宁夏枸杞根际土壤线虫群落特征

宁夏枸杞具有很高的药用价值和营养价值,在宁夏大面积种植,带来了巨大的经济效益.研究不同条件下宁夏枸杞根际土壤线虫群落特征,对防止枸杞园土壤退化具有重要意义.以宁夏枸杞之乡——中宁为研究区,系统分析了季节、树龄和土层对枸杞根际土壤线虫数量和生态指数的影响.结果表明: 夏季宁夏枸杞根际土壤线虫数量最多,小杆属和拟丽突属为优势属;春季线虫数量最少,小杆属、针属和盘旋属为优势属;从春季到秋季,线虫稀有属种类和个体密度逐渐减少.随着树龄的增加,夏季根际土壤线虫总数逐渐减少;春季和秋季枸杞根际线虫总数先增加后减少,其中9年树龄根际土壤线虫总数最多.各树龄根际均为食细菌线虫所占比例最大,食真菌线虫和捕食-杂食类线虫比例很小,树龄<3年和>9年时植物寄生线虫比例相对较大.夏季枸杞根际20～40 cm比0～20 cm土壤线虫数量增加49.4%.随着树龄的增加,枸杞根际土壤线虫多样性指数、均匀度指数和丰富度指数均呈减小-增大-减小的趋势,而优势度指数先减小后增大.土壤pH值与土壤线虫优势度指数呈显著正相关;土壤有机质和速效磷与植物寄生线虫分别呈显著正相关和负相关;土壤碱解氮与线虫总数呈显著正相关;速效钾与线虫多个生态指数均呈显著负相关.整体上,随着树龄的增加,春季和秋季土壤线虫数量先增加后减少,夏季土壤线虫数量呈逐渐减少的趋势;线虫多样性下降,土壤逐渐退化.此外,在幼林和树龄>9年后需要抑制土壤植物寄生线虫的繁殖,以减少后期因线虫引起的病害.     

吉林省辽源地区羊肚菌根际土壤真菌多样性及群落组成

为探究羊肚菌Morchella与不同土壤生长环境及土壤理化因子的关系,以吉林省辽源市的野生和栽培两种生境为样地,采集羊肚菌根际土壤样品为材料,通过Illumina MiSeq高通量测序技术,对羊肚菌土壤真菌群落结构和多样性进行研究,同时分析土壤理化因子对其真菌群落多样性及优势菌属的影响.通过Alpha多样性分析发现:与...     

连作对白肋烟根际土壤细菌群落多样性的影响

以种植白肋烟1年、2年和4年的土壤为研究对象,采用末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术分析根际土壤细菌群落的动态变化.结果表明:白肋烟根际土壤细菌群落香农指数和丰富度指数随着种植年限的增加呈现出先增后减的趋势,连作4年后细菌群落的多样性水平显著降低,细菌群落结构较单一.随着种植年限的增加,根际土壤细菌群落与对照的相似性指数逐渐降低.种植年限为1年、2年的土壤和对照土壤中放线菌门放线菌纲是优势类群,种植年限为4年的土壤中放线菌纲所占的比例下降,而厚壁菌门的芽孢杆菌纲成为优势类群.白肋烟连作使根际鞘氨醇单胞菌属和链霉菌属等益生菌数量减少、蜡状芽孢杆菌等潜在致病菌增加,破坏了烟草根际土壤微生物群落的平衡,使其微生态环境恶化.     

大豆不同生育期根际土壤细菌群落结构的变化

为了解大豆根际细菌群落结构多样性及根际细菌群落结构的变化,该研究以大豆苗期和成熟期的根际土壤为材料,采用Illumina高通量测序技术测定细菌16S rRNA V3+V4区序列,探究大豆不同生育期根际土壤细菌群落结构的变化。对原始数据进行拼接、过滤、去除嵌合体序列和聚类分析等数据处理,并对OTU进行分类学注释。在此基础上运用ANOVA分析物种组成变化,Alpha多样性指数研究细菌多样性变化。结果表明:细菌丰富度和多样性在不同生育期有显著变化,其中成熟期土壤中的细菌丰富度和多样性指数均明显高于苗期; 变形菌、放线菌、酸杆菌是大豆根际的优势菌门,其含量在不同生育期也有显著变化; 假诺卡氏菌属、糖丝菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属是大豆根际的优势菌属,这些菌属中的部分菌群属于根际促生菌,具有潜在的促生效应。这些结果证实大豆的生育期对根际土壤细菌群落结构有重要影响。     

施用化肥对黑土地区线虫群落组成及多样性产生的影响

本文针对玉米生长期内施用化肥对东北黑土地区线虫群落组成及多样性产生的影响进行了研究,共获得14科,16属,其中头叶科（Cephalobidae),小杆科（Rhobditidae) ,真滑刃属（Aphelenchus),垫刃属（Tylenchus)为优势科／优势度指数分析比较了施肥和不施肥试验小区土壤线虫群落多样性分布规律,其中Shannon多样性指数和丰富度指数是评价线虫群薄对化肥投入最敏感的指数。     

毛乌素沙地三种植物根际土壤线虫群落和多样性分析

为研究地上部不同植物对地下部生物的影响, 作者于2004年7月在内蒙古鄂尔多斯高原毛乌素沙地对自然分布的3种优势植物油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)、柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)、牛心朴子(Cynanchum komarovii)根际土壤线虫群落进行了调查。共捕获线虫6,098条, 隶属于19科43属, 平均每100 g干土中含有线虫169条, 其中丽突属(Acrobeles)、真滑刃属(Aphelenchus)、盘旋属(Rotylenchus)、矛线属(Dorylaimus)分别为食细菌类线虫、食真菌类线虫、植食性线虫和捕食—杂食类线虫的优势属。研究表明在沙地生态系统中, 3种植物根际土壤线虫群落的多样性、丰富度、均匀度和线虫总数虽然都存在一定的差异, 但不显著; 功能多样性指数中结构指数(SI)存在显著差异, 而通道指数(CI)、富集指数(EI)不存在显著差异; 3种植物对根际土壤线虫群落中各营养类群线虫的比例有显著影响。本实验结果表明, 在干旱生态系统中植物种类的不同对土壤食物网中线虫群落结构和种类组成有一定的影响。     

基于根际与凋落物际评价转Bt水稻对土壤线虫群落的影响

转基因作物在商业化推广前,有必要评价其对非靶标土壤生物的生态影响。根系和凋落物与土壤的界面是代表植物直接影响土壤的两个典型活性微域,即根际和凋落物际。基于室内盆栽实验构建水稻根际和凋落物际,比较了这两个高活性微域中转Bt水稻克螟稻(KMD)与亲本水稻秀水11(XSD)对土壤可利用资源、微生物学性质和线虫群落的影响。结果表明:转Bt水稻对土壤性质的影响依赖于水稻生育期和微域的变化。与XSD相比,KMD在苗期和拔节期显著提高了凋落物际土壤可溶性有机氮含量(P0.05);在苗期显著降低了凋落物际土壤铵态氮含量,但在成熟期显著提高了凋落物际与交互微域土壤的铵态氮含量(P0.05)。与亲本水稻相比,转Bt水稻分别在苗期和成熟期显著提高了凋落物际土壤微生物生物量碳和活性,而在拔节期和成熟期显著降低了根际土壤微生物生物量氮含量(P0.05)。微域间的交互作用显著影响土壤微生物生物量、可溶性有机碳和氮、线虫总数和各食性线虫的数量(P0.05)。转Bt水稻总体上降低了土壤线虫总数,尤其在苗期和拔节期的凋落物际土壤中达到显著水平。重复测量方差分析表明转Bt水稻显著影响土壤食细菌(P0.01)和食真菌(P0.05)线虫数量,及线虫群落的通道指数和富集指数。水稻收获后KMD秸秆的Bt蛋白含量显著高于亲本,全部KMD处理的土壤样品中Bt蛋白含量无显著变化,因而转Bt水稻对土壤生物学性质的影响可能并非来源于Bt蛋白的作用,而更可能来自于水稻生长性状和凋落物性质的差异。     

茶园根际土壤细菌群落结构及多样性

【背景】茶园根际土壤的细菌群落结构与茶园生境土壤营养循环密切相关,其组成及多样性可以作为健康茶园的一个生物指标。【方法】采用PCR．变性梯度凝胶电泳（PCR—DGGE）分子指纹图谱技术,检测安溪铁观音种植区不同海拔茶园根际土壤样本的细菌群落结构,利用Shannon．Wiener多样性指数分析其多样性,采用非加权组平均法进行聚类分析得到其分布特征,利用蒙特卡罗检验和冗余分析分别揭示影响细菌群落分布的环境因子及细菌群落分布和环境变量之间的关系。【结果】茶园根际土壤细菌的DGGE结果显示,检测到的14种主要细菌中有11种细菌是不可培养的,3种细菌是可培养的,分别属于根瘤菌属、中华根瘤菌属和苍白杆菌属。聚类分析得到,同一海拔梯度茶园根际土壤细菌群落结构相似。Shan-non—Wiener多样性指数分析表明,400m海拔处茶园根际土壤细菌群落多样性最高。蒙特卡罗检验分析得到环境因子协同作用对茶园根际土壤细菌群落结构贡献率为59．6％。冗余分析显示,茶园根际土壤细菌群落结构与海拔密切相关。【结论与意义】茶园根际土壤细菌群落结构分布与海拔梯度密切相关,考虑不同海拔高度土壤细菌群落对茶园营养循环的影响,在铁观音的健康栽培和管理过程中具有重要意义。     

连作对芝麻根际土壤微生物群落的影响

采用稀释平板计数法研究了不同连作年限处理芝麻根际土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、芽孢杆菌、尖孢镰刀菌(FO)和青枯劳尔氏菌(RS)数量的变化情况。结果表明,随着连作年限的增加,芝麻根际土壤中细菌和放线菌的数量下降,而真菌的数量则呈上升趋势。新种芝麻地根际土壤芽孢杆菌数量显著高于连作2a处理和连作5a处理,而连作2a处理又显著高于连作5a处理;连作5a芝麻根际土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量显著高于新种地、轮作1a和连作2a等3个处理;轮作1a、连作2a及连作5a等3个处理青枯劳尔氏菌数量显著高于新种地处理。说明连作导致土壤微生物环境恶化,引起根际微生物区系结构发生定向改变。连作2a与轮作1a相比,各菌群(类群)数量差异均不显著。     

玉米和大豆根际土壤性质的动态变化

 采用根垫模拟装置制备根际土壤,并改变根垫与土壤接触时间以研究植物生长不同时期根际土壤性质的动态变化。研究结果表明,植物生长不同时期根际土壤性质变化有明显差异：植物生长前期,根际土壤水溶性有机碳(DOC)含量急剧增加,20 d后逐渐下降;pH值也是先升后降,但最高值出现在40～60 d前后。在研究的100 d内,氧化还原电位(Eh)始终呈下降趋势,而微生物量则持续上升。玉米(Zea mays L.)和大豆(Glycine max Merr.)根际土壤性质变化趋势基本一致,但玉米根际土壤变化幅度显著高于大豆     

Effect of slow-release urea on soil nematode community structure in a Chinese soybean field

The effect of slow-release urea on soil nematode community structure was investigated in a soybean field in northeast China. Three treatments, no urea (CK), conventional urea (U) and slow-release urea (SRU), were arranged in a completely random design. The results show that the abundance of total nematodes was significantly higher in SRU than in CK and U. Significant differences in the abundance of bacterivores with colonizer-persister (cp) values 2–3, fungivores with cp 2 and herbivores with cp 3 were found among different treatments. Forty-one genera were identified, of which Acrobeloides, Aphelenchus and Heterodera were dominant. Soil nematode guilds and genera exhibited different responses to slow-release urea. The most trophic groups and genera had greater abundances in SRU than in CK and U. Slow-release urea had a positive effect on soil nematode community structure.     

Effect of slow-release urea on soil nematode community structure in a Chinese soybean field

The effect of slow-release urea on soil nematode community structure was investigated in a soybean field in northeast China.Three treatments,no urea (CK),conventional urea (U) and slow-release urea (SRU),were arranged in a completely random design.The results show that the abundance of total nematodes was significantly higher in SRU than in CK and U.Significant differences in the abundance of bacterivores with colonizer-persister (cp) values 2-3,fungivores with cp 2 and herbivores with cp 3 were found among different treatments.Forty-one genera were identified,of which Acrobeloides,Aphelenchus and Heterodera were dominant.Soil nematode guilds and genera exhibited different responses to slow-release urea.The most trophic groups and genera had greater abundances in SRU than in CK and U.Slow-release urea had a positive effect on soil nematode community structure.     

Microbial community composition and functional diversity in the rhizosphere of maize

This study investigates the small-scale stratification of bacterial community composition and functional diversity in the rhizosphere of maize. Maize seedlings were grown in a microcosm with a horizontal mesh (53 M) creating a planar root mat and rhizosphere soil. An unplanted microcosm served as control. Thin slices of soil were cut at different distances from the mesh surface (0.2–5.0 mm) and analysed for bacterial community composition by PCR-DGGE (polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) of 16S rDNA and tested for activities of different enzymes involved in C, N, P and S cycling. Bacterial community composition and microbial functional diversity were affected by the presence of the maize roots. The bacterial composition showed a clear gradient up to 2.2 mm from the root surface, while no such gradient was observed in the unplanted pot. Invertase and phosphatase activities were higher in the close vicinity of maize roots (0.2–0.8 mm), whereas xylanase activity was unaffected. This study shows that the changes in bacterial community composition and functional diversity induced by roots may extend several millimetres into the soil.     

转基因棉花种植对根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响

应用Biolog方法对两种转基因棉花及其亲本非转基因棉花根际土壤微生物的单一碳源利用水平进行了比较分析,探讨转基因棉花种植对其根际土壤微生物群落功能多样性的影响.结果表明：与非转基因亲本相比,在苗期、蕾期、吐絮期、衰老期转基因棉花种植对根际土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力、Shannon功能多样性指数和均匀度指数的影响均不显著,而在花铃期根际土壤微生物群落碳源利用能力和Shannon功能多样性指数显著降低.主成分分析表明,花铃期转基因棉花与非转基因棉花根际土壤微生物碳源利用在两主成分轴上的分异较大,碳源利用模式差异显著.     

大庆盐碱地九种植物根际土壤微生物群落结构及功能多样性

盐碱土是陆地表面生态脆弱区域。它与荒漠化过程相伴而生,不但造成了资源的破坏、农业生产的巨大损失,而且还对生物圈和生态环境构成威胁。研究盐碱地植物根际土壤微生物群落的多样性,对于盐碱土壤的植被恢复和生态重建具有重要意义。运用PCR-DGGE技术和Biolog微平板法,对大庆盐碱地9种不同植物根际土壤微生物结构和功能的多样性进行了分析。结果表明,不同植物根际土壤微生物组成不同,同一科的植物具有相似的微生物组成。对11个克隆进行了序列测定,发现这一地区植物根际优势微生物菌群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)。利用Biolog微平板法分析了微生物群落功能多样性。结果表明,不同植物根际土壤细菌群落对底物碳源的代谢特征存在着一定的差异,其中豆科的野大豆根际土壤细菌对底物碳源的代谢能力最强。     

Response of soil nematode communities to long-term application of inorganic fertilizers in the black soil of Northeast China

The effects of inorganic fertilizers on soil nematode communities were studied in a long-term fertilization experimental field in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China, where no fertilizer (CK), N fertilizer (N), combined application of N and P (NP), combined application of N and K (NK), and combined application of N, P and K (NPK) were compared. The results showed that the total nematode abundance was not affected significantly by inorganic fertilizers in the long-term field experiment. The numbers of bacterivores increased significantly in the NP treatment compared to the CK treatment, and those of fungivores and plant-parasites were inhibited in the NPK treatment. The similarity between CK and NPK treatment and the nematode diversity were higher than in other treatments. The stability of the soil ecosystem was disturbed by the inorganic fertilizers, as indicated by the change in MI values under different treatments. The response of soil nematodes mainly depended on the types of inorganic fertilizers applied.     

Response of soil nematode communities to long-term application of inorganic fertilizers in the black soil of Northeast China

The effects of inorganic fertilizers on soil nematode communities were studied in a long-term fertilization experimental field in the Black Soil Region of Northeast China,where no fertilizer (CK),N fertilizer (N),combined application of N and P (NP),combined application of N and K (NK),and combined application of N,P and K (NPK) were compared.The results showed that the total nematode abundance was not affected significantly by inorganic fertilizers in the long-term field experiment.The numbers of bacterivores increased significantly in the NP treatment compared to the CK treatment,and those of fungivores and plant-parasites were inhibited in the NPK treatment.The similarity between CK and NPK treatment and the nematode diversity were higher than in other treatments.The stability of the soil ecosystem was disturbed by the inorganic fertilizers,as indicated by the change in MI values under different treatments.The response of soil nematodes mainly depended on the types of inorganic fertilizers applied.     

望天树人工林根际土壤理化性质及微生物群落特征

以望天树纯林(WC)、望天树×降香黄檀(WJ)和望天树×尾巨桉(WA)混交林为研究对象,对比分析不同林分中望天树根际土壤理化性质,并利用Biolog-Eco微平板法和磷脂脂肪酸(PLFA)甲酯法研究根际微生物群落特征,探讨不同混交树种对望天树根际土壤微生态环境的改善作用。结果表明: 3种林分望天树根际土壤含水量、pH值、有机质、全氮、全钾含量及蔗糖酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性均表现为WA显著高于WC和WJ,而WC和WJ差异不显著;硝态氮、铵态氮、速效钾含量表现为WA和WJ差异不显著,二者均显著高于WC;全磷和速效磷含量表现为WJ>WA>WC,林分间差异显著。3种林分望天树根际土壤微生物平均颜色变化率(AWCD) 、Shannon指数、Simpson指数和McIntosh指数及6类碳源底物利用情况均表现为WA>WJ>WC;主成分分析表明,碳水化合物类、氨基酸类和酚酸类化合物是望天树人工林根际土壤微生物主要利用的碳源。3种林分望天树根际土壤微生物总PLFA及细菌、真菌、放线菌的PLFA含量均表现为WA>WJ>WC。相关性分析表明,土壤理化性质(包括含水量、pH值、有机质、全氮、全钾、硝态氮、铵态氮、速效钾含量及蔗糖酶、脲酶和酸性磷酸酶活性)与微生物特征(即代谢活性、功能多样性指数及PLFA含量)均存在显著正相关关系。从土壤理化性质及微生物群落功能和结构特征分析来看,3种林分中望天树×尾巨桉是最有利于改善望天树幼树期根际土壤微生态环境、提高土壤可利用养分的混交模式。     

基于高通量测序分析大豆和油菜根际微生物群落结构的差异

根肿病是由芸薹根肿菌侵染引起的专性寄生性土传病害,严重制约着油菜等十字花科作物的可持续生产.前期研究发现,大豆作为前茬作物可以显著降低后茬油菜根肿病的发生和危害,"豆-油轮作"模式是一种值得探索和应用的根肿病防治新途径.为了解开大豆作为前茬防治根肿病发生的机理,本研究基于扩增子测序技术探究大豆与油菜根际土壤微生物的群落结构差异.结果表明:大豆和油菜根际土壤微生物类群在门水平的优势类群相同,包括变形菌门、拟杆菌门、酸杆菌门、放线菌门、子囊菌门、接合菌门、担子菌门和壶菌门等丰度都较高.但相比于油菜根际土壤,大豆根际土壤富含具有生防作用和促进植物生长的微生物,如黄杆菌属、鞘脂单胞菌属、芽孢杆菌属、链霉菌属、假单胞菌属、木霉属和盾壳霉属等;而一些植物病原细菌(如肠杆菌、黄单胞菌)和真菌(炭疽菌和尾孢菌)含量则低于油菜根际土壤;另外,大豆根际土壤中还富含具有固氮功能的根瘤菌属、慢生根瘤菌属和丛枝菌根真菌(如球囊霉属).可见,大豆根际土壤利于有益微生物生长并可抑制病原菌繁殖.大豆和油菜根际微生物组差异为大豆-油菜轮作防治根肿病提供了理论依据,并为根肿病的防治提供了一些潜在的生物防治资源.     

NH+4-N和NO-3-N肥对大棚黄瓜根际土线虫群落组成及其多样性影响

研究了两种形态氮肥,硝态氮(NO-3-N)和铵态氮(NH+4-N),对大棚黄瓜整个生长期内土壤线虫的群落组成及其多样性的影响差异.结果表明:在黄瓜的整个生育期内,NO-3-N和NH+4-N抑制了土壤线虫总量.在黄瓜各生长阶段,土壤线虫总量在NO-3-N和NH+4-N处理下,均无显著性差异.两种形态氮肥处理后,垫刃属和伪垫刃属仍为优势属,而小杆科从常见科变为优势科,其平均相对丰度为NO-3-N处理高于NH+4-N处理.土壤线虫群落中各营养类群较稳定,但植物寄生线虫与非植物寄生线虫出现频率的变化趋势相反.NO-3-N和NH+4-N处理后,植物寄生线虫出现频率的变化趋势由高到低;非植物寄生线虫出现频率的变化趋势则都是由低到高.在度量土壤线虫群落多样性的指标中,多样性指数(H′)、丰富度指数(SR)较好地反映了不同形态氮肥的施用对大棚黄瓜土壤线虫多样性的影响.与NH+4-N处理相比,NO-3-N更有利于提高土壤线虫的多样性和稳定性.