西辽河河岸草本植物物种特征及其与环境因子的关系

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基于生物多样性保护的河岸带植被管理对策--以长白山二道白河为例

以生物多样性十分丰富的长白山二道白河上游河岸带为研究对象,在分析河岸带植被管理对生物多样性保护的重要作用的基础上,提出了河岸带及其植被的科学管理对策,为河岸带的生物多样性保护提供理论模式,对河岸带开发利用过程中生态保护的有效实施提供借鉴。     

滦河流域河岸带入侵植物分布特征及其与环境的关系

根据滦河流域河岸带56个样点的植被调查,研究入侵植物种类,其组成特征、空间分布,及其与环境因子的关系.结果表明: 滦河流域河岸带共记录入侵植物26种,属12科19属,其中菊科和苋科植物为优势科,占入侵植物总数的50%,一年生植物占总数的73.1%,反枝苋、大狼杷草、小藜是出现频数最高的3种植物;样点的入侵种数、入侵强度与海拔呈显著负相关;人类活动强度对入侵植物分布有显著影响,人口密集、交通便利、人类活动频繁的平原区,水库众多的浅山区,以及中游段旅游业发达的承德市周边山区是入侵植物集中分布的区域;人口分布较稀的高原地区只出现几种宽生态幅的入侵物种.总体上,滦河流域河岸带入侵等级高的植物主要分布在400 m以下的中低海拔地区,除反枝苋外,其他高等级入侵物种尚未扩散进入高海拔地区.     

河岸植被缓冲带主要生态服务功能研究的现状与展望

河岸植被缓冲带是河流生态系统和陆地生态系统之间的生态交错带,具有独特的生态系统结构和服务功能,也是近年来生态学和环境科学研究的热点之一.本文对河岸带的生态系统结构及其在生物多样性维持、非点源氮素污染防治等主要生态服务功能方面的研究进行了系统总结和分析.由于岸边缓冲带具有结构复杂、系统内外干扰因子多、时空异质性强等特征,要实现对河岸带生态系统的科学有效管理,还需要进行大量的理论和案例研究.从系统生态学和景观生态学的角度,展望了该领域的研究前景:(1)加强人类活动干扰如土地利用的时空变化对河岸区域生物多样性分布特征和生态环境效应的影响研究;(2)加强不同河岸植被缓冲带结构和区域环境特征对非点源氮素污染净化机理和控制过程的研究;(3)在小尺度长期定位观测和机理研究的基础上,综合运用数学方法、遥感(RS)和地理信息系统(GIS)等工具,开发适合我国地域特点和环境特征的生态系统管理模型,定量研究河岸带生态系统结构、过程与功能动态变化及其与人类活动干扰之间的相互关系和影响机制,为区域社会经济的可持续发展提供科学依据和管理对策.     

基于生态-景观视角的城镇河岸带风貌特征评价——以晋江市河溪为例

基于生态与景观双视角初步构建了河岸带风貌(RV,riparian view)综合评价指标体系,选取全域型城镇化典型代表地区晋江市12条主要河溪的120个河段进行数据取样与河岸带风貌综合评价值的计算,以此分析了晋江河溪河岸带风貌的现状,并从整体最优与各项影响因子最优两个层面探讨了河岸带风貌的指标优化控制值,结果表明:(1)受城镇化影响晋江目前河溪河岸带风貌整体情况并不乐观,目前已不存在状态非常好的河段,且96.67%河溪的河岸带风貌已经处于消失、丧失、破坏的状态,3.33%河溪的河岸带风貌也受到了消极的影响;(2)滩涂特征与岸线特征处于非常差状态的河段比例分别达到了57.5%与29.17%,植被特征无明显的非常好与非常差的极端状态,基本集中在36.67%较差、50%一般、13.33%较好的状态,而水体特征(除水质)总体相对较好的河段数量比例为56.67%;(3)浅滩保有率、滩涂宽度、自然滩涂保有度、滨河土地硬度、河道硬度、视线阻隔、植被带高度因子评分值为0的比例分别达到了89.17%、50.83%、64.17%、40.83%、52.50%、63.33%、51.67%,均高于其他评分值比例,这些因子的状态以非常差为主,是目前晋江河溪河岸带风貌短板;(4)从整体最优化与各项因子最优化两个角度提出20项指标优化控制值,若实现这些目标值,RV综合评价的得分值将由原有的1.59分别提升至1.96和3.85,晋江河溪河岸带风貌能够从较差的现状提高到一般或非常好的水平。     

上海城市化地区孤岛状山体残存植被特征

以高度城市化的孤岛状山体——建设中的上海辰山植物园保育区常绿落叶阔叶混交林为对象,研究人工林经过近50年低干扰和自然发育后的物种组成、区系地理成分、群落结构和多样性特征。结果表明：辰山植物区系以泛热带和北温带占优势,具有典型亚热带和温带成分交汇和南北植物分布交错特征;但保育区内种类单一,维管束植物仅有49科69属94种;主要群落是以枫香、刺槐、臭椿、三角枫和朴树等为优势树种的落叶阔叶林,以香樟和秃瓣杜英等为优势树种的常绿阔叶林,以及毛竹林;物种多样性普遍较低,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数最高为刺槐+香樟群落（1.757）,Simpson均匀度指数最高值为毛竹+三角枫群落（0.163）;多样性指数曲线和均匀度指数曲线不具有一致性的变化趋势;多数群落垂直结构中无明显林下分层现象;演替前期的落叶乔木种群后续个体不足。长期孤岛状隔离所导致的种源补充缺乏,人为干扰导致的群落景观结构发生局部或整体变化,均使现阶段辰山残存植被地带性更新苗不足、群落发育不充分以及生态系统稳定性低;从森林植被保育和群落进展演替考虑,可利用较好的林下生境条件,适当引进苦槠、青冈等地带性植被优势种,将落叶阔叶林诱导为常绿落叶阔叶混交林。     

城市化对本土植物多样性的影响——以廊坊市为例

虽然城市化对生物多样性影响的研究在发达国家是一个重要的研究领域,但是在发展中国家这方面的研究不多。通过案例研究,分析本土植物多样性沿着城市化梯度的变化,及其与生境土壤因子的关系。在廊坊市,中国北部一个快速城市化的地区,沿着中心城区、城区、郊区、远郊区城市化梯度,每个梯度选取6个样地进行本土植物多样性调查,记录种类数、多样性和种类组成,并分析了多样性指数。与远郊区相比,中心城区失去了88%的物种,物种多样性下降了78%,城区物种多属于禾本科、藜科等耐践踏、耐土壤紧实度的物种。远郊区的本土植物属于45个科,科数大于城区物种。相似性指数表明,城区和郊区大部分物种相同,但是远郊区差异较大。DCCA分析表明,土壤总氮、有机质含量是影响物种城市化分布的主要因素。城市化促进了物种分布的匀质化。     

城市化鸟类群落变化及其与城市植被的关系

持续而快速的城市化进程正在助长全球生物多样性的丧失,其中鸟类是城市生态系统的重要环节和城市生物多样性保护的重点目标,同时也是研究的热点内容。从城市环境变化压力下,鸟类群落组成与结构、空间分布和繁殖营巢方式的改变分析,重点介绍了支持城市地区鸟类多样性的植物环境因素与影响机制的最新研究成果。结果表明：1）城市中的植被和绿色空间为城市鸟类提供生存空间和食物资源,是城市鸟类最主要的栖息地。2）保留原生乡土植物和大型树木的地区能支持更丰富的鸟类物种。3）植被的结构和盖度对鸟类群落有显著影响。林冠覆盖率增加,复杂的垂直空间和多样的植物种类的组合产生各种不同类型的植物空间和栖息地类型,吸引不同的鸟类物种,相应地也会导致更丰富的鸟类群落。总之,保持和加强城市中植物环境良好和稳定是保护城市生物多样性的有效手段。据此,提出城市环境与鸟类群落关系研究的未来发展方向,指出了其在鸟类多样性保护和城市可持续发展等领域的应用前景。     

半城市化地区可持续性评价——以厦门市集美区为例

在快速城市化过程中,评估半城市化地区可持续发展状况对引导其城市化良性发展有重要意义.论文以厦门市集美区为研究对象,利用改进后的生态足迹模型计算了集美区2004～2006年生态足迹的时间序列变化,着重分析了2006年生态足迹与生态承载力的关系.结果表明,2004～2006年间,集美区人均生态足迹呈现不断上升的趋势,每万元GDP的生态足迹逐渐减小,这说明集美区的资源利用效率和生物生产的产出率正逐渐提高,经济发展模式正由粗放、耗能型向集约、科技型转变.然而,2006年集美区总生态足迹仍是其生态承载力的6.8倍左右,处于严重的生态赤字状态.     

快速城市化地区建设用地沿城市化梯度的扩张特征——以南昌地区为例

在利用遥感资料进行了多时段建设用地制图的基础上 ,对江西省南昌地区自 1988年以来 ,在城市化梯度上的建设用地增长过程和行为特征进行了研究。结果显示 ,研究时段内工作区内的建设用地在不同城市化指数区间的分布差异逐步增加 ,并形成了城市核心区和农村地区两个绝对量分布中心。建设用地斑块的扩张过程可以明显地分成外围增长、合并增长和独立增长 3种模式 ,其峰值分布区间分别位于城市化指数为 0 .6～ 0 .7、0 .3～ 0 .4和 <0 .2的区间 ,即上述 3种增长模式分别是城市核心区、城乡过渡带地区和农村地区的代表性建设用地增长过程。比较不同增长模式的贡献率和影响范围发现 ,外围增长模式和合并增长模式是工作区内两种主要的建设用地增长过程 ,并且对城市化指数较低的农村地区建设用地增长的贡献率亦高于该区域代表性的独立增长过程。     

Litter input from riparian vegetation to streams: a case study of the Njoro River,Kenya

Allochthonous coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) input into the Njoro River was measured between January and June 1998 at two contrasting sites: open-canopy and closed-canopy sites. Bank runoff and aerial drift traps were used for collecting CPOM inputs over periods of two weeks. Collected litter was sorted into four categories: leaves, fruits, wood and plant fragments. Monthly input ranged from 77 to 228 g ash free dry weight m^–1 for bank runoff input and from 64 to 129 g ash free dry weight m^–2 for aerial input. The highest input of 228 g ash free dry weight m^–1 was recorded in May at the closed-canopy site. Wood, fruits and plant fragments of particle size >100 m contributed a mean ± SE of 60±9% of the total inputs with the rest from leaf litter. The closed-canopy site had higher inputs (P<0.05) of bank and aerial input than the open canopy site. There was no relationship between total bank runoff input and rainfall (r _s = 0.08), however, total aerial input increased with decrease in rainfall (r _s = – 0.59). There were differences between inputs from different plant species (P<0.05) that ranked in the following order: Syzygium cordatum > Rhus natalensis > Pittosporum viridiflorum > Vangueria madagascariensis. Removal of riparian vegetation from the banks of the Njoro River would alter the quantity and quality of the litter and reduce CPOM inputs to the river and to a downstream lake with attendant consequences to the energy budget of biocoenoses in the two ecosystems.     

Development, maintenance and role of riparian vegetation in the river landscape

1. Riparian structure and function were considered from a longitudinal perspective in order to identify multiscale couplings with adjacent ecosystems and to identify research needs. 2. We characterized functional zones (with respect to vegetation development in association with various biogeochemical processes) within geomorphological settings using a delineation based upon erosional, transitional and depositional properties. 3. Vegetation dynamics within the riparian corridor are clearly influenced substantially by hydrological disturbance regimes. In turn, we suggest that vegetation productivity and diversity may widely influence riverine biogeochemical processes, especially as related to the consequences of changing redox conditions occurring from upstream to downstream. 4. However, surface and groundwater linkages are the predominant controls of landscape connectivity within riparian systems. 5. The importance of riparian zones as sources and sinks of matter and energy was examined in context of structural and functional attributes, such as sequestering or cycling of nutrients in sediments, retention of water in vegetation, and retention, diffusion or dispersal of biota. 6. The consequences of interactions between different communities (e.g. animals and plants, micro-organisms and plants) on biogeochemical processes are notably in need of research, especially with respect to control of landscape features. Multiscale approaches, coupling regional and local factors in all three spatial dimensions, are needed in order to understand more synthetically and to model biogeochemical and community processes within the river-riparian-upland landscape of catchments.     

Importance of low-flow and high-flow characteristics to restoration of riparian vegetation along rivers in arid south-western United States

1. Riparian vegetation in dry regions is influenced by low‐flow and high‐flow components of the surface and groundwater flow regimes. The duration of no‐flow periods in the surface stream controls vegetation structure along the low‐flow channel, while depth, magnitude and rate of groundwater decline influence phreatophytic vegetation in the floodplain. Flood flows influence vegetation along channels and floodplains by increasing water availability and by creating ecosystem disturbance. 2. On reference rivers in Arizona's Sonoran Desert region, the combination of perennial stream flows, shallow groundwater in the riparian (stream) aquifer, and frequent flooding results in high plant species diversity and landscape heterogeneity and an abundance of pioneer wetland plant species in the floodplain. Vegetation changes on hydrologically altered river reaches are varied, given the great extent of flow regime changes ranging from stream and aquifer dewatering on reaches affected by stream diversion and groundwater pumping to altered timing, frequency, and magnitude of flood flows on reaches downstream of flow‐regulating dams. 3. As stream flows become more intermittent, diversity and cover of herbaceous species along the low‐flow channel decline. As groundwater deepens, diversity of riparian plant species (particularly perennial species) and landscape patches are reduced and species composition in the floodplain shifts from wetland pioneer trees (Populus, Salix) to more drought‐tolerant shrub species including Tamarix (introduced) and Bebbia. 4. On impounded rivers, changes in flood timing can simplify landscape patch structure and shift species composition from mixed forests composed of Populus and Salix, which have narrow regeneration windows, to the more reproductively opportunistic Tamarix. If flows are not diverted, suppression of flooding can result in increased density of riparian vegetation, leading in some cases to very high abundance of Tamarix patches. Coarsening of sediments in river reaches below dams, associated with sediment retention in reservoirs, contributes to reduced cover and richness of herbaceous vegetation by reducing water and nutrient‐holding capacity of soils. 5. These changes have implications for river restoration. They suggest that patch diversity, riparian plant species diversity, and abundance of flood‐dependent wetland tree species such as Populus and Salix can be increased by restoring fluvial dynamics on flood‐suppressed rivers and by increasing water availability in rivers subject to water diversion or withdrawal. On impounded rivers, restoration of plant species diversity also may hinge on restoration of sediment transport. 6. Determining the causes of vegetation change is critical for determining riparian restoration strategies. Of the many riparian restoration efforts underway in south‐western United States, some focus on re‐establishing hydrogeomorphic processes by restoring appropriate flows of surface water, groundwater and sediment, while many others focus on manipulating vegetation structure by planting trees (e.g. Populus) or removing trees (e.g. Tamarix). The latter approaches, in and of themselves, may not yield desired restoration outcomes if the tree species are indicators, rather than prime causes, of underlying changes in the physical environment.     

Relationships between deforestation, riparian forest buffers and benthic macroinvertebrates in neotropical headwater streams

1. Few studies have evaluated the effectiveness of riparian buffers in the tropics, despite their potential to reduce the impacts of deforestation on stream communities. We examined macroinvertebrate assemblages and stream habitat characteristics in small lowland streams in southeastern Costa Rica to assess the impacts of deforestation on benthic communities and the influence of riparian forest buffers on these effects. Three different stream reach types were compared in the study: (i) forested reference reaches, (ii) stream reaches adjacent to pasture with a riparian forest buffer at least 15 m in width on both banks and (iii) stream reaches adjacent to pasture without a riparian forest buffer. 2. Comparisons between forest and pasture reaches suggest that deforestation, even at a very local scale, can alter the taxonomic composition of benthic macroinvertebrate assemblages, reduce macroinvertebrate diversity and eliminate the most sensitive taxa. The presence of a riparian forest buffer appeared to significantly reduce the effects of deforestation on benthic communities, as macroinvertebrate diversity and assemblage structure in forest buffer reaches were generally very similar to those in forested reference reaches. One forest buffer reach was clearly an exception to this pattern, despite the presence of a wide riparian buffer. 3. The taxonomic structure of macroinvertebrate assemblages differed between pool and riffle habitats, but contrasts among the three reach types in our study were consistent across the two habitats. Differences among reach types also persisted across three sampling periods during our 15‐month study. 4. Among the environmental variables we measured, only stream water temperature varied significantly among reach types, but trends in periphyton abundance and stream sedimentation may have contributed to observed differences in macroinvertebrate assemblage structure. 5. Forest cover was high in all of our study catchments, and more research is needed to determine whether riparian forest buffers will sustain similar functions in more extensively deforested landscapes. Nevertheless, our results provide support for Costa Rican regulations protecting riparian forests and suggest that proper riparian management could significantly reduce the impacts of deforestation on benthic communities in tropical streams.     

城市嵌草式铺装植被和大型土壤动物群落组成特征——以新泰市为例

嵌草式铺装近年来广泛应用于城市停车场及道路,研究其群落组成特征对城市生态的综合治理具有重要意义。以新泰市为例,通过现场采样调研分析探讨了嵌草式铺装对植被和土壤动物群落组成和多样性的影响。结果显示,植被调查中共记录草本植物14科22属22种。牛筋草(Eleusine indica)为新泰市嵌草式铺装中植被的优势种。植被的平均密度和生物量分别为(21.87±2.15)株/m²和(4.15±0.45)g/m²。不同站点间植株密度和高度有显著空间差异(P<0.05),生物量和盖度差异不显著。不同站点的植被物种多样性特征也有所差异。大型土壤动物调查共记录7目8科10种,其中蚁科为优势类群。嵌草式铺装中土壤动物的丰度、生物量均显著高于不透水路面(P<0.05)。逐步回归分析表明,嵌草式铺装中植被和土壤动物的丰度和生物量与土壤的容积密度和含水率等理化性质显著相关(P<0.05)。土壤动物丰度与植被盖度、土壤动物生物量与植被生物量间也具有显著相关关系(P<0.05)。结果表明,嵌草式铺装能够有效提高城市生态系统中植被和土壤动物群落的丰...     

Provenance,genotype, and flooding influence growth and resource acquisition characteristics in a clonal,riparian shrub

Premise

Riparian plants can exhibit intraspecific phenotypic variability across the landscape related to temperature and flooding gradients. Phenotypes that vary across a climate gradient are often partly genetically determined and may differ in their response to inundation. Changes to inundation patterns across a climate gradient could thus result in site-specific inundation responses. Phenotypic variability is more often studied in riparian trees, yet riparian shrubs are key elements of riparian systems and may differ from trees in phenotypic variability and environmental responses.

Methods

We tested whether individuals of a clonal, riparian shrub, Pluchea sericea, collected from provenances spanning a temperature gradient differed in their phenotypes and responses to inundation and to what degree any differences were related to genotype. Plants were subjected to different inundation depths and a subset genotyped. Variables related to growth and resource acquisition were measured and analyzed using hierarchical, multivariate Bayesian linear regressions.

Results

Individuals from different provenances differed in their phenotypes, but not in their response to inundation. Phenotypes were not related to provenance temperature but were partially governed by genotype. Growth was more strongly influenced by inundation, while resource acquisition was more strongly controlled by genotype.

Conclusions

Growth and resource acquisition responses in a clonal, riparian shrub are affected by changes to inundation and plant demographics in unique ways. Shrubs appear to differ from trees in their responses to environmental change. Understanding environmental effects on shrubs separately from those of trees will be a key part of evaluating impacts of environmental change on riparian ecosystems.     

福建晋江常用园林树种综合评价分析

对福建晋江市建成区应用多年的常见乔木进行调查,从抗逆性、景观性、生态性、危害性、养护性等指标进行评价与分析,以了解这些园林树种在晋江地区的适应生长情况。评价结果表明,评为I级,其生态功能及观赏性较高,在城市园林绿化中可广泛推广应用的树种有小叶榕、海南蒲桃、香樟、大叶榕、高山榕、非洲楝、盆架子、菩提榕8种,Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级均有17种,Ⅳ级有7种。