心肌细胞缝隙连接重塑与心律失常

缝隙连接是相邻心肌细胞间电、化学偶联的通道,亦是心室肌成为功能性合胞体的重要结构.心肌有缝隙连接蛋白(connexin,CX) 40、43与45的表达,心室肌主要表达CX43.CX43形成的缝隙连接大部分呈点状分布于闰盘部位,心肌细胞膜侧面分布极少.心肌缺血-再灌注、肥厚、衰竭、高胆同醇与糖尿病条件下,心肌细胞缝隙连接...     

心肌细胞间的连接和信息交通

心肌细胞相互连接处特化为闰盘,主要由粘连膜、桥粒和缝隙连接组成。缝隙连接中有1～2um的孔洞,称为连接膜通道,能容许离子和小分子的物质自由通过,兴奋能够以电偶联的形式传递,因此心肌是一个机能合胞体。缺氧、缺血、代谢抑制或洋地黄类药物中毒时,心肌细胞内游离钙离子浓度增加或pH值降低,使连接膜通道通透性降低,引起心脏兴奋传导速度减慢,导致心律失常。     

大鼠出生后发育期心肌闰盘装配的动态过程

心肌细胞闰盘由黏着连接、桥粒与缝隙连接三种结构组成,它们的跨膜蛋白分别是N-cadherin(N-cad)、desmoglein-2(DSG2)与connexin 43(Cx43)。本文旨在研究大鼠心肌在出生后的发育过程中,这三种蛋白之间两两共定位的特征。用组织免疫荧光染色法观测出生后1天(P1,postnatal day 1)、P7、P14、P28、P90大鼠左室心肌N-cad、DSG2与Cx43的分布与两两之间共定位的动态变化。结果显示,出生1 d心肌细胞,N-cad、DSG2与Cx43在细胞膜呈弥散分布;出生7 d组N-cad与DSG2在心肌细胞长轴两端集聚,Cx43亦有少量集聚,标示闰盘形成。从14 d到90 d,三种蛋白在闰盘处集聚逐步增多;而在侧面的分布表现出一种相反的趋势:N-cad与DSG2在细胞侧面的分布大幅减少,Cx43虽在细胞侧面的分布降低,但至90 d仍有Cx43分布于细胞侧面。采用体视学方法进行定量分析表明,在出生第1天,N-cad与DSG2总的共定位为33.5%;第7天总共定位升高为38.6%,其中闰盘处共定位占9.4%,细胞侧面共定位为29.2%。从14 d到90 d,随着N-cad与DSG2总共定位增加至65.7%,在闰盘处的共定位亦增加到60.5%,在细胞侧面的共定位却降低至5.2%。N-cad与Cx43的总共定位从1 d的10.3%,逐步增加到90 d的37.1%;在闰盘处的共定位逐步增加,而细胞侧面的共定位保持在5%左右。DSG2与Cx43共定位特征及百分比类似于N-cad与Cx43共定位。N-cad与DSG2共定位百分比明显高于N-cad与Cx43或DSG2与Cx43的共定位。上述结果提示,大鼠心肌在出生后的发育过程中,构成细胞力学连接的N-cad与DSG2先于构成细胞电化学连接的Cx43在闰盘处集聚,即心肌细胞生长首先需形成稳定的力学环境。     

心肌闰盘横纹切片制作改良法

心肌闰盘(intercalated disk)为心肌组织内同步兴奋的特化结构.心肌细胞末端互相连接成网,闰盘分布在细胞间连接处,在HE染色标本中呈深红色,需仔细辨认才行.而心肌闰盘及横纹是心肌结构中必须要观察的一部份,常规方法显示其结构,如Retterr氏法、Hemalinin氏法以及碘酸钠-苏木精心肌闰盘整块染色法,但步骤繁琐,染色不够稳定,常消耗大量的药品和人力.经我们改进整块组织染色切片,比其单片染色的更加清晰可辨,且易于批量制作教学切片.简介如下.     

囊胚形成的基因表达与调控(英文)

囊胚形成是胚胎早期发育过程中一个重要阶段 ,涉及几个重要的生理事件 ,即细胞融合 (compaction ,亦称致密化作用 )、囊胚腔出现、囊胚腔扩张及滋养层和内细胞团的分化。在细胞间连接蛋白的作用下 ,各种细胞间连接方式逐步建立起来 ,在合子型基因组表达调控下 ,促进了最终囊胚的形成。细胞间连接蛋白和细胞粘附相关蛋白参与组建各种细胞间连接 ,参与细胞融合、囊胚腔形成、滋养层分化和囊胚扩张等过程。通过顶部的紧密连接、侧部的缝隙连接和桥粒 ,建立起细胞的连接复合体。在人胚胎 8 细胞之前 ,卵裂球细胞界限明显 ,可能以中间连接方式相互作用 ;8 细胞期发生致密化作用 ,通过紧密连接将细胞分成顶部和基部 ,使得胚胎处于半封闭状态 ,促进胚胎内部积液 ,形成囊胚腔。细胞融合的同时也产生缝隙连接。桥粒最初出现在人胚胎达到 3 2 细胞阶段 ,桥粒连接参与囊胚腔形成以及在囊胚扩张时维持滋养层的稳定性。桥粒由一些跨膜粘蛋白组成 ,包括参与细胞内粘附的桥粒子和桥粒球以及一些细胞质内蛋白 (如desmoplakins,plakoglobin ,plakophilin) ,由细胞内蛋白质形成空斑结构并介导细胞角蛋白丝固定。对植入前牛胚胎的研究表明 ,只有DcII,DcIII和plako三种桥粒蛋白参与桥粒组建。在鼠囊胚中DcII的表达部位位于     

初生与成年牦牛心肌的组织学结构比较

为探究牦牛心肌发育过程中组织学结构的变化,采用组织学、组织化学和免疫组织化学方法对初生和成年牦牛心肌的组织学结构、心钠素（ANP）和缝隙连接蛋白43（Cx43）的表达情况进行了观察。结果显示,初生牦牛心肌细胞数量少且细短,闰盘为直线型或V型,心肌细胞间以Ⅲ型胶原纤维为主,Ⅰ型胶原纤维较少;成年牦牛心肌细胞粗长,其数量是初生牦牛的2倍,闰盘呈竹节样吻合或阶梯状,心肌细胞间以Ⅰ型胶原纤维为主。初生和成年牦牛,ANP在心房肌细胞中均表达强烈,且右心房表达量显著高于左心房,心室肌细胞中不表达。ANP在普肯耶纤维中有少量表达。初生牦牛心房肌细胞ANP表达量高于成年牦牛。在心肌细胞膜和胞质内,初生牦牛Cx43表达强于成年牦牛,但在闰盘内,成年牦牛Cx43表达强于初生牦牛。Cx43在初生和成年牦牛的普肯耶纤维中均呈膜阳性。结果提示,初生与成年牦牛相比,成年牦牛的心肌细胞变粗长且数量增多,ANP在心房肌表达减弱,Cx43在闰盘表达更显著,说明成年牦牛较初生牦牛适应循环变化的代偿能力呈进行性减弱;细胞间牢固性增加,有助于实现心肌收缩信号的迅速传导。     

桥粒相关蛋白Pinin的生物学功能及其在肿瘤发生中的作用

桥粒不但参与上皮和心肌细胞的连接,增强细胞承受机械应力时的黏附作用,还能调控细胞行为和组织形态发生改变时的信号传导通路过程.桥粒相关蛋白Pinin(PNN)自发现以来,其位置和功能就备受争议.现有结果表明,PNN包含与细胞膜上桥粒共定位的桥粒型PNN和位于细胞核中的核型PNN两种,前者参与上皮细胞的黏附,后者与m RNA的选择性剪接功能有关.新近研究发现,PNN与肿瘤发生密切相关,然而其作用及其分子机制却不相同.本文对PNN的结构、功能及其与肿瘤发生的关系作一综述.     

U50,488H对缺血期间心肌电耦联的影响及其机制研究

目的:研究κ-阿片受体特异性激动剂U50,488H对心肌缺血后电耦联特性的影响,并探讨其作用的可能机制。方法:采用雄性SD大鼠心脏Langendorff离体灌流模型和四电极法,观察U50,488H对全心停灌缺血期间心肌整体阻抗和电脱耦联参数(电脱耦联时间、平台时间、电脱耦联最大速率和阻抗倍数)的影响。采用免疫组化染色法检测U50,488H对左心室心肌细胞缝隙连接结构蛋白Cx43的影响,并同时观察U50,488H特异阻断剂nor-BNI(5×10-6mol/L)和PKC抑制剂chelerythrine(3×10-6mol/L)预处理对U50,488H作用的影响。结果:U50,488H可浓度依赖地延迟电脱耦联时间和平台时间,降低电脱耦联最大速率;nor-BNI或chelerythrine预处理均可明显减弱U50,488H对心肌缺血后电耦联特性的作用;与空白对照组比较,单纯缺血组心肌闰盘处Cx43蛋白显著减少,U50,488H处理可明显增加缺血心肌闰盘处Cx43蛋白含量;nor-BNI和chelerythrine预处理均可明显减弱U50,488H对心肌Cx43蛋白表达的作用。结论:κ-阿片受体激动剂U50,488H明显延迟缺血诱导的心肌电脱耦联,其作用涉及κ-阿片受体-PKC途径,其作用靶点可能为心肌细胞缝隙连接蛋白Cx43。     

囊胚形成的基因表达与调控

囊胚形成是胚胎早期发育过程中一个重要阶段,涉及几个重要的生理事件,即细胞融合（compaction,亦称致密化作用）、囊胚腔出现、囊胚腔扩张及滋养层和内细胞团的分化。在细胞间连接蛋白的作用下,各种细胞间连接方式逐步建立起来,在合子型基因组表达调控下,促进了最终囊胚的形成。细胞间连接蛋白和细胞粘附相关蛋白参与组建各种细胞间连接,参与细胞融合、囊胚腔形成、滋养层分化和囊腔扩张等过程。通过顶部的紧密连接、侧部的缝隙连接和桥粒,建立起细胞的连接复合体。在人胚胎8－细胞之前,卵裂球细胞界限明显,可能从中间连接方式相互作用;8－细胞期发生致密化作用,通过紧密连接将细胞分成顶部和基部,使得胚胎处于半封闭状态,促进胚胎内部积液,形成囊胚腔。细胞融合的同时也产生缝隙连接。桥粒最初出现在人胚胎达到32－细胞阶段,桥粒连接参与囊胚腔形成以及在囊胚扩张时维持滋养层的稳定性。桥粒由一些跨膜粒蛋白组成,包括参与细胞内粘附的桥粒子和桥粒球以及一些细胞质内蛋白（如desmoplakins,plakoglobin,plakophilin),由细胞内蛋白质形成空斑结构并介导细胞角蛋白丝固定。对植入前牛胚胎的研究表明,只有DcII,DcIII和plako三种桥粒蛋白参与桥粒组建。在鼠囊胚中DcII的表达部位位于滋养外胚层,对于滋养层的形成具有重要的作用。在牛中,直到桑椹胚期可能才出现紧密连接方式。人胚胎发育至囊胚期时,可检测到角蛋白－18基因的活跃表达,作为细胞骨架蛋白的角蛋白－18参与桥粒位点的细胞与细胞间“识别”的建立。缝隙连接蛋白连接子（Connexin43,Cx43)对于维持细胞融合以及之后囊胚的形成是十分必要的。细胞融合和囊胚腔形成还需要一些介导细胞粘附和滋养层细胞分化的分子表达,如整合素家族中的E－钙调素、链接子（caknin)和ZQ（一种细胞质带状咬合紧密连接相关蛋白）。Na/K-ATP酶基因及细胞因子、生长因子等可促进Na^ 浓度梯度变化,使水分进入囊胚内部,形成囊胚腔,并维持囊腔腔扩张状态。调节发育和分化的基因参与胚胎的发育和内细胞团和滋养外胚层细胞的分化,调节胚胎由未分化状态向分化状态过渡。另外,某些细胞因子对内细胞团细胞增殖有影响。在小鼠胚胎培养基中,添加IGF和EGF有利于胚胎从透明带孵出,TGF－α和EGF在小鼠胚胎发育中能分别通过自泌作用和旁分泌作用囊胚腔的扩张膨大。许多基因参与囊胚的发育和分化,如Pem基因调节早期胚胎细胞分化,可调节鼠早期胚胎由未分化状态向分化状态过渡,Oct-4表达与未分化表型有关,在早期胚胎发育中起转录调节作用。植入前胚胎发育基因调节鼠胚植入前卵裂速度的快慢,以及胚胎预后生存能力。植入前因子PIF在受精后妇女的血清中就能检测出来,其特点和功能与囊胚形成的关系仍需进一步研究。Rex-1编码锌指蛋白,可能是一个转录调节因子,它参与滋养层发育以及精子发生,它是研究内细胞团早期细胞命运决定的有用标志物,对于维持胚胎干细胞的未分化状态和全能性有作用,当其表达显著降低时,内细胞团将分化成胚层。总之,多种蛋白、因子参与囊胚形成的表达调控。通过基因调控的研究,将有助于培养液的研制以及通过测定一些标志基因的表达筛选健康的胚胎。     

常规染色与特殊染色相结合的多种肌组织混合切片的制作

目的探索一种结合常规染色与特殊染色的多种肌组织混合切片的制作方法。方法取实验动物狗的平滑肌、心肌、骨骼肌。所有组织均采取单一包埋制作蜡块。另取心肌组织块,制作显示心肌闰盘的特殊块染标本的蜡块。将四种蜡块切片的蜡带进行组合粘片,同时粘在一张载玻片上。对除心肌闰盘外的三种肌组织切片进行苏木素伊红染色。再将所有切片浸入二甲苯,最后共同封片。结果获得常规染色与特殊染色相结合的多种肌组织混合切片。可在一张混合切片上分别观察到平滑肌、心肌、骨骼肌、心肌闰盘四种结构。不同标本的形态结构保存完好,对比非常清晰。结论采取单一包埋与不同蜡带的组合粘片法,过程简单,操作容易,适合制作常规染色与特殊染色相结合的多种肌组织混合切片。     

Assembly of the Cardiac Intercalated Disk during Pre- and Postnatal Development of the Human Heart

Background

In cardiac muscle, the intercalated disk (ID) at the longitudinal cell-edges of cardiomyocytes provides as a macromolecular infrastructure that integrates mechanical and electrical coupling within the heart. Pathophysiological disturbance in composition of this complex is well known to trigger cardiac arrhythmias and pump failure. The mechanisms underlying assembly of this important cellular domain in human heart is currently unknown.

Methods

We collected 18 specimens from individuals that died from non-cardiovascular causes. Age of the specimens ranged from a gestational age of 15 weeks through 11 years postnatal. Immunohistochemical labeling was performed against proteins comprising desmosomes, adherens junctions, the cardiac sodium channel and gap junctions to visualize spatiotemporal alterations in subcellular location of the proteins.

Results

Changes in spatiotemporal localization of the adherens junction proteins (N-cadherin and ZO-1) and desmosomal proteins (plakoglobin, desmoplakin and plakophilin-2) were identical in all subsequent ages studied. After an initial period of diffuse and lateral labelling, all proteins were fully localized in the ID at approximately 1 year after birth. Na_v1.5 that composes the cardiac sodium channel and the gap junction protein Cx43 follow a similar pattern but their arrival in the ID is detected at (much) later stages (two years for Na_v1.5 and seven years for Cx43, respectively).

Conclusion

Our data on developmental maturation of the ID in human heart indicate that generation of the mechanical junctions at the ID precedes that of the electrical junctions with a significant difference in time. In addition arrival of the electrical junctions (Nav1.5 and Cx43) is not uniform since sodium channels localize much earlier than gap junction channels.     

Antisera directed against connexin43 peptides react with a 43-kD protein localized to gap junctions in myocardium and other tissues

Rat heart and other organs contain mRNA coding for connexin43, a polypeptide homologous to a gap junction protein from liver (connexin32). To provide direct evidence that connexin43 is a cardiac gap junction protein, we raised rabbit antisera directed against synthetic oligopeptides corresponding to two unique regions of its sequence, amino acids 119-142 and 252-271. Both antisera stained the intercalated disc in myocardium by immunofluorescence but did not react with frozen sections of liver. Immunocytochemistry showed anti-connexin43 staining of the cytoplasmic surface of gap junctions in isolated rat heart membranes but no reactivity with isolated liver gap junctions. Both antisera reacted with a 43-kD polypeptide in isolated rat heart membranes but did not react with rat liver gap junctions by Western blot analysis. In contrast, an antiserum to the conserved, possibly extracellular, sequence of amino acids 164-189 in connexin32 reacted with both liver and heart gap junction proteins on Western blots. These findings support a topological model of connexins with unique cytoplasmic domains but conserved transmembrane and extracellular regions. The connexin43-specific antisera were used by Western blots and immunofluorescence to examine the distribution of connexin43. They demonstrated reactivity consistent with gap junctions between ovarian granulosa cells, smooth muscle cells in uterus and other tissues, fibroblasts in cornea and other tissues, lens and corneal epithelial cells, and renal tubular epithelial cells. Staining with the anti-connexin43 antisera was never observed to colocalize with antibodies to other gap junctional proteins (connexin32 or MP70) in the same junctional plaques. Because of limitations in the resolution of the immunofluorescence, however, we were not able to determine whether individual cells ever simultaneously express more than one connexin type.     

Highlighting Kathleen Green and Mario Delmar,Guest Editors of Special Issue (part 2): Junctional Targets of Skin and Heart Disease

Abstract

Cell Communication and Adhesion has been fortunate to enlist two pioneers of epidermal and cardiac cell junctions, Kathleen Green and Mario Delmar, as Guest Editors of a two part series on junctional targets of skin and heart disease. Part 2 of this series begins with an overview from Dipal Patel and Kathy Green comparing epidermal desmosomes to cardiac area composita junctions, and surveying the pathogenic mechanisms resulting from mutations in their components in heart disease. This is followed by a review from David Kelsell on the role of desmosomal mutation in inherited syndromes involving skin fragility. Agnieszka Kobeliak discusses how structural deficits in the epidermal barrier intersect with the NFkB signaling pathway to induce inflammatory diseases such as psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Farah Sheikh reviews the specialized junctional components in cardiomyocytes of the cardiac conduction system and Robert Gourdie discusses how molecular complexes between sodium channels and gap junction proteins within the perijunctional microdomains within the intercalated disc facilitate conduction. Glenn Radice evaluates the role of N-cadherin in heart. Andre Kleber and Chris Chen explore new approaches to study junctional mechanotransduction in vitro with a focus on the effects of connexin ablation and the role of cadherins, respectively. To complement this series of reviews, we have interviewed Werner Franke, whose systematic documentation the tissue-specific complexity of desmosome composition and pioneering discovery of the cardiac area composita junction greatly facilitated elucidation of the role of desmosomal components in the pathophysiology of human heart disease.     

Partial purification of an intercalated disc-containing cardiac plasma membrane fraction

The sarcolemma of cardiac muscle cells contains a specialised junctional region, the intercalated disc which includes three types of intercellular junction, the macula and fascia adherens and the nexus or gap junction. To facilitate the isolation of these junctions a procedure for the partial purification from mouse hearts of a subcellular fraction containing the intercalated disc region of the sarcolemma was developed. This involved investigating methods of tissue disruption that preserve the integrity of the intercalated disc and minimise myofibrillar entrapment of organelles. Examination of the distribution of marker enzymes showed that relative to the homogenate the intercalated disc fraction prepared by sucrose density centrifugation was only enriched 1.5- to 3-fold in 5'-nucleotidase and (Na+ + K+)-ATPase activities, whereas mitochondrial and sarcoplasmic reticulum marker enzymes were low. The properties of the intercalated disc-containing fraction were compared with the vesicular sarcolemmal fractions devoid of junctional complexes prepared by other methods.     

Localization and distribution of gap junctions in normal and cardiomyopathic hamster heart

Gap junctions in mammalian heart function to provide low-resistance channels between adjacent cells for passage of ions and small molecules. It is clear that the almost unrestricted passage of ions between cells, ionic coupling, is required for coordinate and synchronous contraction. This knowledge of gap junction function has made it important to study their properties in normal and abnormal tissues. In the present study, we analyzed gap junction distribution in normal and cardiomyopathic heart tissue utilizing immunofluorescent and electron microscopy techniques. Frozen, unfixed sections of age-matched normal and cardiomyopathic cardiac tissues were immunofiuorescently stained using an antibody directed against a specific peptide sequence of the connexin-43 gap junction protein. These studies revealed a characteristic punctate staining pattern for the intercalated discs in normal tissues. Some of the intercalated discs in cardiomyopathic hearts appeared to stain normally; however, others stained diffusely. The pixel intensity distribution of the confocal images demonstrated a marked difference of up to 90% increase in the number of pixels in cardiomyopathic myocardium (CM), yet the pixel intensity of gap junctions had a decrease of approximately 60%. This suggests the possibility that connexin-43 is present in CM cells in significant quantity; however, it does not become localized on the membranes as in normal cells. Electron-microscopic findings corroborate these observations on CM cells by showing an irregular distribution of intercalated discs relatively smaller in size with abnormal orientation and distribution. © 1994 Wiley-Liss, Inc.     

Trafficking Highways to the Intercalated Disc: New Insights Unlocking the Specificity of Connexin 43 Localization

Abstract

With each heartbeat, billions of cardiomyocytes work in concert to propagate the electrical excitation needed to effectively circulate blood. Regulated expression and timely delivery of connexin proteins to form gap junctions at the specialized cell–cell contact region, known as the intercalated disc, is essential to ventricular cardiomyocyte coupling. We focus this review on several regulatory mechanisms that have been recently found to govern the lifecycle of connexin 43 (Cx43), the short-lived and most abundantly expressed connexin in cardiac ventricular muscle. The Cx43 lifecycle begins with gene expression, followed by oligomerization into hexameric channels, and then cytoskeletal-based transport toward the disc region. Once delivered, hemichannels interact with resident disc proteins and are organized to effect intercellular coupling. We highlight recent studies exploring regulation of Cx43 localization to the intercalated disc, with emphasis on alternatively translated Cx43 isoforms and cytoskeletal transport machinery that together regulate Cx43 gap junction coupling between cardiomyocytes.     

Effects of diminished expression of connexin43 on gap junction number and size in ventricular myocardium

Gap junction number and size vary widely in cardiac tissues with disparate conduction properties. Little is known about how tissue-specific patterns of intercellular junctions are established and regulated. To elucidate the relationship between gap junction channel protein expression and the structure of gap junctions, we analyzed Cx43 +/- mice, which have a genetic deficiency in expression of the major ventricular gap junction protein, connexin43 (Cx43). Quantitative confocal immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that diminished Cx43 signal in Cx43 +/- mice was due almost entirely to a reduction in the number of individual gap junctions (226 +/- 52 vs. 150 +/- 32 individual gap junctions/field in Cx43 +/+ and +/- ventricles, respectively; P < 0.05). The mean size of an individual gap junction was the same in both groups. Immunofluorescence results were confirmed with electron microscopic morphometry. Thus when connexin expression is diminished, ventricular myocytes become interconnected by a reduced number of large, normally sized gap junctions, rather than a normal number of smaller junctions. Maintenance of large gap junctions may be an adaptive response supporting safe ventricular conduction.     

Specific attachment of desmin filaments to desmosomal plaques in cardiac myocytes

Intercellular junctions which are similar in ultrastructure and protein composition to typical desmosomes have so far only been found in epithelial cells and in heart tissue, specifically in the intercalated disks of cardiac myocytes and at cell boundaries between Purkinje fiber cells. In epithelial cells the cytoplasmic side of desmosomes, the 'desmosomal plaque', represents a specific attachment structure for the anchorage of intermediate filaments (IF) of the cytokeratin type. Cardiac myocytes do not contain cytokeratin filaments. In primary cultures of rat cardiac myocytes, we have examined by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, using single and double label techniques, whether other types of IF are attached to the desmosomal plaques of the heart. Antibodies to desmoplakin, the major protein of the desmosomal plaque, have been used to label specifically the desmosomal plaques. It is shown that the desmoplakin-containing structures are often associated with IF stained by antibodies to desmin, i.e., the characteristic type of IF present in these cells. Like cytokeratin filaments in epithelial cells, desmin filaments attach laterally to the desmosomal plaque. They also remain attached to these plaques after endocytotic internalization of desmosomal domains by treatment of the cells with EGTA. These desmin filaments do not appear to attach to junctions of the fascia adherens type and to nexuses (gap junctions). These observations show that anchorage at desmosomal plaques is not restricted to IF of the cytokeratin type and that IF composed of either cytokeratin or desmin, specifically attach, in a lateral fashion, to desmoplakin-containing regions of the plasma membrane. We conclude that special domains exist in these two IF proteins that are involved in binding to the desmosomal plaque.     

Targeted activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase in vivo induces restrictive cardiomyopathy and conduction defects

The stress-activated protein kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), has been implicated in the process of cardiac hypertrophy and apoptosis, yet the specific roles of JNK in heart failure are unclear. To determine the effects of JNK activation in intact heart, we established transgenic animals using a Cre/loxP-mediated gene switch approach to achieve targeted expression of an upstream activator, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase 7 (D) (MKK7D), in ventricular myocytes. MKK7D expression led to significant JNK activation, robust induction of the fetal gene program, and contractile dysfunction. The animals died approximately 7 weeks after birth with signs of congestive heart failure. Doppler mode echocardiography revealed a marked stiffening of JNK-activated hearts that was associated with the remodeling of specific extracellular matrix components. Gene expression analysis of MKK7D hearts revealed up-regulation of transforming growth factor beta signaling, offering a potential molecular mechanism underlying changes in extracellular matrix composition. In addition, we demonstrated that JNK activation led to specific loss of connexin 43 protein and gap junctions without affecting the expression or localization of other key intercalated disc proteins. This specific and localized gap junction remodeling resulted in significant slowing of ventricular electrical conduction in JNK-activated hearts. These results represent the first characterization of JNK-mediated cardiac pathology in vivo and support an important role for JNK signaling in specific aspects of cardiac remodeling in the pathogenesis of cardiac disease.