胶州湾滨海湿地枯落物分解对土壤活性有机碳含量及其三维荧光特性的影响

通过室内试验模拟胶州湾滨海湿地碱蓬、芦苇、互花米草枯落物的分解过程,测定土壤活性有机碳(可溶性有机碳、微生物生物量碳)含量变化,并利用三维荧光技术对可溶性有机碳(DOC)进行光谱分析.结果表明: 土壤活性有机碳含量呈先增加后降低最终趋于稳定的变化趋势;不同枯落物类型和添加方式对土壤活性有机碳的影响不同,表现为碱蓬＞互花米草＞芦苇,且原状混合＞表面覆盖;光谱分析表明,分解过程各三维荧光光谱的荧光峰数量、荧光中心位置和荧光强度都存在一定差异,添加枯落物后土壤未发现类酪氨酸峰;芳香类蛋白物质占比最高,腐殖质类物质次之.枯落物分解是以微生物分解作用为主导、枯落物性质为本质要素、多重因子综合作用的结果,其对提高土壤活性有机碳含量、增强土壤碳库的稳定性具有促进作用;该过程通过改变DOC的结构和化学组分,提高其在土壤中的迁移转化能力,增强生物可降解性和可利用性,促进微生物内源DOC的产生,加快湿地土壤碳循环.     

互花米草凋落物有机碳在不同发育阶段盐沼中的分解动态

采用分解袋法,在江苏盐城新洋港互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)盐沼,根据盐沼发育阶段,从海向陆设置以下5个样地:建群3年互花米草盐沼(SAF2011)、5年互花米草盐沼(SAF2009)、11年互花米草盐沼(SAF2003)、25年互花米草盐沼(SAF1989)以及互花米草-碱蓬(Suaeda salsa)盐沼(SAF-SS),研究互花米草凋落物分解过程中总有机碳、惰性有机碳及活性有机碳动态变化。结果表明:(1)各样地凋落物经过1年的分解,其总有机碳、惰性有机碳、活性有机碳残留率逐月下降,惰性有机碳残留率高于活性有机碳残留率,有机碳各组分分解残留率随盐沼建群时间增加而增加;(2)各样地凋落物有机碳分解速率有明显季节变化,总有机碳、惰性有机碳和活性有机碳分解速率分别在8、1和6月最高,总有机碳和活性有机碳分解速率在10和2月较低,惰性有机碳分解速率在12和2月较低;活性有机碳分解速率高于惰性有机碳;凋落物总有机碳和活性有机碳分解速率均随着互花米草盐沼建群时间的增加而下降,建群3年盐沼中凋落物惰性有机碳分解速率最高;(3)凋落物分解后,总有机碳中惰性有机碳比重增高,活性有机碳比重降低,总有机碳中活性有机碳的分解比例大于惰性有机碳;(4)各样地凋落物总有机碳年分解量分别为0.3167、0.2632、0.2608、0.2380和0.2583 g·g-1,建群3年的盐沼中凋落物有机碳分解量高于其余样地。盐沼发育程度对凋落物的分解动态有显著影响。     

添加混合凋落物对沙丘草地土壤有机碳矿化的影响

土壤有机碳矿化是调节温室气体排放、土壤有机质形成以及土壤生物和植物营养供应的重要过程,植物残体分解释放CO_2对土壤有机碳矿化有着重要影响。通过对科尔沁沙地沙丘草地4种优势植物叶凋落物的混合培养试验,测定了凋落物培养过程中CO_2释放速率及其累积释放量,比较了混合凋落物CO_2释放量实测值与预测值的差异,分析了凋落物化学成分和物种多样性(包括物种丰富度和物种组成)与土壤有机碳矿化的相关关系,以期解释添加混合凋落物对土壤有机碳矿化的影响。结果表明,混合凋落物物种丰富度对土壤有机碳矿化的影响不显著,而凋落物一些化学性质与土壤有机碳矿化紧密相关;所有混合组合处理中,80%的凋落物组合处理对土壤有机碳矿化产生显著(P0.05)的非加和效应;氮含量较高的豆科植物达乌里胡枝子凋落物与禾本科植物凋落物混合后土壤有机碳矿化表现极显著(P0.001)的协同非加和效应,而禾本科植物凋落物交互混合后土壤有机碳矿化产生显著拮抗非加和效应,这可能是凋落物化学成分相似或凋落物叶片的空间异质性引起的。     

不同退化沙地土壤碳的矿化潜力

通过实验室土壤培养试验 ,研究了科尔沁退化沙质草地不同生境 (流动沙地 ,半固定沙地 ,固定沙地和丘间低地 )下土壤碳的矿化潜力及不同凋落物在沙地土壤中的分解。经 33d的室内培养 ,不同生境土壤 CO2 - C的释放有极显著的差异 ,与生境植被盖度 ,凋落物积累 ,土壤沙化程度 ,土壤有机碳和全氮含量的分布有显著相关。流动沙地土壤有极低的土壤有机碳和氮的含量及其微弱的土壤微生物呼吸 ,表明土地沙漠化不仅导致土壤有机碳库衰竭 ,也使土壤微生物活性丧失。在有机质含量很低的流动沙地和半固定沙地土壤中 ,含氮量高的小叶锦鸡儿 (Caragana microphylla)凋落物比含氮量低、C/N比高的差巴嘎蒿(Artemisia halodendron)和 1年生植物凋落物有较快的分解。在沙漠化的演变中 ,土壤的粗粒化 ,有机物质和养分及微生物活性的丧失制约着凋落物在土壤中的矿化潜力。灌木的存在使更多的有机物质和养分积聚在灌丛下 ,形成灌丛肥岛 ,因而显著贡献于碳的固存。     

不同化学性质叶凋落物添加对土壤有机碳矿化及激发效应的影响

凋落物输入可显著影响土壤有机碳(SOC)矿化速率,但添加不同化学性质叶凋落物对土壤有机碳矿化释放CO₂及激发效应的影响及其机理仍不清楚。本研究将亚热带6种树种¹³C标记的叶凋落物添加至天然次生林0～10 cm原位土柱中,比较不同树种叶凋落物添加对土壤总CO₂、外源凋落物和土壤来源CO₂释放速率和累积量以及激发效应的影响,并量化叶凋落物化学性质与土壤CO₂释放累积量、激发效应的相关关系。结果表明: 添加叶凋落物能够显著提高土壤总CO₂和土壤来源CO₂释放量,存在显著正激发效应,激发效应值为68%～128%。不同树种叶凋落物添加对土壤有机碳矿化和激发效应的影响存在显著差异。Pearson相关分析和逐步多元线性回归分析发现,凋落物来源CO₂释放累积量与叶凋落物C、P和纤维素含量呈显著负相关,而土壤来源CO₂释放量与叶凋落物C:N和木质素:N呈显著正相关。综上,不同化学性质的叶凋落物对土壤有机碳矿化和激发效应的影响存在异质性,在亚热带地区森林类型转变过程中营造具有高质量叶凋落物的人工林将有助于减少森林土壤碳损失。     

外来种互花米草和土著种芦苇空中凋落物氮动态的比较研究

土壤氮含量是限制植物生长的重要因素, 所以入侵植物要入侵成功必须突破土壤氮限制的瓶颈。近年来, 外来种互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)在中国海岸带盐沼中快速取代土著种芦苇(Phragmites australis), 引起了多方面的生态学后果。为了解互花米草与本地种芦苇空中凋落物的氮含量是否存在差异及产生这种差异的机制, 2003年11月至2004年4月, 作者在长江口九段沙湿地对互花米草与芦苇空中凋落物氮含量(单位面积凋落物的总氮量, N g/m²)进行了测定, 结果表明互花米草的氮含量比芦苇高。在空中分解过程中, 互花米草茎(包括叶鞘与秆)凋落物的氮含量显著上升, 但芦苇茎凋落物的氮含量显著降低。2006年1月, 又对中国海岸带6个地点的盐沼中互花米草的凋落物进行取样和氮浓度测定, 发现互花米草空中叶鞘与秆的老凋落物(2004年冬季产生)的氮浓度均显著高于其新产生的凋落物(2005年冬季产生), 表明在空中分解过程中, 互花米草叶鞘与秆凋落物氮含量增加具有普遍性。进一步的温室受控实验结果表明, 互花米草凋落物氮含量增加可能是由腐生固氮微生物引起的。以上结果表明,互花米草取代芦苇后, 改变了空中凋落物的氮动态, 增加了生态系统中氮的输入, 可能有利于互花米草的快速扩张。     

贡嘎山树线过渡带土壤有机碳矿化和温度敏感性

树线过渡带作为高山地区重要的生态过渡带之一,是响应温度变化的敏感区域。树线过渡带内土壤碳储量丰富,其碳周转在全球碳循环方面扮演着重要角色。探究树线过渡带土壤有机碳矿化及其温度敏感性,对于预测气候变化背景下高山地区土壤碳循环过程具有重要的指导意义。为此以青藏高原东南部贡嘎山树线过渡带(森林、树线、灌丛)的土壤为对象,在室内开展90 d不同温度(15℃和20℃)的培养实验,测定土壤有机碳矿化速率,计算单位土壤有机碳累积矿化量、温度敏感性,并分析影响它们的相关因素。结果表明：土壤有机碳矿化速率受温度和样地类型的显著影响。升温显著增加土壤有机碳矿化速率,而不同样地类型间矿化速率差异显著,矿化速率大小表现为森林>树线>灌丛。本研究用单位土壤有机碳累积矿化量表征土壤有机碳的稳定性,经90 d的培养,15℃下树线过渡带从森林、树线到灌丛单位土壤有机碳累积矿化量分别为12.33 mg/g、12.99 mg/g和10.53 mg/g, 20℃下则分别为19.16 mg/g、21.14 mg/g和16.26 mg/g,灌丛土壤单位土壤有机碳累积矿化量显著低于森林和树线土壤,这表明灌丛土壤具备更...     

杉木和米槠凋落叶DOM对土壤碳矿化的影响

DOM(Dissolved organic matter)是土壤微生物呼吸的重要底物,凋落物淋溶的DOM对土壤碳矿化具有重要影响。选择中亚热带地区具有代表性的杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)和米槠(Castanopsis carlesii)凋落叶作为研究对象,通过两个月的短期室内培养,把不同凋落叶浸提出的DOM添加到培养瓶中,定期测定土壤碳矿化速率,计算土壤碳累积矿化量,探讨两种等浓度等量DOM添加对土壤碳矿化的影响,并分析DOM化学性质在土壤碳矿化过程中的重要性。结果表明:米槠凋落叶浸提得到的DOC(Dissolved organic carbon)和DON(Dissolved organic nitrogen)浓度均显著高于杉木凋落叶的(P0.05),而杉木凋落叶浸提得到的DOM的UV吸收值(SUVA_(254))和HIX(Humification index)均显著低于米槠凋落叶的(P0.01)。添加等浓度等量杉木和米槠凋落叶DOM到土壤中均显著增加了土壤碳矿化速率,在第1天内分别比对照高198%和168%,3d后下降到61.8%和44.1%,14d后基本处于平稳状态,表明外源有机物添加对土壤碳矿化的前期影响较大。培养过程中,添加杉木和米槠凋落叶DOM的土壤碳矿化累积量均能采用双因素指数模型进行拟合(r~2=0.99),但添加两者凋落叶DOM后土壤碳矿化累积量没有显著差异。     

桂西北石灰土土壤有机碳矿化对外源有机物质和碳酸钙的响应

为明确外源有机物质和无机碳酸盐对桂西北石灰土土壤有机碳矿化的影响,加深对土壤有机碳周转特征的认识,本文以广西环江县喀斯特地区的棕色石灰土、黑色石灰土和地带性红壤(对照)为研究对象,进行为期100 d的室内培养试验[对照(无外源物添加,CK)、添加14C-稻草(S)、添加Ca14CO3(C)],并对土壤呼吸释放的CO2及14C-CO2含量进行测定.结果表明:培养100 d后,外源物的添加均明显促进了红壤、棕色和黑色石灰土有机碳的矿化,外源14C-稻草和Ca14 CO3对上述土壤有机碳矿化的激发效应分别为28.7％、46.2％ 、15.5％和127.0％ 、175.3％、100.1％;土壤表观累积矿化量中外源Ca14CO3的贡献率分别为40.4％、48.4％、19.6％;土壤类型和添加物及两者间的交互作用均对土壤有机碳矿化的激发效应、土壤表观累积矿化量中外源物的贡献、土壤有机碳的矿化速率、土壤有机碳累积矿化量/率有显著影响.因此,外源有机物质和碳酸钙的添加改变了土壤有机碳的矿化特征,对于含碳酸盐的石灰土,研究土壤有机碳矿化、周转规律,评估其对大气CO2的影响必须考虑无机碳酸盐的贡献.     

不同植被配置下土壤碳矿化潜力

通过实验室培养的方法,研究了沙坡头地区不同植被配置区(纯柠条、纯油蒿、柠条油蒿混交林)土壤碳矿化潜力及不同凋落物在土壤中的分解.结果表明,通过103 d的室内培养,相同配置不同处理的土壤碳矿化差异不显著,灌丛密度高的植被配置碳矿化量高.不同生境土壤CO2-C的释放在灌丛下不加凋落物处理的情况下,单行油蒿与双行柠条样地间碳矿化存在显著性差异(P=0.047),其他各样地及各处理差异均不显著.总的来说,柠条样地土壤碳矿化潜力高于其他2种样地.凋落物分解速率在不同生境土壤最初的分解速率均为1年生草本混合样＞油蒿＞柠条,在培养40 d之后,3种凋落物的分解速率趋于一致,这与草本较高的C、N、C/N比有关.另外,柠条样地的土壤加油蒿凋落物比在柠条样地的土壤中加柠条凋落物有较高的初始碳矿化潜力,这除与油蒿凋落物较易分解有关外还与不同生境土壤养分的可利用性有关,但在培养过程中出现拐点,这与柠条较高的C、N、C/N有关.在不同生境的土壤中,碳矿化潜力均为灌丛下＞灌丛外,灌木的存在使更多的有机质和养分积聚在灌丛下,形成灌丛肥岛,对碳的固存具有显著贡献.     

闽江河口湿地植物枯落物立枯和倒伏分解主要元素动态

采用分解袋法,对闽江河口湿地2种挺水植物——芦苇(Phragmites australis)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)花和叶枯落物的立枯和倒伏分解过程及C、N、P元素动态进行研究。结果表明:(1)立枯分解是2种湿地盐沼植物重要的分解阶段,干物质损失率在13.26%—31.89%之间。多项式模型能较好描述2种植物花和叶的枯落物分解残留率动态。(2)立枯分解阶段,芦苇花和叶的C含量主要为波动下降,互花米草较为稳定;倒伏阶段后期,2种植物都以升高为主。立枯分解阶段2种植物枯落物N含量略有下降,而倒伏阶段逐渐上升。分解过程中枯落物P含量的波动较大。(3)2种植物花和叶C、N的NAI值在分解过程中<100%。芦苇的花和叶中P的NAI值在立枯和倒伏分解阶段都经历了明显下降和升高的过程,而互花米草在立枯阶段变化不大,倒伏阶段下降较为明显。(4)与芦苇相比,互花米草的花和叶枯落物C库较高,N库较低,P库差异不大。     

盐城滨海滩涂湿地典型植物群落土壤微生物组成与结构特征

土壤微生物是生态系统维持正常结构与功能的重要组成部分,为探究盐城滩涂典型湿地土壤微生物群落结构特征,以江苏盐城滩涂互花米草、藨草、盐地碱蓬、芦苇及淤泥质光滩5种典型群落为对象,采用16S rRNA高通量测序技术分析0—10 cm(表层)、10—30 cm(中层)、30—60 cm(深层)土壤微生物多样性及群落结构。结果表明：(1)几种植物群落间,土壤微生物群落结构差异较大,主要体现在细菌群落结构的差异性,古菌群落结构差异相对较小。光滩与植物群落间,在土壤细菌种类及相对丰度上差异相对较大,互花米草群落与本土植物群落间,在微生物群落的细菌种类组成上存在较大差异;藨草群落土壤表层微生物群落结构与互花米草群落相似,深层与盐地碱蓬、芦苇群落相似。(2)同一群落不同层次土壤微生物群落结构相似,差异小于不同群落间土壤微生物群落的结构差异性;不同群落对应层次间,表深层土壤中五种群落土壤微生物多样性存在显著差异,中层土壤中五种群落微生物多样性差异不显著。总体上,植物群落类型对土壤微生物群落结构的影响大于土壤深度;与本土植物群落相比,互花米草群落土壤主要优势门微生物种类差异较小,但部分优势门微生物相对丰度...     

The response of stocks of C,N, and P to plant invasion in the coastal wetlands of China

The increasing success of invasive plant species in wetland areas can threaten their capacity to store carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus (C, N, and P). Here, we have investigated the relationships between the different stocks of soil organic carbon (SOC), and total C, N, and P pools in the plant–soil system from eight different wetland areas across the South‐East coast of China, where the invasive tallgrass Spartina alterniflora has replaced the native tall grasses Phragmites australis and the mangrove communities, originally dominated by the native species Kandelia obovata and Avicennia marina. The invasive success of Spartina alterniflora replacing Phragmites australis did not greatly influence soil traits, biomass accumulation or plant–soil C and N storing capacity. However, the resulting higher ability to store P in both soil and standing plant biomass (approximately more than 70 and 15 kg P by ha, respectively) in the invasive than in the native tall grass communities suggesting the possibility of a decrease in the ecosystem N:P ratio with future consequences to below‐ and aboveground trophic chains. The results also showed that a future advance in the native mangrove replacement by Spartina alterniflora could constitute a serious environmental problem. This includes enrichment of sand in the soil, with the consequent loss of nutrient retention capacity, as well as a sharp decrease in the stocks of C (2.6 and 2.2 t C ha^‐1 in soil and stand biomass, respectively), N, and P in the plant–soil system. This should be associated with a worsening of the water quality by aggravating potential eutrophication processes. Moreover, the loss of carbon and nutrient decreases the potential overall fertility of the system, strongly hampering the reestablishment of woody mangrove communities in the future.     

The Impacts of Above- and Belowground Plant Input on Soil Microbiota: Invasive <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spartina alterniflora</Emphasis> Versus Native <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phragmites australis</Emphasis>

Invasive plants affect soil food webs through various resource inputs including shoot litter, root litter and living root input. The net impact of invasive plants on soil biota has been recognized; however, the relative contributions of different resource input pathways have not been quantified. Through a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial field experiment, a pair of invasive and native plant species (Spartina alterniflora vs. Phragmites australis) was compared to determine the relative impacts of their living roots or shoots and root litter on soil microbial and nematode communities. Living root identity affected bacteria-to-fungi PLFA ratios, abundance of total nematodes, plant-feeding nematodes and omnivorous nematodes. Specifically, the plant-feeding nematodes were 627% less abundant when living roots of invasive S. alterniflora were present than those of native P. australis. Likewise, shoot and root biomass (within soil at 0–10 cm depth) of S. alterniflora was, respectively, 300 and 100% greater than those of P. australis. These findings support the enemy release hypothesis of plant invasion. Root litter identity affected other components of soil microbiota (that is, bacterial-feeding nematodes), which were 34% more abundant in the presence of root litter of P. australis than S. alterniflora. Overall, more variation associated with nematode community structure and function was explained by differences in living roots than root or shoot litter for this pair of plant species sharing a common habitat but contrasting invasion degrees. We conclude that belowground resource input is an important mechanism used by invasive plants to affect ecosystem structure and function.     

Phenotypic plasticity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Spartina alterniflora</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phragmites australis</Emphasis> in response to nitrogen addition and intraspecific competition

Phenotypic plasticity of the two salt marsh grasses Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis in salt marshes is crucial to their invasive ability, but the importance of phenotypic plasticity, nitrogen levels, and intraspecific competition to the success of the two species is unclear at present. Spartina alterniflora Loisel. is an extensively invasive species that has increased dramatically in distribution and abundance on the Chinese and European coasts, and has had considerable ecological impacts in the regions where it has established. Meanwhile, Phragmites australis Cav., a native salt marsh species on the east coast of China, has replaced the native S. alterniflora in many marshes along the Atlantic Coast of the US. This study determined the effects of nitrogen availability and culm density on the morphology, growth, and biomass allocation traits of Spartina alterniflora and Phragmites australis. A large number of morphological, growth, and biomass parameters were measured, and various derived values (culm: root ratio, specific leaf area, etc.) were calculated, along with an index of phenotypic plasticity. Nitrogen addition significantly affected growth performance and biomass allocation traits of Spartina alterniflora, and culm density significantly affected morphological characteristics in a negative way, especially for Spartina alterniflora. However, there were no significant interactions between nitrogen levels and culm density on the morphological parameters, growth performances parameters, and biomass allocation parameters of the two species. Spartina alterniflora appears to respond more strongly to nitrogen than to culm density and this pattern of phenotypic plasticity appears to offer an expedition for successful invasion and displacement of Phramites australias in China. The implication of this study is that, in response to the environmental changes that are increasing nitrogen levels, the range of Spartina alterniflora is expected to continue to expand on the east coast of China.     

Impact of landscape patterns on ecological vulnerability and ecosystem service values: An empirical analysis of Yancheng Nature Reserve in China

In this study, an ecological vulnerability assessment indicator system was constructed using the “exposure–climate sensitivity–adaptive capacity” framework according to the theory of ecological vulnerability. An improved ecosystem service value calculation model was proposed based on empirical parameters. Using Yancheng Nature Reserve in China as an example, we employed remote sensing data to conduct an empirical analysis of the changes in the spatiotemporal pattern, ecological vulnerability, and ecosystem services of typical landscape types over the period from 1987 to 2013. The statistical results derived from landscape pattern indices (LPIs) showed that during the investigation period, three natural wetland landscape types (i.e., Spartina alterniflora, Suaeda glauca, and Phragmites australis) showed gradually increased fragmentation in the study area. The ecological vulnerability scores of the major landscape types (in descending order) were P. australis (0.053), farmland (0.047), S. alterniflora (0.042), S. glauca (0.031), and bare mud flat (0.002). The results derived from the ecosystem service value fluctuation index (ESVFI) showed that from 1987 to 1997, the value of the ecosystem services provided by S. glauca and P. australis wetlands decreased, whereas that of S. alterniflora wetlands increased continuously. From 2002 to 2013, the value of the ecosystem services provided by all three types of natural wetland showed a downward trend. In conclusion, the combined effects of human and natural factors, including the expansion of farmland and the invasion of S. alterniflora, and changes in seawater erosion and deposition led to changes in the landscape patterns, ecological vulnerability, and ecosystem services of the Yancheng Nature Reserve during the investigation period. The results indicate that a “dual adaptive” management system based on natural succession and supplemented by appropriate manual intervention should be implemented, and the management efficiency and flexibility should be improved to meet the common needs of biodiversity conservation and economic development.     

滨海盐渍土壤中不同类型盐生植物富集镉的效应

为了利用被镉污染的滨海盐渍土壤,通过实验对比分析3种不同类型盐生植物对盐渍土中镉的富集效应,以期初步探明不同类型盐生植物在镉污染盐渍土壤修复中的效果。选择的3种盐生植物类型是:聚盐盐生植物,泌盐盐生植物和避盐盐生植物。通过温室盆栽实验,将植物在不同镉含量的盐渍土壤中种植培养60 d,测定和分析不同类型盐生植物对镉的生物浓缩因子、转移系数以及植株内地上部分和根部生物量和镉含量的变化。结果表明,不同镉含量的土壤对碱蓬和芦苇的生长影响较小,对二色补血草的生长影响较大。不同镉含量的土壤中,芦苇地上部分镉的生物浓缩因子变化差异不显著,并且其地上部分吸收镉的百分率较高。碱蓬和芦苇的转移系数大于二色补血草的转移系数,并且碱蓬的转移系数在不同镉含量的土壤中变化不显著;二色补血草的转移系数随着土壤中镉含量的增加而显著增大。3种盐生植物中,碱蓬最具修复镉污染盐渍土壤的潜力,这可能和它是聚盐盐生植物的生理类型有关。芦苇整个植株的地上部分富集镉的总量在3种植物中是最高的,因此,芦苇在镉含量较低时也可以做为镉污染盐渍土壤的修复材料。     

基于“格局-过程-质量”的盐城滨海湿地生境变化分析

生境质量是生态系统重要的服务功能之一,研究生境质量-格局-过程的内在联系,对于区域生态系统功能维护与可持续管理具有重要意义。以江苏盐城国家级珍禽自然保护区核心区为研究对象,以1992年、2000年、2011年、2017年遥感影像和2011年土壤水分/盐度为基础数据源,基于InVEST模型开展生境质量评估,并通过多元回归模型、景观过程模型,探讨生境质量与景观格局、生态过程的关系,模拟区域生境质量时空变化。结果表明:(1)1992—2017年,芦苇沼泽面积百分比从0.13%增长到36.95%;米草沼泽面积百分比从3.05%增加到35.42%;碱蓬沼泽先增后减,面积百分比减少到5.11%。(2)1992—2011年,生境质量指数从0.85下降至0.76,降低了10.52%。2011—2017年,生境质量指数的变化与1992—2011年变化相反,生境质量指数上升至0.78。(3)多元回归分析结果显示:显著性水平α=0.01下,生态过程与景观格局显著相关,表明景观格局与生态过程是相互作用的;在α=0.10下,生境质量与生态过程、景观格局显著相关,总体相关系数为0.69,表明景观格局与生态过程共同影响着生境质量。(4)景观格局与生境质量模拟结果显示:至2030年,米草沼泽面积百分比将扩张至64.06%,碱蓬沼泽面积百分比将减少至0.04%,面临消失;生境质量指数将下降至0.65。互花米草扩张是生境质量下降的主要原因,构建"格局-过程-质量"的耦合关系,才能从生态过程上控制互花米草扩张,改变区域景观格局,优化生境质量,为世界自然遗产地的保护与建设提供参考。     

胶州湾典型河口湿地土壤活性有机碳和酶活性对互花米草入侵的响应

以胶州湾洋河口湿地为研究对象,按照互花米草入侵年份(0、1、5、8年)分层采集土壤样品(0—10、10—20、20—40 cm和40—60 cm),研究土壤活性有机碳(LOC)和酶(脲酶、过氧化氢酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶)活性的变化,分析土壤活性有机碳和酶活性及两者相关性对互花米草入侵的响应。结果表明:与光滩相比,互花米草入侵增加了表层土壤LOC含量,且随着入侵时间的延长显著增加(P0.05)。同时也改变了土壤LOC垂直分布规律,除光滩和入侵1年样地表现出沿剖面逐渐上升之外,其他样地表现为沿剖面先上升后下降趋势;互花米草入侵提高了河口湿地土壤酶活性,但并未改变酶活性随深度增加而逐渐降低的分布规律。随着入侵时间的延长4种酶活性变化趋势有所差异,过氧化氢酶和蔗糖酶活性变化趋势一致,表现为随入侵时间延长先急剧增加后逐渐减少,而碱性磷酸酶和脲酶活性随着入侵时间的延长逐渐增加。Pearson相关性分析结果显示,土壤LOC和酶活性呈显著负相关且互花米草入侵时间越长两者间相关性越低,8年后无显著相关性。     

Shoreline processes and establishment of Phragmites australis in a coastal plain estuary

Phragmites australis occurs extensively along undisturbed salt-marsh shorelines of Delaware Bay. The species has been considered indicative of human disturbance when found in estuarine marshes in the USA. It is suggested that geomorphic processes associated with coastal submergence provide an analog of human disturbances which can enable Phragmites australis to become established naturally. Deposition of sand bodies (or rafted debris) can suppress existing vegetation and allow Phragmites to become established. Subsequently, even if the sand or debris is moved, erosional truncation of the intertidal profile can inhibit recolonization by the original dominant shoreline species, Spartina alterniflora.