永定河沿河沙地杨树人工林蒸腾耗水特征及其环境响应

杨树是我国北方最常见的人工造林树种之一。一直以来在干旱、半干旱地区,速生杨树用材林和生态防护林的耗水问题备受关注。研究不同生长发育阶段杨树人工林蒸腾耗水及其对各环境因子的响应对于实现杨树人工林可持续经营具有重要价值。采用树干液流法结合微气象观测系统和土壤水分观测,在2010—2011年对位于北京南郊大兴林场、林龄为13a的杨树人工林林分蒸腾耗水和环境因子进行了同步观测,以期能够探究该林分的蒸腾耗水及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明,树干液流密度(Js)日变化呈明显的单峰曲线,单株样木耗水量随着胸径的增加而增大。在半小时尺度上,单株树木Js与浄辐射(Rn)、饱和水气压差(VPD)存在时滞,这种时滞现象随土壤水分条件不同而变化。林分蒸腾耗水总量在2010和2011年生长季内分别为113.7 mm和174.8 mm,占同期降雨的30.2%和36.9%,与该杨树人工林前期研究相比,随着林龄的增长2010—2011年的蒸腾量呈减小趋势。日尺度上,该人工林蒸腾耗水与净辐射(Rn)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)和土壤体积含水率(SWC)显著相关,在不同土壤水分条件下Rn与林分蒸腾的相关关系发生变化,而VPD过高会对林分蒸腾产生抑制。林分月蒸腾和年总蒸腾主要取决于同期降雨量,因此,降雨年际差异较大时,蒸腾的年际变化也相应较大。     

荷木整树蒸腾对干湿季土壤水分的水力响应

降雨在时间上的非均匀分配导致森林土壤含水量呈现明显的干、湿季变化,并可能在干季形成水分胁迫,引起植物蒸腾变化。在监测环境因子的同时,利用Granier热消散探针连续监测荷木(Schima superba)的树干液流,以液流密度值计算整树蒸腾,并结合水力导度与叶片/土壤的水势差,探讨环境因子和水力导度对荷木整树蒸腾的协同控制。结果表明,华南地区的季节性降雨形成的干、湿季并未引起荷木蒸腾在季节上的显著差异,但对产生蒸腾的水力生理产生了显著影响。荷木蒸腾在干、湿季均与主要驱动环境因子(光合有效辐射PAR和水汽压亏缺VPD)呈显著正相关。在水热充足的湿季,荷木蒸腾主要受气孔导度调节;在干季,当空气水汽压亏缺达2.132 MPa时,水力导度与气孔导度协同控制蒸腾。整树水力导度对整树蒸腾的水力补偿出现在15:00—17:00,平均补偿值为0.08 g/s。利用蒸腾的估测值与实测值之间的差值量化荷木的水力补偿效应,是对水力导度与气孔导度协同控制树木蒸腾机理的深入探索。研究结果对于掌握季节性降雨不均背景下华南地区主要造林树种需水和耗水规律,有效发挥森林保水功能具有重要意义。     

亚热带岩溶区典型常绿和落叶树种的蒸腾特征及其对环境因子的响应

植物蒸腾是水循环的重要组成部分,为了解亚热带岩溶区树木的蒸腾耗水情况,探究气候和水文地质条件对植物蒸腾的影响,运用Granier热耗散探针技术,对亚热带岩溶区次生林内的常绿树种女贞(L.lucidum)和落叶树种刺槐(R.pseudoacacia)的树干液流进行了连续监测,并同步监测了气象因子及土壤含水率(SMC),探讨在不同时间尺度下两种生活型树种的蒸腾特征及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明：(1)在季节尺度下,影响两树种整树蒸腾量(ET)的主要因子为太阳辐射强度(Rs)、气温(T)和水汽压亏缺(VPD);女贞蒸腾量(ET_L)表现为夏季(1.29 kg/h)>春季(0.57 kg/h)>冬季(0.15 kg/h)>秋季(0.13 kg/h),刺槐蒸腾量(ET_R)表现为夏季(0.90 kg/h)>春季(0.31 kg/h)>秋季(0.16 kg/h)>冬季(0.04 kg/h)。(2)在日尺度下,晴天两树种ET呈现出明显的单峰日变化,且主要影响因子均为T、VPD和Rs;但由于常绿和落叶树种的生理特征差异,降雨时...     

华北平原银杏人工林蒸腾耗水特性及其环境响应

2019年4月1日—10月31日, 利用Granier热扩散探针监测银杏树干液流密度的动态变化, 并同步观测环境因子的变化, 分析银杏蒸腾耗水规律及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明: (1) 银杏树干液流启动于4月10日左右, 结束于10月20日左右, 前后历时194天左右, 树干液流密度表现为晴天>阴天>雨天, 晴天条件下树干液流密度日变化呈典型的单宽峰曲线, 阴天或雨天条件下, 由于太阳辐射的波动, 树干液流日内变化波动较大。(2) 生长季内单株日蒸腾耗水量均值为(6.16±3.32) kg·d–1, 4—10月的单株日蒸腾耗水量分别为(2.40±1.50)、(7.64±1.35)、(7.78±2.03)、(8.34±2.35)、(8.38±3.05)、(6.64±2.03)、(2.39±1.89) kg·d–1; 监测时间内, 林分蒸腾耗水总量为244.81 mm, 小于降雨总量(534.86 mm), 但季节性供水不足问题依然存在, 6月最为严重。(3) 不同时间尺度条件下, 影响树干液流的生态因子发生显著变化, 小时尺度上, 影响液流速率的关键因子为征能量水平的太阳总辐射(Rs)和综合反映空气温度和空气湿度的饱和水汽压差(VPD), 而月尺度上, 银杏单株日蒸腾耗水量月变化主要与气孔导度、土壤温度呈现极显著正相关。(4) 环境因子与树干液流密度相关程度存在季节性差异, Rs和VPD在生长旺盛期与树干液流密度相关性最高, 生长初期相关性最低; 土壤湿度在生长季初期对树干液流形成极显著胁迫。     

不同径级马占相思(Acacia mangium)整树蒸腾的湿、干季变化

利用Granier树干液流测定系统对广东鹤山丘陵地马占相思(Acacia mangium)林进行长期监测,并同步监测环境因子(空气温度、相对湿度、光合有效辐射、土壤体积含水量),选择胸径具有代表性的样树,结合马占相思的形态学参数,计算马占相思的整树蒸腾.通过对光合有效辐射(PAR)分级,建立不同辐射强度等级的湿季(土壤水分θ≥33%)整树蒸腾与水汽压亏缺(VPD)的相关方程,以干季(θ≤24%)的VPD代入对应PAR等级的湿季的拟合方程,求出干季的潜在蒸腾,以潜在蒸腾和干季实际蒸腾之差分析不同径级整树蒸腾在不同季节的实际变化.在所有的PAR分级内,干季整树蒸腾显著低于湿季,仅占湿季蒸腾的10%～20%,就蒸腾减少的绝对量而言,优势木>中间木>劣势木.土壤水分下降缩小了不同径级树木之间液流密度的差异,土壤水分亏缺限制了树木的蒸腾,对马占相思的生长造成一定程度的水分胁迫.     

基于热扩散技术的三倍体毛白杨单木及林分蒸腾耗水研究

定量分析单木及林分的蒸腾耗水特征,是林木水分管理的关键环节。采用热扩散式边材液流检测技术,结合自动气象站,对三倍体毛白杨树干边材液流及环境因子进行了连续2年的动态观测。结果表明:(1)单株尺度上,三倍体毛白杨边材液流速率日变化在晴天表现为"单峰型",关键影响因子为水汽压亏缺(VPD)和太阳辐射(Qs),日平均液流速率在4—10月分别为0.65×10-3、2.12×10-3、2.09×10-3、1.78×10-3、1.84×10-3、1.76×10-3、1.04×10-3cm/s;(2)林分尺度上,三倍体毛白杨在2008、2009年(栽植第4年和第5年)的蒸腾耗水量分别为339.52和410.62 mm,主要影响因素为气孔导度(Gc)、相对湿度(RH),以及VPD;(3)多元线性回归模型可以较好的模拟三倍体毛白杨边材液流速率对环境因子的响应特征(P0.01,2008年),模型预测值较实测值偏大6.39%(2009年),二者极显著线性相关(R2=0.910,Sig.=0.00054,n=1008)。     

降雨减少对刺槐树干液流特征的影响

在全球气候变化背景下,区域降水格局正在发生改变,对森林生态系统生产力和水文过程将产生重要影响。为揭示降雨量减少对树木蒸腾耗水特征及其响应环境因子的影响,本研究以黄土高原半湿润区主要造林树种刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)为对象,在减雨样地林分行间布设人工减雨板减少约47%的降雨输入,采用Granier型热扩散探针测定树干液流动态,并同步监测太阳辐射、空气温度、相对湿度、降雨事件和土壤含水量等环境因子,分析了树干液流对减雨处理及季节性土壤水分变化的响应特征。结果表明：减雨处理显著降低了刺槐液流通量密度标准化值,处理第3年标准化液流通量密度显著低于对照样地;减雨样地刺槐标准化液流日变化峰值时间早于对照样地,表明减雨样地刺槐较早实施了气孔调节,改变了其与气象因子的时滞时间;标准化液流通量密度响应蒸腾驱动因子的拟合方程参数值在样地间呈极显著差异,显示减雨样地刺槐响应气象因子的敏感性有所降低。降雨量的改变不仅影响林地土壤水分状况,还会对刺槐蒸腾耗水及其对环境因子的响应产生影响。     

大连4种城市绿化乔木树种夜间液流活动特征

夜间液流有助于树木物质运输及其体内水分的补充(water recharge), 它不仅对植物的生长发育具有重要的生理生态学意义, 而且对大尺度植物蒸腾耗水的估算可能产生重要影响。2008年6月1日至8月31日, 以热扩散探针(thermal dissipation probe, TDP)技术对大连市劳动公园内的雪松(Cedrus deodara)、大叶榉(Zelkova schneideriana)、丝棉木(Euonymus bungeanus)和水杉(Metasequoia glyptostroboides) 4种乔木树种的不同径阶样木树干边材液流进行了测定, 并结合同步土壤水分与小气候观测结果分析了树木夜间(18:00至次日5:00)液流特征。实验结果表明, 树木普遍存在可感夜间液流, 夜间液流总量占观测期液流总量的比例在样木个体间呈现显著差异, 其变化范围为0.44%-75.96%; 观测期雨天夜间液流波动活跃, 显著高于晴天, 其单日夜间液流总量可持平, 甚至高于日间液流。相关分析表明: 水汽压亏缺(vapor pressure deficit, VPD)和风速的变化与夜间蒸腾显著相关, 它们能够较好地解释液流变化(R² > 0.6); 树木夜间液流主要用于夜间蒸腾和自身水分补充, 夜间液流现象主要发生在前半夜, 后半夜液流平稳且极接近0, 夜间液流量与相应的日间流量(R² = 0.356, p = 0.00)及胸径(R²_Spearman > 0.80)显著相关, 说明植物本身的结构和生理特点也是影响树木夜间液流的重要因子。单株样木夜间液流占全天总蒸腾量的比例低于14.4%, 如不考虑夜间液流的影响, 根据日间液流通过尺度扩展推算的森林生态系统年蒸腾量可能偏低。     

半干旱地区城市环境下樟子松蒸腾特征及其对环境因子的响应

作为我国半干旱地区重要的造林绿化树种之一,樟子松在城市林业建设中被广泛使用,研究樟子松在半干旱地区城市环境下的蒸腾耗水及其环境响应对于城市森林建设具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。从2012年8月至10月,以位于内蒙古呼和浩特市树木园内的30年生樟子松为研究对象,按照其径阶分布,选定8株样木,采用热扩散探针法对其树干边材液流进行了连续动态监测,并采用小型自动气象站和土壤水分传感器同步连续测定小气候因子与土壤含水量动态变化。结果表明:在不同天气条件下,樟子松树干液流密度日变化存在差异,晴天时液流密度曲线表现为单峰曲线,且液流密度较大,阴天与雨天液流密度相对较小;液流密度的大小与供试树木胸径无显著相关关系(P0.05);太阳辐射(r=0.731,P0.01)和大气饱和水汽压亏缺(VPD)(r=0.877,P0.01)是影响樟子松蒸腾的主要因子,风速与液流密度极显著相关(P0.01),但相关系数仅为0.518;土壤水分并未显著影响液流密度(r=-0.071,P0.05)。以太阳辐射Ra、VPD作为自变量建立的模型能够分别解释樟子松68%、71%的液流变化。     

祁连山青海云杉低液流特征及其影响因素

植被蒸腾作为林区生态水文的重要组成部分,是分析林区水分循环及其植被健康生长的基础,对林区保护和科学管理至关重要。本研究于2017—2018年运用热扩散探针对祁连山青海云杉树干液流进行连续监测,探究祁连山青海云杉蒸腾耗水特征,并分析影响云杉生长和蒸腾过程的主控因素。结果表明: 青海云杉树干液流的瞬时变化在晴天呈单峰曲线,在阴天呈多峰或双峰型曲线,在雨天基本无明显规律。青海云杉液流密度与太阳辐射变化趋势一致,晴天液流启动较早,结束较晚,液流历时12～14 h。因该地区海拔较高(2700 m),空气温度较低,饱和水汽压差(VPD)较低,导致液流密度整体偏低,平均为(0.86±0.49) kg·d^-1。在小时尺度上,液流瞬时速率受太阳辐射和VPD的显著影响,而在日尺度下,0～40 cm土层土壤温度和土壤水分含量与液流密度显著相关。云杉液流密度随着太阳辐射、空气温度和VPD的降低而降低,在祁连山高海拔林区,较低的土壤和空气温度以及较低的VPD和太阳辐射是导致该地区青海云杉液流偏低的主要原因。     

西北干旱荒漠绿洲区葡萄园水热通量特征及其主要影响因素

为提高干旱绿洲区农田地表过程的科学认识及改善农业水管理，该研究基于涡度相关技术，运用葡萄园生长季能量平衡观测资料，分析了不同时间尺度的水热通量变化特征，以及干旱平流和冠层导度(G_c)在不同生长阶段上对水热通量的影响，并应用通径分析研究了环境因子对潜热通量(LE)的影响路径和程度。结果表明：(1)日尺度上，LE呈现出不同程度多峰状，其余水热通量总体上呈单峰状。整体上，各生长阶段日间净辐射(R_n)>LE>感热通量(H)>土壤热通量(G)。G相较于R_n呈现出明显的滞后现象。(2)整个生长季上，LE和H分别占白天可利用能量(R_n-G)的86%和14%,表明LE始终是白天葡萄园可利用能量的主要消耗项。干旱平流对白天LE的贡献范围为5%～59%,全生长季平均贡献为28%;G_c对LE的影响在生长季上呈动态变化，且在新梢生长期和落叶期对LE的影响强于中间生长阶段。(3)LE主要受R_n的影响，饱和水汽压差(VPD)和气温(T_a)对LE...     

Depressed hydraulic redistribution of roots more by stem refilling than by nocturnal transpiration for Populus euphratica Oliv. in situ measurement

During the night, plant water loss can occur either through the roots, as hydraulic redistribution (HR), or through the leaves via the stoma, as nocturnal transpiration (E_n), which was methodologically difficult to separate from stem refilling (R_e). While HR and E_n have been reported across a range of species, ecosystem, and climate zone, there is little understanding on the interactions between E_n and/or R_e and HR. As water movement at night occurs via gradients of water potential, it is expected that during periods of high atmospheric vapor pressure deficit (VPD), water loss via E_n will override water loss via HR. To test this hypothesis, sap flow in stems and roots of Populus euphratica Oliv. trees, growing in a riparian zone in a hyperarid climate, was measured once in a year. Nocturnal stem sap flow was separated into E_n and R_e using the “forecasted refilling” method. Substantial nocturnal sap flow (38% of 24‐hr flux on average) was observed and positively correlated with VPD; however, the strength of the correlation was lower (R² = .55) than diurnal sap flow (E_d) (R² = .72), suggesting that nocturnal stem sap flow was attributed to both water loss through the canopy and replenishment of water in stem tissues. Partitioning of nocturnal sap flow shows that R_e constituted approximately 80%, and E_n ~20%, of nocturnal sap flow. The amount of root sap flow attributed to redistribution was negatively related to E_d (R² = .69) and the amount of acropetally sap flow in stems, R_e (R² = .41) and E_n (R² = .14). It was suggested that the magnitude of HR is more strongly depressed by R_e that was recharge to the water loss via E_d than by E_n. It was consistent with whole‐tree water balance theory, that the nighttime upward sap flow to xylem, stem refilling and transpiration, may depress hydraulic redistribution of roots.     

Transpiration of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Cyclobalanopsis glauca</Emphasis> (syn. <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus glauca</Emphasis>) stand measured by sap-flow method in a karst rocky terrain during dry season

Seasonal drought may have a high impact on the karst ecosystem. The transpiration from Cyclobalanopsis glauca (syn. Quercus glauca) stand on a rocky hilly slope in South China was measured during the dry period of 2006 by using the Granier’s sap-flow method. During the experimental period, maximum sap flux density (J _s) ranged from 20 to 40 g H₂O m⁻² s⁻¹ according to diameter of breast height (DBH) of individual trees. On sunny days, daily transpiration varied between 3.4 and 1.8 mm day⁻¹. Transpiration of C. glauca was closely correlated to the radiation, air temperature, and vapor pressure deficit (VPD). Soil moisture was a very important factor influencing transpiration. The very low soil water content might result in low stand transpiration even when VPD is high, but high soil water content might also result in low transpiration if it was low VPD. However, VPD rather than soil moisture, affected largely the stand transpiration under high soil water content. The amount of transpiration was much more than that of the total soil moisture loss during the continuous sunny days, indicating that the dry shallow soils were probably not the only source for root-uptake water. C. glauca grows deep roots through the rock fissures of epikarst, indicating that epikarst might be another main source for sustaining transpiration in response to dry demand in autumn. Therefore, a large amount of deep roots of karst species would be a very important hydraulic connecting from the epikarst to above ground by transpiration, which would promote the biogeochemical process in a karst system.     

Stomatal acclimation to vapour pressure deficit doubles transpiration of small tree seedlings with warming

Future climate change is expected to increase temperature (T) and atmospheric vapour pressure deficit (VPD) in many regions, but the effect of persistent warming on plant stomatal behaviour is highly uncertain. We investigated the effect of experimental warming of 1.9–5.1 °C and increased VPD of 0.5–1.3 kPa on transpiration and stomatal conductance (g_s) of tree seedlings in the temperate forest understory (Duke Forest, North Carolina, USA). We observed peaked responses of transpiration to VPD in all seedlings, and the optimum VPD for transpiration (D_opt) shifted proportionally with increasing chamber VPD. Warming increased mean water use of Carya by 140% and Quercus by 150%, but had no significant effect on water use of Acer. Increased water use of ring‐porous species was attributed to (1) higher air T and (2) stomatal acclimation to VPD resulting in higher g_s and more sensitive stomata, and thereby less efficient water use. Stomatal acclimation maintained homeostasis of leaf T and carbon gain despite increased VPD, revealing that short‐term stomatal responses to VPD may not be representative of long‐term exposure. Acclimation responses differ from expectations of decreasing g_s with increasing VPD and may necessitate revision of current models based on this assumption.     

BP人工神经网络模拟杨树林冠蒸腾

利用2008和2010年的气温、饱和差、总辐射和叶面积指数作为模型输入,液流法观测的蒸腾速率作为模型输出,建立了用于杨树林冠蒸腾模拟的BP人工神经网络模型,利用2009年的观测数据对模型的模拟能力进行了检验,并应用连接权值计算得到的输入变量对输出变量的相对贡献进行了敏感性分析。结果表明:建立的BP人工神经网络蒸腾模型可以很好的模拟林冠蒸腾大小和季节变化,模拟的绝对误差和绝对相对误差的平均值分别为0.11 mm/d和9.5%,纳什效率系数为0.83;输入变量对蒸腾的相对贡献以及蒸腾与输入变量之间的相关性大小顺序相同,均为总辐射叶面积指数饱和差气温。     

Whole-Plant Water use and Canopy Conductance of Cassava Under Iimited Available Soil Water and Varying Evaporative Demand

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), a perennial woody shrub, is known to be highly productive under favourable conditions and produce reasonably well under adverse conditions where other crops fail. Using constant heat sap flow sensors, sap flow density (F _d ) of cassava was monitored for 10 days in December 2002. Sap flow was highly correlated (R ² =0.72, P<0.05) to incoming solar radiation (R _s) than to other climatic factors. Using cross-correlation analysis, no time shift was detected between F _d and solar radiation, whereas vapour pressure deficit (VPD) lags F _d by 110 min. Solar radiation and VPD together explained 83% of diurnal variation in sap flow. Whole-plant transpiration ranged from 0.8 to 1.2 mm day⁻¹ and daily canopy conductance (g _c), computed based on the inverted Penman–Monteith model, varied between 0.7 and 2.1 mm s⁻¹ (mean = 1.4 ± 0.5 mm s⁻¹). For the measurement period, characterized by high evaporative demand coupled with low available soil water, transpiration accounted for 21% of the available energy and was only able to meet 24% of the atmospheric water demand. Average decoupling factor (Ω) of 0.05±0.02 estimated suggested that a 10% change in g _c may lead to more than 9% change in transpiration which further supports the notion that stomata play significant role in regulating cassava water use compared to other known mechanisms. Beyond light saturation (R _s >300 W m⁻²) and at higher VPD (>1.0 kPa), wind effects on the canopy transpiration under water stress condition were low, while VPD explains 94% of the observed variance in daily canopy conductance.     

Differential sensitivity of C3 and C4 turfgrass species to increasing atmospheric vapor pressure deficit

Temperature and vapor pressure deficit (VPD) effects on turfgrass growth are almost always confounded in experiments because VPD commonly is substantially increased in elevated-temperature treatments. The objective of this study as to examine specifically the influence of VPD on transpiration response of four ‘warm-season’ (C₄) and four ‘cool-season’ (C₃) turfgrasses to increasing VPD at a stable temperature (29.3 ± 1.5 °C). Although transpiration rates were noticeably lower in C₄ grasses, transpiration rates increased linearly in response to increasing VPD across the range of 0.8–3.0 kPa. In contrast, transpiration rates of C₃ increased sharply with increasing VPD across the range of low VPDs, but became constrained at higher VPDs (>1.35 kPa). Restricted transpiration rate at elevated VPD was most evident in Agrostis palustris and Lolium perenne. Assuming restricted transpiration rates reflect a limitation on leaf CO₂ uptake, these results indicate that the commonly observed decline in growth of C₃ (and success of C₄) grasses at elevated temperature may include a sensitivity to elevated VPD.     

塔里木河下游河岸柽柳林冠层导度变化特征及模拟

冠层导度(G_c)对植被的蒸腾和光合作用具有重要影响。利用涡度相关仪器实测了塔里木河下游河岸柽柳林地的蒸散发,以及气象因子(温度、湿度、总辐射、光和有效辐射),并利用Penman-Monteith公式计算了柽柳林在2013年生长季的冠层导度。结果显示:柽柳林冠层导度日变化过程在8:00左右迅速增大,于10:30左右达到最大值,之后缓慢下降,18:00左右快速降低;柽柳林冠层导度季节变化过程总体显示,展叶期缓慢上升,落叶期迅速下降,生长盛期缓慢波动下降;研究区,叶面积指数(LAI)是影响柽柳冠层导度季节变化的主要因素,其次为温度(T)、光合有效辐射(PAR)、总辐射(S)、空气饱和差(VPD);四元线性回归方程可以较好地拟合冠层导度与各因子的关系,利用2013年奇数天数据建立回归方程,对偶数天冠层导度值进行模拟和验证,RMSE值为0.169 mm/s,NSE值为0.814,达到了较高的模拟精度。