西双版纳地区六种林型地表蜘蛛多样性比较研究

为探索地表蜘蛛多样性及其变化与森林类型和管理方式的关系, 在西双版纳勐仑自然保护区选择热带季节雨林、石灰山季节雨林和山地常绿阔叶林, 在自然保护区附近选择人工纯林、胶茶群落和橡胶林, 共6种林型, 每种林型选择3块样带, 共设置研究样地18块, 分别于2006年12月上旬（雾凉季）、2007年3月下旬（干热季）和2007年7月上旬（雨季）, 以单位地表面积法收集地表蜘蛛的物种组成和数量数据, 并以蜘蛛种类和数量分布为属性进行典范对应分析（CCA）, 探讨不同类型植被与地表蜘蛛多样性的关系。共采集蜘蛛标本9 849头, 用于统计分析的成熟蜘蛛3 119头, 归属于30科, 其中幽灵蛛科、皿蛛科、球蛛科和小密蛛科是地表蜘蛛的优势类群。各林型科的数量为: 热带季节雨林24科, 石灰山季节雨林22科, 山地常绿阔叶林22科, 人工纯林20科, 胶茶群落21科, 橡胶林19科; 各林型特有科数量: 热带季节雨林2科, 山地常绿阔叶林2科, 橡胶林1科; 而仅在雨林中分布的科4个（占全部30个科的13.3%）, 仅在自然林中分布的科6个（20.0%）, 仅在人工林中分布的科1个（3.3%）。从蜘蛛的数量分布看, 个体密度在热带季节雨林显著高于其他5种林型; 橡胶林多样性指数和丰富度指数显著低于3种自然林, 而均匀度指数的最低值也同样在橡胶林出现。CCA分析和聚类分析的结果表明, 6种林型趋于分成2组, 即: 自然林和人工林; 在自然林中两种次生林的相似程度更高; 人工林中人工纯林（非橡胶林）与胶茶群落的相似程度更高。以上结果表明: （1）森林砍伐后种植人工林措施改变了该地区地表蜘蛛群落的物种分布格局; （2）蜘蛛多样性随着人为干扰程度增加有减少的趋势; （3）减少人为干扰和增加植被群落多样性（橡胶林中种植茶树）对保护和恢复物种多样性有重要意义。     

黔西北人工草地蜘蛛物种多样性及其与环境的关系

为探索喀斯特地区人工草地蜘蛛群落物种多样性及其分布的影响因子,该研究于2019年9月—2020年1月结合样方、陷阱、样线取样三种方法对黔西北油杉河新西兰牧场的蜘蛛群落物种多样性及影响蜘蛛分布的生境因子开展调查。结果表明:(1)捕获蜘蛛1642头,隶属于15科53属69种,不同功能群排序为:结圆网型蜘蛛>伏击型蜘蛛>游猎型蜘蛛>结皿网型;优势科4科,分别为园蛛科(25.15%)、球蛛科(20.52%)、逍遥蛛科(15.1%)、和蟹蛛科(13.28%);优势种2种分别为远亲园蛛(17.17%)和虚逍遥蛛(14.49%)。(2)12月时蜘蛛个体数量、物种数和Shannon-wiener指数与1月时蜘蛛优势度指数、11月时蜘蛛的均匀度指数均显著低于其他月份(P<0.05),而蜘蛛丰富度指数先减后增,12月时最低,且11月、12月的蜘蛛丰富度指数均显著低于9月、10月、1月(P<0.05)。(3)对9个生境因子与蜘蛛多度进行线性拟合发现,海拔、空气湿度、植被物种数3个环境因子对蜘蛛多度有显著正效应(P<0.05)。(4)对9个生境因子与蜘蛛物种多样性进行CCA...     

2种不同采样方法对麦田蜘蛛群落结构的比较研究

分别于1998年11月到1999年5月和1999年11月到2000年5月间,在位于武汉市武昌区的沙湖边,使用样方和陷阱法系统采样,研究了裸粒大麦田的蜘蛛群落结构。研究结果显示,1998-1999年麦田蜘蛛群落由11科44种蜘蛛组成,1999-2000年麦田蜘蛛群落由14科59种蜘蛛组成;相同年份不同采样方法获得的蜘蛛群落优势种组成不同,陷阱法采样获得的优势种集中在皿蛛科、狼蛛科和平腹蛛科,而样方采样虽然也以皿蛛科和狼蛛科蜘蛛为主,但球蛛科、肖蛸科和园蛛科蜘蛛的比例明显上升;不同的年份使用相同的采样方法获得的蜘蛛优势种组成不同,显示了群落结构的年际变动。对2种采样方法获得的群落相似性分析显示,不同采样方法获得的群落结构相似性较小。     

河北嶂石岩风景区蜘蛛群落结构及多样性

2007年7月对河北赞皇嶂石岩国家级风景区蜘蛛群落结构进行了调查,采用局地取样与随机扫网相结合的方法,共采集蜘蛛标本1 226头,隶属于24科61属81种.嶂石岩风景区蜘蛛物种多样性丰富,漏斗蛛、蟹蛛、皿蛛和狼蛛是该地区的优势类群.不同生境中的蜘蛛种类和个体密度均有差别,其中,灌木丛生境中蜘蛛种类(54)、个体密度(20.9头·m-2)和Shannon多样性指数(3.264)均明显高于森林落叶层和滩涂生境;森林落叶层生境中蜘蛛分布的优势集中性指数最高(0.116),导致其种类分布均匀性指数(0.749)最低;滩涂生境中种类分布均匀性指数最高(0.853),这与其种类多为游猎型有关.对该地区蜘蛛物种和多度关系分析表明,嶂石岩风景区蜘蛛群落结构与Fisher对数级数分布模型能够较好地拟合.     

贵州赤水桫椤自然保护区蜘蛛群落多样性分析

2008年5～10月,采用随机捕捉法、扫网法和扣管法相结合,对贵州赤水桫椤自然保护区内的灌丛、竹林、稻田等生境的蜘蛛群落结构进行了调查,共采集蜘蛛标本1937头,隶属于24科81属159种,其中以跳蛛科(38种)、园蛛科(29种)和球蛛科(23种)最多,占总量的56.6%。稻田内结网型蜘蛛数量明显少于竹林和灌丛,而游猎型蜘蛛数量则相对较多,群落稳定性较差;灌丛空间异质性大,蜘蛛数量大、种类丰富,群落稳定性强;竹林生境单一,但受人为干扰较小,地面相对干燥,结网型蜘蛛介于灌丛和稻田之间,游猎型蜘蛛则很少,但均匀度较高。3种生境蜘蛛群落结构为中等不相似,表明植被类型与蜘蛛群落结构密切相关。另外发现5～10月灌丛蜘蛛群落里肖蛸科的西里银鳞蛛Leucauge celebesiana处于优势种地位,具有较大的开发利用潜力。     

香蕉园蜘蛛群落研究

香蕉园蜘蛛群落组成隶属于１７科４８属７１种。跳蛛科、球蛛科、狼蛛科、肖峭科、皿蛛科和抚蛛科是优势科。种类以跳蛛、数量以抚蛛最多。群落垂直分层结构明显。广西抚蛛与草间钻头蛛,幼豹蛛与类奇异獾蛛分别是植株叶片和地面群落的优势种群。群落多样性地面高于植株。植株层间的相似性高于植株与地面之间的相似性。植株叶片上的蜂蛛与昆虫数量消长相关极显著。     

千岛湖片段化景观中蜘蛛群落物种多样性和功能群结构及其影响因素

生境片段化对蜘蛛群落有着重要影响,目前这方面的研究较少,多集中于不同植被类型间蜘蛛群落的比较研究。在千岛湖片段化景观中选取16个陆桥岛屿,从2010年春季到2011年秋季,按季度(春、夏、秋季)6次采用Winkler法收集蜘蛛标本,分析其物种多度、多样性、季节动态和功能群差异,并对不同大小岛屿上蜘蛛的功能群的多度以及功能群比例差异进行单因素方差分析。结果表明:共收集到蜘蛛标本3503头,用于统计分析的成蛛1438头,归属于30科82种,其中幽灵蛛科(Spermophora)、管巢蛛科(Clubionidae)、螲蟷科(Ctenizidae)、蟹蛛科(Thomisidae)分别占总数的7.37%、6.61%、5.84%、5.29%,螲蟷科(Ctenizidae)在16个岛屿上均有分布。Shannon-Wiener指数在不同季节间差异显著(P0.05),物种丰富度在秋季最高。在功能群上,伏击型蜘蛛的多度最高,其次为游猎型蜘蛛,结圆网型蜘蛛多度最低,穴居型蜘蛛的多度与其他各功能群呈显著差异(P0.05);游猎型蜘蛛与伏击型蜘蛛的多度均显著高于结皿网型蜘蛛与结圆网型蜘蛛(P0.05);蜘蛛的各功能群数量在小岛与大岛这两种不同的岛屿类型上表现出显著差异,小岛上伏击型蜘蛛的物种数显著高于大岛上的物种数;比例上,结皿网型蜘蛛和伏击型蜘蛛在小岛上占功能群总体数目的比例显著低于大岛上的比例(P0.05),小岛上的游猎型蜘蛛占功能群总体数目的比例显著高于大岛上的比例(P0.05),结圆网型蜘蛛与穴居型蜘蛛在不同类型的岛屿间不存在显著差异。总体而言,秋季蜘蛛物种丰富度最高,蜘蛛的多样性与季节相关;生境片段化对蜘蛛功能群的分布产生了一定影响。     

人为活动对地表节肢动物多样性的影响——以沈阳市北陵公园地表蜘蛛为例

为了解人为活动对地表节肢动物多样性的影响,2010年9月至10月,采用陷阱法对沈阳市北陵公园地表蜘蛛多样性进行了调查.共采集蜘蛛标本737头,经鉴定隶属于9科15属23种.调查发现,沈阳市北陵公园地表蜘蛛物种多样性较低,狼蛛和密蛛是该地区的优势类群,其中类奇异獾蛛Trochosa ruricoloides和拟吉小密蛛Mysmenella pseudojobi为优势种.从公园的边缘到内部,蜘蛛群落组成及多样性相似,各多样性指数间均无统计学差异.研究结果表明,由于北陵公园开放程度较高,公园内锻炼、游憩的人数众多,频繁的人为干扰对地表蜘蛛造成较大影响,地表蜘蛛物种组成单一、群落结构简单以及物种多样性从边缘到内部无明显差异,这说明人为活动是影响市区开放式公园内节肢动物多样性的重要因素.     

甘肃子午岭天然次生林区三种植被类型中土壤蜘蛛群落的组成及多样性

2004年4—10月,在甘肃子午岭天然次生林区采用巴氏诱罐法采集土壤蜘蛛2164头,隶属于19科43种。研究表明辽东栎林(Quercusliaotungensis)、油松林(Pinustabulaeformis)和杨树林(Populusdavidiana)3种森林植被类型中土壤蜘蛛群落组成有明显的差异;不同生境蜘蛛群落的组成成分和多样性指数各异;从各生境中捕获的蜘蛛个体数量分析,皿蛛科、平腹蛛科和科狼蛛科的数量最多,优势类群的组成相似;各生境类型中蜘蛛功能集团的组成及多样性也有明显差异。同时,分析了影响蜘蛛群落组成和多样性的主要因子是生境的植被类型和生境异质性。     

岫岩地区大豆田地表蜘蛛边缘效应及优势种群动态分析

为了研究农田地表蜘蛛的边缘效应及优势种群动态特征,本文采用陷阱法对辽宁省岫岩地区大豆田地表蜘蛛进行了系统的调查和分析。共采集成熟蜘蛛3312头,属于11科23属38种。其中狼蛛科和皿蛛科为优势科,白纹舞蛛、晨豹蛛、赫氏豹蛛、草间钻头蛛、锯胸微蛛为优势种。清种大豆田边缘样带与内部样带的蜘蛛物种数和优势种均存在差异。多样性分析的结果表明,从大豆田边缘到内部,地表蜘蛛的物种数量、丰富度指数D、多样性指数H'有逐渐降低的趋势,说明大豆田地表蜘蛛存在着明显的边缘效应。群落相似性分析的结果也证明了边缘效应的存在。大豆与玉米间作可以显著提高地表蜘蛛的均匀度指数,对蜘蛛多样性和丰度的影响很小。通过优势种的动态分析发现,地表蜘蛛优势种的时间动态变化明显。     

Landscape mosaic of Araucaria forest and forest monocultures influencing understorey spider assemblages in southern Brazil

Abstract This study investigates how abundance, diversity and composition of understorey spiders were influenced by four different forest habitats in a southern Brazilian Araucaria forest. The study area encompasses a landscape mosaic comprised of Araucaria forest, Araucaria plantation, Pinus plantation, and Eucalyptus plantation. Understorey spiders were collected by beating the vegetation inside three patches of each forest habitat. To assess possible predictors of spider assemblage structure, several patch features were analysed: potential prey abundances, estimation of vegetation cover, diversity index of vegetation types, patch ages, patch areas, and geographical distance between patches. To assess the influence of high‐level taxa approaches on spider assemblage patterns, analyses were carried out individually for family, genera and species levels. Additionally, Mantel tests were carried out in underlying similarity matrices between each taxon. Significant differences in spider abundances among forest habitats were found. Pinus plantations showed the highest abundance of spiders and Eucalyptus plantations showed the lowest abundance. Spider abundance was significantly influenced by patch ages, geographical distance and vegetation cover. Expected numbers of families, genera and species did not vary among forest habitats. Spider composition of two Eucalyptus patches differed from the other forest patches, probably due to their low vegetation cover and isolation. Genera composition was the best correlate of species composition, showing that a higher‐level surrogate can be an alternative to the species approach. The understorey spider diversity in this managed area could be maintained when suitable habitat structures are provided, thus ensuring the connectivity between different habitat types. Further studies should focus on individual species responses to the conversion of native forest to monocultures.     

Impact of landscape and corridor design on primates in a large-scale industrial tropical plantation landscape

Tropical plantations are rapidly expanding as a source of industrial wood. In Indonesia, such large-scale industrial plantations are generally made of large mono-specific blocks interspersed with natural forest remnants. The extent and biodiversity value of these remnants vary as laws and regulations on their design and management are either unclear, without solid scientific basis or left to the interpretation of private companies responsible for the plantations. Our study area comprises of three Acacia mangium plantations, which have on average 18% of their total area set aside from production and conserved as natural forests. These remnant natural forests may, if appropriately designed and managed, be used to mitigate the negative impact of plantations on biodiversity by providing some degree of connectivity with and between remaining natural forest patches (such as the Tesso Nilo conservation area). We sampled natural vegetation in one and primate diversity in all three plantation sector and examined patterns of primate species richness and abundance with relation to spatial arrangement and dimensions of conservation area, which has been set aside from plantation production. We demonstrate unambiguously the critical importance of a well-connected network of natural forest corridors in the plantation landscape to maintain primates and discuss the potential biodiversity value of natural forest remnants in broad-scale industrial landscapes.     

The role of planted forests in the provision of habitat: an Irish perspective

The continued decline of natural forests globally has increased interest in the potential of planted forests to support biodiversity. Here, we examine the potential conservation benefits of plantation forests from an Irish perspective, a country where remaining natural forests are fragmented and degraded, and the majority of the forest area is comprised of non-native Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) plantations. We examine the true value of Irish plantation forests to native biodiversity, relative to remaining natural forest fragments, and to prior and alternative land use to afforestation. We find that plantation forests provide a suitable surrogate habitat primarily for generalist species, as well as providing habitat for certain species of conservation concern. However, we find that plantation forests provide poor habitat for native forest specialists, and examine potential management strategies which may be employed to improve habitat provision services for this group.     

退耕还林对地面蜘蛛种群的影响

为探究退耕还林对地面蜘蛛群落的影响,分别于2014和2015年3月—9月期间,采用陷阱法对北京市顺义区南彩镇退耕还林已2a和3a的林带及相邻原非作物生境林带中地面蜘蛛的活动密度进行了系统调查和分析。结果,2014年在调查区域共采集地面蜘蛛1465头,隶属8科18属32种,2015年共收集地面蜘蛛2186头,隶属10科25属45种;退耕还林以后蜘蛛类群发生改变,地面蜘蛛丰富度增加,而部分农田蜘蛛消失;2014年原非作物生境林带中地面蜘蛛的多样性指数、丰富度都极显著高于退耕还林林带(P0.01),均匀性指数不存在显著差异,2015年两个林带的多样性指数仍存在极显著差异(P0.01),丰富度存在显著差异(P0.05),均匀性指数之间不存在显著差异;退耕还林以后第3年新建林带和原非作物生境林带中地面蜘蛛的活动密度随时间的变化趋势相近。研究结果表明:顺义地区退耕还林工程实施3a以后,新建人工林仍处于生境重建阶段,未完全达到稳定状态,退耕还林以后第3年新建林带中地面蜘蛛群落的稳定性高于第2年。退耕还林通过改变原有农田生态系统的植被种类、结构、人为管理等方式,使原有农田生态系统发生了根本性的改变。持续研究退耕还林对地面蜘蛛的类群变化的影响对生境受到干扰后生物群落变化过程的认识有理论意义。     

Effect of forestry on the abundance and diversity of arboreal spiders in the boreal spruce forest

Spiders were sampled from spruce branches during late winter in northern Sweden, to investigate the effects of forestry on the community structure of arboreal spiders. Five lichen-rich, natural spruce Picea abies forests and adjacent mature, selectively-logged lichen-poor forests were selected as sample sites. Lichen-rich forests had over three times more spiders on the branches than the lichen-poor forests. The spider community was dominated by web spinners, i.e. the families Linyphiidae. Araneidae, Tetragnathidae and Theridiidae. Hunters, i.e. Philodromidae and Clubionidae. comprised < 3% of the individuals and > 82% of all spiders were juveniles.
Among the dominant species, only the orb-weaver Araneus nordmanni was found in all sites whereas the sheet-web spider Lepthyphantes suffusus was found in all five lichen-rich forests but only in two of the lichen-poor. Both species composition and dominance differed from spider communities in southern boreal spruce canopies. Small prey items, severe abiotic conditions and high predation pressure from birds are possible reasons why web spiders dominate the arboreal community in northern Sweden. These factors could also explain the observed shift in dominance from sheet-web spiders with large body size to those with a small body size, compared with arboreal spider communities in southern boreal forests.
Diversity indices (jack-knifing of Simpson index and Q statistic) showed a higher diversity of spiders in lichen-rich than in lichen-poor forests. The lichen-rich forest had more species and less dominance, in both rank abundance and the Berger-Parker index of dominance. However, rarefaction plots indicated no differences besides lower abundance of spiders on sampled branches in lichen-poor forests. It is suggested, that habitat structure (branch size and epiphytic lichen abundance) could be an explanation for the greater number of spiders in old, lichen-rich spruce forests.     

Stand structure and natural regeneration of degraded forestland in the northern mountainous region of Vietnam

Vietnam experienced significant alterations of forest environments during the last half of the twentieth century, and reforestation efforts have increased since the 1990s. This study developed comparisons of naturally regenerated and plantation forestlands in northern Vietnam in order to gain a better understanding of reforestation options for the dual objectives of biodiversity and commercial tree production. Stand structure of secondary natural forest after logging and shifting cultivation were investigated at two study sites (Hoa Binh Province and Phu Tho Province). Natural regeneration of seedlings between the secondary natural forests and nearby mixed species plantations were measured and compared. The dominant tree species consisted of Aporosa villosa, Ficus racemosa, Machilus bonii and Vernicia montan at the Hoa Binh site and Cinnamomum parthenoxylum, Ormosia balabsae and Lithocarpus gigantophyllus at the Phu Tho site, which are mostly pioneer species. The secondary natural forests had higher abundance and diversity indices of seedlings than the mixed species plantations. Soil fertility of the secondary natural forests was better than that of the mixed species plantations (P < 0.05). An important finding is that, for the study sites examined, secondary natural forest resulted in more diverse and better-stocked forests than plantation forestry, implying that in areas where reforestation is undertaken the silvicultural potential of natural regeneration should not be underestimated.     

Ground-dwelling spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) in fragmented old forests and surrounding managed forests in southern Finland

We studied the structure of spider assemblages in fragments of old coniferous forest in the southern Finnish taiga We sampled spiders with pitfall traps in the interiors and in the edges of the old-forest patches and in the surrounding managed forests We surveyed assemblages of ground-dwelling spiders and the relation of species to formerly mentioned three forest-habitat categories We analysed spider assemblages in relation to vegetation structure as well As in forest spiders there are no habitat specialists, no strict old-forest species were found However, the spider assemblages of old forests were different from those in the surrounding managed forests The difference was attributable to habitat differences, mainly to reduced tree-canopy cover in managed forests Large hunting-spider species (Gnaphosidae, Lycosidae) benefitted from clearcutting and other management measures, whereas the catches of small forest-living species (Linyphiidae) decreased in plantations and open forests The hunters colonized the edges of old-forest fragments, and were seldom found in the interior of old forest Size of old-forest fragment did not affect significantly the spider assemblage The results indicate that a buffer zone of mature forest with closed canopy should be left to surround the old-growth reserves in order to minimize the edge effect in the fragments     

云南橡胶林和天然次生林枯落物层蚂蚁物种多样性、群落结构差异及指示种

橡胶树Hevea brasiliensis是云南省重要的经济林木, 但对其生态服务功能尚存在争议。本研究以天然次生林为对照, 使用Winkler法对橡胶林枯落物层蚂蚁进行初步研究, 探讨橡胶林枯落物层蚂蚁的生态状况。于2012年10月和2013年4月采用Winkler袋法调查了云南省绿春县大黑山乡橡胶林和牛孔乡天然次生林枯落物层蚂蚁群落的物种多样性、 群落结构差异及指示种。结果表明： 橡胶林枯落物层蚂蚁多度（转换后）、 物种丰富度S和ACE值显著低于无干扰的天然次生林（P<0.05）; 蚂蚁多度（转换后）显著低于有干扰的天然次生林（P<0.05）, 而物种丰富度S和ACE值差异不显著。橡胶林枯落物层蚂蚁群落结构与两种天然次生林都不相似（F=3.93, df=12, P<0.01）。橡胶林中流浪种大头蚁属Pheidole的蚂蚁种类与天然次生林相比, 物种丰富度增加了100%。天然次生林枯落物层中蚂蚁指示种有3种, 分别为刘氏隆头蚁Strumigenys lewisi、 黄足厚结猛蚁Pachycondyla luteipes和女娲角腹蚁Recurvidris nuwa, 而橡胶林枯落物层中指示种仅为菱结大头蚁Pheidole nodus。枯落物层蚂蚁物种多样性与枯落物厚度呈显著正相关, 而枯落物盖度仅与蚂蚁多度（转换后）有相关性。结果说明, 橡胶林经过长期的经营管理, 生态环境趋于稳定, 对枯落物层蚂蚁群落具有一定的保护作用, 但与天然次生林相比, 蚂蚁多度（转换后）及群落结构仍显示出明显的不同。