喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶林木本植物功能性状变异及其适应策略

叶片功能性状能反映植物对环境的高度适应能力和复杂生境下的自我调控能力,同时也能反映植物的基本特征和对资源的有效利用率。以木论国家级自然保护区喀斯特常绿落叶阔叶林144种优势木本植物为研究对象,测定其叶厚(LT)、叶面积(LA)、比叶面积(SLA)、叶长宽比(L/W)、叶组织密度(LTD)叶片形态性状和12种叶元素性状特征及变异程度,并探讨植物对喀斯特生境的适应策略。结果表明：17个性状变异程度不同,其中叶面积变异系数最大,达到133.31%,叶片碳变异系数最小,为7.73%,叶元素变异程度普遍高于叶形态性状变异程度。不同叶习性物种间叶厚、比叶面积、叶长宽比、叶氮含量性状差异达到显著水平。部分叶性状呈显著相关,得到一系列最佳功能性状组合,体现植物对喀斯特地区特殊生境的适应性。沿着性状贡献率较高的PC1轴,能够定义出叶经济谱,大部分常绿植物采取经济保守策略,而大部分落叶植物则聚集在资源获取的一侧。相较于邻近非喀斯特地区,喀斯特地区植物有较小的LA、SLA。这些结果体现了喀斯特地区植物叶片形成的不同叶性状特征,以及分布于经济谱两端的常绿和落叶植物的不同资源获取策略,揭示了植物对生境的适应策略...     

漓江河岸带植物功能性状变异与关联

研究植物功能性状随环境梯度的变异和关联格局,对于认识不同环境梯度下群落构建和植物适应型具有重要意义。该研究以漓江河岸带不同河段植物群落为研究对象,调查了研究区内36个样方的物种组成,测量了样方内42种木本植物的叶面积(LA)、比叶面积(SLA)和木材密度(WD)的功能性状值,并运用性状梯度分析法对3个功能性状进行群落内(α组分)和群落间(β组分)组分分解及相关性分析。结果表明:(1)群落平均LA表现为中游最小且和下游差异显著,群落平均WD则表现为中上游显著高于下游,群落平均SLA在两两河段间均差异显著。(2)不同河段的3个植物功能性状β组分差异显著且实际观测值均小于随机模拟的零模型分布,但α组分在河岸带不同河段均差异不显著且3个功能性状的α组分分布范围均小于β组分,说明在河岸带不同河段的群落构建过程中环境筛选的作用要大于群落内种间的相互作用。(3)性状SLA与LA在群落间和群落内呈现出实际观测和随机模拟的相关性均较低,暗示了LA和SLA各自代表了植物在不同生态策略上的维度;但SLA和WD实际观测值和随机模拟值呈现出较强的负相关关系,暗示这2个性状对于环境筛选表现出较高的整体趋同适应性,体现了植物功能性状对群落间环境变异的依赖性大于群落内种间相互作用的依赖性。     

粤东89种常见植物叶功能性状变异特征

叶功能性状体现了植物为获得最大化碳收获所采取的生存适应策略。本文研究了粤东89种常见植物叶功能性状包括叶面积(LA)、比叶面积(SLA)、叶干物质含量(LDMC)、叶氮含量(LNC)的变异特征及其与科类群、生活史属性和生境的关系。89种植物的LA、SLA、LDMC、LNC平均值分别为20.59 cm2、300.149 cm2·g-1、0.2213 g·g-1、2.55%;变异幅度依次是:LA(145.06%)SLA(97.21%)LDMC(36.40%)LNC(27%)。LMDC与SLA呈极显著负相关关系(P0.001)。不同科类群间SLA、LDMC差异显著(P0.05),禾本科植物LDMC最大(0.359 g·g-1)、SLA最小(163.749 cm2·g-1),伞形科植物LDMC最小(0.136 g·g-1)、SLA最大(1091.42 cm2·g-1);藤本和灌木LA显著大于草本植物(P0.01);科类群能解释LA、SLA、LDMC和LNC变异的26.3%、30.2%、40.9%和13.8%,其次是植物高度和生活型;科类群、植物高度和生活型三者交互作用能解释LA、SLA、LDMC、LNC变异的82.5%、80.9%、79.4%和56.7%;植物分布区、原产地及生境对叶性状均无显著影响(P0.05)。粤东89种植物叶性状的种间变异主要受物种系统发育史和生活史特征的影响。     

桂林岩溶石山青冈群落植物功能性状的种间和种内变异研究

研究植物功能性状的种间和种内变异,有助于揭示植物对环境的适应策略及其群落构建机制研究。以桂林岩溶石山青冈群落主要木本植物为研究对象,选取叶干物质含量（LDMC）、叶厚度（LT）、比叶面积（SLA）和木材密度（WD）4个功能性状,采用混合线性模型结合方差分解方法对其在种内和种间尺度的变异程度和相对贡献进行分析,同时运用零模型方法探讨驱动岩溶石山青冈群落构建的潜在机制。结果表明：（1） LDMC,LT,SLA和WD这4个性状在种内和种间水平上均存在不同程度的变异幅度,种间变异大于种内变异,但种内变异亦不容忽略。（2）零模型检验表明,将种内变异纳入考虑的环境过滤检测得到改善,基于个体性状值的尺度考虑群落构建机制研究是必要的。（3）对于桂林岩溶石山青冈群落,环境过滤作用确实是群落构建的重要驱动机制,与相似性限制作用和随机作用共同塑造了以青冈为优势物种的群落构建。     

桂林岩溶石山青冈群落主要木本植物功能性状变异与关联

研究植物功能性状变异以及不同性状之间的关系, 有助于了解植物对环境的适应策略, 对揭示群落构建和生物多样性维持机制具有重要意义。本研究以桂林岩溶石山青冈群落18种主要木本植物为研究对象, 采用单因素方差分析、混合线性模型以及Pearson相关分析和主成分分析等方法探讨了不同生长型和生活型物种的9个枝、叶功能性状(叶绿素含量、叶片厚度、叶面积、叶干质量、比叶面积、叶干物质含量、叶组织密度、小枝干物质含量和小枝组织密度)的变异与关联。结果表明: (1) 9个功能性状的变异程度不同, 叶面积和叶干质量的种内和种间变异系数最大, 小枝干物质含量和小枝组织密度的种内和种间变异系数最小。(2)在生长型水平上, 乔木、灌木和木质藤本的绝大部分功能性状差异显著。(3)对于不同生活型植物, 除叶面积和比叶面积为落叶植物显著大于常绿植物外, 其余7个功能性状皆为常绿植物显著大于落叶植物。(4)不同生长型和生活型植物功能性状的种内和种间变异大小存在差异, 除部分植物功能性状在一些功能型上表现为种内变异高于种间变异, 其余功能性状的种间变异皆高于种内变异。(5)各功能性状之间关系在个体水平和物种水平大致相同, 但是个体水平上的显著相关比例高于物种水平。研究发现, 植物功能性状的种间变异基本高于种内变异, 但种内变异不容忽略。此外, 不同生长型和生活型物种采取不同的生态策略来适应喀斯特生境。今后的研究应基于个体水平采样并结合环境因子从生长型和生活型等不同功能型角度上深入探究植物功能性状在种内和种间等不同尺度上的变异与关联。     

Variation and correlation in functional traits of main woody plants in the Cyclobalanopsis glauca community in the karst hills of Guilin,southwest China

研究植物功能性状变异以及不同性状之间的关系, 有助于了解植物对环境的适应策略, 对揭示群落构建和生物多样性维持机制具有重要意义。本研究以桂林岩溶石山青冈群落18种主要木本植物为研究对象, 采用单因素方差分析、混合线性模型以及Pearson相关分析和主成分分析等方法探讨了不同生长型和生活型物种的9个枝、叶功能性状(叶绿素含量、叶片厚度、叶面积、叶干质量、比叶面积、叶干物质含量、叶组织密度、小枝干物质含量和小枝组织密度)的变异与关联。结果表明: (1) 9个功能性状的变异程度不同, 叶面积和叶干质量的种内和种间变异系数最大, 小枝干物质含量和小枝组织密度的种内和种间变异系数最小。(2)在生长型水平上, 乔木、灌木和木质藤本的绝大部分功能性状差异显著。(3)对于不同生活型植物, 除叶面积和比叶面积为落叶植物显著大于常绿植物外, 其余7个功能性状皆为常绿植物显著大于落叶植物。(4)不同生长型和生活型植物功能性状的种内和种间变异大小存在差异, 除部分植物功能性状在一些功能型上表现为种内变异高于种间变异, 其余功能性状的种间变异皆高于种内变异。(5)各功能性状之间关系在个体水平和物种水平大致相同, 但是个体水平上的显著相关比例高于物种水平。研究发现, 植物功能性状的种间变异基本高于种内变异, 但种内变异不容忽略。此外, 不同生长型和生活型物种采取不同的生态策略来适应喀斯特生境。今后的研究应基于个体水平采样并结合环境因子从生长型和生活型等不同功能型角度上深入探究植物功能性状在种内和种间等不同尺度上的变异与关联。     

黔中喀斯特木本植物功能性状变异及其适应策略

性状变异反映了植物的生活史对策。该研究以贵州普定县天龙山10种木本植物为对象, 通过分析枝叶和根系9个功能性状的种间与种内变异, 揭示植物对喀斯特生境的适应策略。结果表明: (1) 9个性状变异程度不同, 细根组织密度的种间和种内变异系数最大, 分别达96.47%和51.44%, 小枝干物质含量的种间与种内变异最小, 分别为11.67%和6.83%。(2)种间水平的细根组织密度在不同物种中没有显著的差异, 比根长、叶厚度、叶面积、比叶面积、叶干物质含量、叶组织密度、小枝干物质含量和小枝组织密度均表现出显著的差异。在种内, 比叶面积差异显著, 其他性状差异不显著。(3)绝大多数叶和枝性状间显著相关, 比根长与比叶面积显著负相关, 其他根系性状与枝叶性状相关性不显著。总之, 与同纬度非喀斯特地区植物相比, 普定喀斯特地区植物具有较小的叶面积和比根长度, 较大的叶干物质含量、叶组织密度等一系列有利于减小蒸腾和储存养分的功能性状组合, 这可能是其适应干旱贫瘠的喀斯特环境的主要生态策略。     

Variations of plant functional traits and adaptive strategy of woody species in a karst forest of central Guizhou Province,southwestern China

性状变异反映了植物的生活史对策。该研究以贵州普定县天龙山10种木本植物为对象, 通过分析枝叶和根系9个功能性状的种间与种内变异, 揭示植物对喀斯特生境的适应策略。结果表明: (1) 9个性状变异程度不同, 细根组织密度的种间和种内变异系数最大, 分别达96.47%和51.44%, 小枝干物质含量的种间与种内变异最小, 分别为11.67%和6.83%。(2)种间水平的细根组织密度在不同物种中没有显著的差异, 比根长、叶厚度、叶面积、比叶面积、叶干物质含量、叶组织密度、小枝干物质含量和小枝组织密度均表现出显著的差异。在种内, 比叶面积差异显著, 其他性状差异不显著。(3)绝大多数叶和枝性状间显著相关, 比根长与比叶面积显著负相关, 其他根系性状与枝叶性状相关性不显著。总之, 与同纬度非喀斯特地区植物相比, 普定喀斯特地区植物具有较小的叶面积和比根长度, 较大的叶干物质含量、叶组织密度等一系列有利于减小蒸腾和储存养分的功能性状组合, 这可能是其适应干旱贫瘠的喀斯特环境的主要生态策略。     

胡杨叶功能性状特征及其对地下水埋深的响应

叶片性状反映了植物对环境的适应能力及其自我调控能力。以塔里木干旱荒漠区建群种胡杨（Populus euphratica）为研究对象,通过分析自然生长状况下胡杨叶功能性状对地下水埋深（GWD）的响应及功能性状间的权衡关系,揭示胡杨对极端干旱荒漠环境的生态适应策略。结果表明：胡杨7个叶功能性状种内变异程度不同（9.20%-40.02%）,叶面积（LA）变异程度最大,叶干物质含量（LDMC）与叶片含水量（LWC）变异程度较低,GWD梯度上表现出较大的分化变异特征。叶性状在不同GWD之间差异显著（P<0.05）,与GWD呈极显著相关（P<0.01）。比叶面积（SLA）、LA、LWC与叶干重（LDM）呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,与叶厚度（LT）、叶组织密度（LTD）、LDMC呈极显著的负相关（P<0.01）;LDMC与LT、LTD,LWC与LA、SLA呈极显著正相关（P<0.01）,反映胡杨通过叶性状间的相互调节与权衡来适应干旱荒漠环境。逐步回归分析表明LA、LT对GWD变化最敏感,可间接借助这2个性状来预测干旱荒漠区地下水埋深变化。随GWD降低,胡杨SLA、LA、LDM、LWC减小,而LT、LTD、LDMC增大,其由高生长速率、资源利用能力的开拓型策略转变为以增强自身养分储存、防御能力的保守型策略,拓宽了生态幅和增强其在干旱逆境的适合度。可见,极端干旱荒漠区胡杨形成了小的LA、SLA、LDM,大的LT、LDMC、LTD等一系列有利于减少水分散失、储存养分和增强耐旱能力的干旱性状组合,这可能是其适应干旱贫瘠环境的生态策略。     

亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林植物功能性状的种间和种内变异

不同物种间的功能性状差异是自然生态系统中物种共存的基础, 而物种内个体间的性状变异对物种的共存和分布同样具有重要作用。本文以湖北星斗山自然保护区亚热带常绿落叶阔叶混交林内28种主要树种(通过物种多度排序获得, 其中常绿和落叶树种各14种)为研究对象, 探讨不同叶习性树种的4种功能性状(比叶面积、叶干物质含量、叶面积和比茎密度)在种间和种内的差异程度。结果表明: (1)常绿和落叶树种在4种功能性状上均存在显著差异, 常绿树种的比叶面积和叶面积显著低于落叶树种, 但叶干物质含量和比茎密度则显著高于落叶树种; (2)比叶面积的变化主要来源于叶习性(57.49%), 叶面积变化主要来源于种间(66.80%)和种内变异(27.52%), 叶干物质含量的变化主要来源于种间(38.12%)和种内(33.88%)变异, 但比茎密度的变化主要来源于种内变异(51.50%), 其次为种间变异(32.52%); (3)常绿和落叶树种种间水平的性状相关性可能掩盖各功能性状之间的相关性。种内变异能够显著影响群落间的植物功能性状差异, 但不同功能性状的种内变异程度存在差异。     

Changes in the composition of the auditory bulla in southern Solomon Islands populations of the grey cuscus, Phalanger orientalis breviceps (Marsupialia, Phalangeridae)

The auditory bulla is a much-scrutinized taxonomic character of mammals, which is generally regarded as showing a high degree of structural consistency within higher taxa. Observations of bulla variability in populations of the marsupial Phalanger orientalis from the Solomon Islands demonstrate considerable flexibility in bulla makeup, with variable incorporation of the squamosal into the tympanic floor. Studies of the ontogeny of the bulla in Phalanger show the presence of three ossification centres, including an entotympanic. Squamosal invasion of one of these ossificiation centres is seen as a possible result of inbreeding, arising from the mode of colonization of the Solomon Islands by this species. This suggests that, under certain conditions, considerable morphological plasticity may be induced within the selective constraints of bulla function.     

Seasonal and spatial variance of seed bank species composition in an oligotrophic wet meadow

Seasonal and small-scale spatial variation of the seed bank in an oligotrophic wet meadow (Molinion) was assessed by two methods: (1) direct determination of seeds extracted from soil samples (6 cm in diameter, 10 cm depth) and (2) germination of seeds according to Ter Heerdt et al. [1996. An improved method for seed bank analysis: seedling emergence after removing the soil by sieving. Funct. Ecol. 10, 144–151]. Samples were taken three times during the year (July and November 2001, March 2002) from three distinct microhabitats (moss layer, gaps, Molinia caerulea tussocks). Using the extraction method, more seeds were found in the upper 0–3 cm soil layer than in the deeper 3–7 cm layer, significant differences in the number of seeds were found among microhabitats (with the lowest seed bank densities in Molinia tussocks). The highest number of seeds was found in the spring census, but the test was not significant (P<0.10). However, seasonal variation was found when damaged seeds were included in the analysis. Changes in damaged/undamaged and light/heavy seed ratios, and in numbers of grass/herbs/sedges seeds are also discussed. The spatial distribution of seeds is probably influenced to a great degree by abiotic factors, such as microtopography (round and heavy seeds of sedges prevail in gaps and in deeper soil layers). The species composition of the seed bank varied among microhabitats, depth, and throughout the year. No differences were found by the seed germination method.     

Variability in singel spore isolates of Fusarium udum Butler

Eleven single spore isolates of Fusarium udum, isolated from different pigeonpea growing regions in India, differed in their cultural and morphological characters with marked diversity in virulence towards susceptible variety T-21.     

利用遥感信息研究西藏地区主要植被年内和年际变化规律

利用1982～2000年NOAA-AVHRR月合成NDVI遥感资料和相关气象台站数据对我国西藏地区的稀疏草地、浓密草地和Tebit森林等主要植被的变化进行了初探。利用月合成NDVI的多年平均值分析了植被指数年内季节性变化规律及其与气候因子的关系,利用多年月合成NDVI的标准差描述了NDVI年际间波动情况。结果表明,在西藏地区,浓密草地和Tebit森林的NDVI植被指数年内变化规律呈明显的季节性,而稀疏草地则不明显;在年际变化方面,浓密草地月合成NDVI值波动幅度最大,Tebit森林次之,稀疏草地最小,且波动幅度较大的月份集中在NDVI值较高的植被生长季节6～10月份。     

Among-habitat and Temporal Variability of Selected Macroinvertebrate Based Metrics in a Mediterranean Shallow Lake (NW Spain)

According to the European Water Framework Directive, waterbodies have to be classified on the basis of their ecological status using biological quality elements, such as macroinvertebrates. This needs to take into consideration the influence of natural variation (both spatial and temporal) of reference biological communities as this may obscure the effects caused by anthropogenic disturbance. We studied the influence of among-habitat and temporal (seasonal and interannual) changes on the macroinvertebrate communities of an Iberian shallow lake and the variability of 21 measures potentially useful for bioindication purposes. Two series of data were examined: (a) macroinvertebrate samples taken on four occasions over an annual cycle were used to assess the effects of seasonality and among-habitat variability; (b) macroinvertebrate samples collected in three consecutive summers were used to assess interannual variability. Coefficients of variation, expressed as percentage, were used to quantify the effect of among-habitat and temporal variability on the selected metrics. According to our results, % Insecta, Shannon–Wiener diversity index and the qualitative taxonomic metrics (measures based on number of taxa) were robust in terms of temporal (seasonal and interannual) and among-habitat variability. Abundance ratio and some metrics based on functional feeding groups were highly variable. Therefore, qualitative taxonomic metrics may be promising tools in biomonitoring programs of Mediterranean shallow lakes due to their comparatively low variability.     

Assessment of trends in predation pressure on insects across temperate forest microhabitats

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Variation in the Behavior of the Amphipod Gammarus pulex

Variation in the locomotion behavior of Gammarus pulex was studied using the Multispecies Freshwater Biomonitor®. Behavior was recorded individually under a 12:12 h light:dark cycle for a period of 7 d during which the amphipods were not fed. Gammarids behaved differently during the first 7 h in the laboratory chambers. Most specimens were active and decreased their activity but some were relatively inactive after the start of the experiment and increased their locomotion. At least 2 h are needed by G. pulex to accustom to the conditions. No significant relationships existed between type of behavior during the acclimation period or acclimation time and gender or length of the gammarids. There was a large variation in time spent on locomotion during the first night. In general, males were significantly more active than females. Within males, a distinction can be made between very active and less active specimens. The 7-d observation period showed that only 70% of the specimens demonstrated a clear day–night rhythm with higher activity during the night. Unexpectedly, approximately 10% of the specimens were more active during daytime. Furthermore, in this study locomotion became relatively stable only after 4 d. Inter-individual variation in behavior must be taken into account when using behavior as an endpoint in ecotoxicological bioassays.     

流感病毒抗原性变异研究进展

简要概述了流感病毒的结构特征和HA1区的功能,并着重介绍了国内外有关流感病毒HA基因抗原变异性学说及其研究进展.     

On the re-calibration process in radiochromic film dosimetry

PurposeThe accuracy and precision of the dose estimates obtained with radiochromic film dosimetry are investigated in a clinical environment. The improvement in the accuracy of dose estimates reached with corrective methods is analyzed. Two novel re-calibration algorithms for radiochromic film dosimetry are presented.MethodsTwo different EBT3 lots are evaluated in two different centres. They are calibrated in Varian linacs and read in two different EPSON scaners. Once the lots are calibrated, three films per lot are considered and divided into stripes that are exposed to known doses. Several dosimetry protocols usually employed in radiochromic film dosimetry are used to convert film responses to absorbed doses. These protocols are characterized by different choices of the film responses or different sensitometric curves. Finally, the accuracy and reproducibility of the dose estimates is investigated with and without the corrective methods.Results and ConclusionsThe variabilities that affect radiochromic film dosimetry, such as intra-lot variability, inter-scan variability, post-exposure time and film autodevelopment may give rise to inaccuracies in the dose estimates. However, the implementation of re-calibration methods leads to more accurate dose estimates. All the investigated protocols showed more accurate and reproducible results when the re-calibrated methods were employed. So, the novel re-calibration methods may be applied in order to improve the accuracy and reproducibility of radiochromic film dosimetry.