and placebo-controlled studies for the active control are combined together into a single test statistic to test whether a fixed fraction of the effect of the active control is preserved. It has been shown that, conditional on nuisance parameters from the active-controlled study, a fixed margin can be defined that will be operationally equivalent to this latter method. In this article, we will discuss statistical properties associated with these approaches. Specifically, the interim monitoring boundaries and level of evidence will be considered.     

Normal Approximations of Exact Tests in Configural Frequency Analysis

The most common tests for types and antitypes in configural frequency analysis are normal approximations of exact tests. In the paper such statistics under the complete independence model and under the fixed margins model are discussed. It turns out that these test statistics are not acceptable when the number of simultaneously performed tests is large or when the expected frequencies are small. In these cases, the use of exact tests is advocated and some existing computer programs for such tests are indicated. A normal approximation based on the strong version of the De Moivre-Laplace limit theorem is also discussed. Empirical examples are given from longitudinal data describing psychological development of boys.     

Phenotypic evaluation of genetic variability and selection of yield contributing traits in chickpea recombinant inbred line population under high temperature stress

Heat is a major abiotic stress that drastically reduces chickpea yield. This study aimed to identify heat-responsive traits to sustain crop productivity by screening a recombinant inbred line (RILs) population at two locations in India (Ludhiana and Faridkot). The RIL population was derived from an inter-specific cross between heat-tolerant genotype GPF 2 (C. arietinum L.) and heat sensitive accession ILWC 292 (C. reticulatum). The pooled analysis of variance showed highly significant differences for all the traits in RILs and most of the traits were significantly affected by heat stress at both locations. High values of genotypic coefficient of variation (19.52–38.53%), phenotypic coefficient of variation (20.29–39.85%), heritability (92.50–93.90%), and genetic advance as a percentage of mean (38.68–76.74%) have been observed for plant height, number of pods per plant, biomass, yield, and hundred seed weight across the heat stress environments. Association studies and principal component analysis showed a significant positive correlation of plant height, number of pods per plant, biomass, hundred seed weight, harvest index, relative leaf water content, and pollen viability with yield under both timely-sown and late-sown conditions. Path analysis revealed that biomass followed by harvest index was the major contributor to yield among the environments. Both step-wise and multiple regression analyses concluded that number of pods per plant, biomass and harvest index consistently showed high level of contribution to the total variation in yield under both timely-sown and late-sown conditions. Thus, the holistic approach of these analyses illustrated that the promising traits provide a framework for developing heat-tolerant cultivars in chickpea.Supplementary InformationThe online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s12298-021-00977-5.     

分子水平的遗传多样性及其测量方法

遗传多样性水平是一项很重要的数据。目前从分子水平量化遗传多样性的方法以等位酶分析、ＲＦＬＰ分析和ＲＡＰＤ分析为代表。遗传变异在基因组中并非随机分布,所以取样方式对分析结果的影响不容忽视。本文叙述了遗传变异的产生和分布,并以此为基础比较了上述３种分析方法的理论与实践。     

凡纳滨对虾各月龄性状的主成分与判别分析

为了研究凡纳滨对虾各性状增长规律和判定最佳生长季节凡纳滨对虾的体格与月龄的关系,选择1～6月龄凡纳滨对虾各1000只,选择全长、体长、第一腹节背高、第三腹节背高、第一腹节背宽、头胸甲长和体重共7个性状,进行主成分与判别分析.结果表明:各月龄凡纳滨对虾性状之间均呈现显著的正相关(P<0.01), 其中以全长与体长的相关性最为明显,1月龄凡纳滨对虾体重与形态性状的相关系数较小.各月龄凡纳滨对虾的主成分有所不同,1～2月龄凡纳滨对虾的第一主成分为长度因子,第二主成分为宽度因子,第三主成分为高度因子;3月龄凡纳滨对虾的第一主成分与1～2月龄凡纳滨对虾一致,但第二主成分为高度因子,第三主成分为体重因子;4～6月龄凡纳滨对虾的第一主成分为体重因子,第二主成分为高度因子,第三主成分为宽度因子.1～3月龄凡纳滨对虾形态性状的增长优先于体重, 4～6月龄凡纳滨对虾体重优先于形态性状的增长.错过最佳生长季节的凡纳滨对虾的与体格大小相符的月龄可通过建立的判别式来判断,总的判别准确率为98.98%,其中2～4月龄凡纳滨对虾的判别准确率为100%.