microRNAs在多能干细胞向心肌细胞分化中的作用

microRNAs(miRNAs)是长约22 nt的非编码RNAs,广泛参与细胞的增殖、分化、病变、修复和凋亡等多种生命活动.多能干细胞(pluripotent stem cells)是指体外具有自我更新和多向分化潜能的细胞,在一定条件下可被定向诱导分化为多种细胞类型.miRNAs在多能干细胞中表达丰富,并通过调控基因表达影响其自我更新及分化.由多能干细胞向心肌细胞分化的方法主要有3种,即拟胚体形成法、与内胚层细胞共培养法和特定诱导物添加法.虽然这3种方法均可成功诱导多能干细胞向心肌细胞分化,但重复率很低.所以,人们把研究的视野逐渐转向miRNAs——这个广泛参与细胞生命活动的小分子物质.大量研究表明,在多能干细胞中,不同的miRNAs可通过打靶不同基因影响其向心肌细胞分化.在间充质干细胞中,miR-1、miR-133和miR-499可分别打靶Hes-1、SRF和Pdcd4;而在胚胎干细胞中,miR-1和miR-499分别打靶Hand2和Pacs2促进其向心肌细胞分化.miRNAs在多能干细胞向心肌分化作用机制的研究必将促进再生医学在心脏疾病治疗上的应用.     

胚胎干细胞及诱导多能干细胞向心肌细胞分化和调控的研究进展

胚胎干细胞（embryonic stem cells,ESCs）具有自我更新、无限增殖和多向分化的特性,包括分化成心脏组织的多种类型细胞。经体细胞重编程产生的诱导多能干细胞（induced pluripotent stem cells,iPS）也被证明有类似胚胎干细胞的特性。但这些多能干细胞向心肌细胞自发分化的效率非常低,因此,如何有效地诱导这些多能干细胞向心肌细胞的定向分化对深入认识心肌发生发育的关键调控机制和实现其在药物发现和再生医学,如心肌梗塞、心力衰竭的细胞治疗以及心肌组织工程中的应用均具有非常重要的意义。该文重点综述了近年来胚胎干细胞及诱导多能干细胞向心肌细胞分化和调控的研究进展,并探讨了这一研究领域亟待解决的关键问题和这些多能干细胞的应用前景。     

MicroRNAs与多潜能干细胞的研究进展

microRNAs(miRNAs)是一类内源性非编码小RNA,通过调控基因表达来参与生命过程中的一系列重要进程。越来越多的证据表明,miRNAs参与了几乎所有生物代谢过程,其胚胎干细胞的自我更新与分化和在多能干细胞(iPSCs)中的诱导调节作用也日益受到关注。该文介绍了miRNAs的生成、检测方法以及miRNAs对胚胎干细胞(ESCs)及诱导多能性干细胞的调控作用,并对miRNAs的应用前景进行了展望。     

干细胞向甲状腺滤泡细胞的分化研究

我国目前有超过2亿的甲状腺疾病患者,其中一部分患者经历外科或者放射治疗后可引起甲减,只能通过终身服用合成甲状腺激素进行替代治疗。随着多能干细胞分化研究的深入,已有多种方法将多能干细胞诱导分化为甲状腺滤泡细胞,利用多能干细胞产生甲状腺滤泡细胞,为临床移植治疗甲状腺功能减退症提供新的思路。本文总结近年来诱导多能干细胞分化为甲状腺滤泡细胞的研究进展,并在此基础上对分化细胞的鉴定、安全性及临床应用面临的问题等进行讨论。     

多能干细胞向角膜上皮分化的研究进展

许多患者因眼表疾病而遭受视力损害,角膜或角膜缘干细胞移植是这类患者重建光明的希望,但由于供体材料短缺,限制了其临床应用,使很多患者无法得到有效的治疗。随着多能干细胞分化研究的深入,已有多种方法将多能干细胞诱导分化为角膜上皮样细胞,利用多能干细胞产生角膜上皮组织供临床移植成为解决这一问题的思路之一。本文总结近年来诱导多能干细胞分化为角膜上皮样细胞的研究进展,并在此基础上对分化细胞的纯化鉴定、安全性和临床应用所面临的问题等进行讨论。     

诱导多能干细胞研究进展

成熟的体细胞过表达转录激活因子Oct4、Sox2、Klf4和c-Myc能够转化为具有多能性的干细胞,称为诱导多能干细胞。类似于胚胎干细胞,诱导多能性干细胞具有自我更新和多向分化潜能性两个主要特征。同胚胎干细胞相比,诱导多能干细胞不仅能够为以细胞替代治疗为核心的再生医学提供无限的细胞来源,而且有望解决胚胎干细胞临床开发面临的伦理道德及免疫排斥问题。从诱导多能干细胞技术的建立、重编程的机理及其在临床中的应用几方面作简要综述。     

miR-302/367家族研究进展

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类长度约为22 nt的内源性小分子非编码RNA,几乎参与了机体生命活动的所有过程。Micro RNA-302/367(miR-302/367)家族,包括miR-302a/b/c/d和miR-367等成员。近些年,人们对miR-302/367家族在胚胎干细胞的自我更新与多能干细胞的诱导机制进行较为深入的研究。此外,该家族在肿瘤和炎症反应等方面调控作用也日益受到关注。现就miR-302/367的功能研究进展作一综述。     

人多能干细胞分化为巨核细胞和血小板高效功能筛选模型的建立

人多能干细胞具有分化为包括巨核细胞在内的多种成熟血细胞的能力,诱导人多能干细胞高效分化产生功能性血小板,为解决临床上血小板来源不足提供了潜在的新来源.建立高效的功能筛选平台,寻找调控巨核分化和血小板产生的关键基因和作用机制,有助于实现体外高效和大规模产生血小板.利用脐带血CD34+细胞巨核分化和血小板产生体系以及转录组测序鉴定了调控巨核细胞分化的关键信号通路和基因.利用小鼠(Mus musculus)mAGM-S3基质细胞共培养策略,建立了人多能干细胞高效产生功能性血小板颗粒的模型.利用此模型,对候选的基因进行了功能筛选.结果表明,转录因子RUNX1和ERG显著促进人多能干细胞分化为巨核细胞和血小板.本研究建立的筛选平台可用于揭示人多能干细胞巨核分化和血小板发生的机制.同时,鉴定的转录因子可作为重要的编程因子用于规模化血小板的生产.     

MiR-302/367在体细胞向多能性干细胞重编程中的研究

MicroRNA-302/367(miR-302/367)发现于2003年,是一类长度在21～22 nt的miRNA簇,与多能性干细胞自我更新及多向分化有重要关系.在体细胞向多能性干细胞重编程中具有重要作用. miR-302/367簇中各miRNA具有相对保守的种子区及靶基因,主要通过抑制靶基因蛋白质的翻译,从而促进间质-上皮转化（mesenchymal epithelial transition, MET）、抑制细胞周期、调控细胞分化相关基因及表观遗传水平等方式促进体细胞向多能性细胞重编程.本文对miR 302/367的发现、结构、miR 302/367在多能性细胞中的作用及在体细胞向多能性干细胞重编程中的作用及其机理等做一综述.     

干细胞治疗心血管疾病的研究进展

干细胞移植能促使受损心肌再生和改善心功能,是治疗心血管疾病的理想选择。现在有多种干细胞用于研究,用于治疗心血管疾病的干细胞包括胚胎干细胞,诱导多能干细胞、骨髓间充质干细胞和心脏干细胞。不同类型的干细胞都有各自的优点和局限性。胚胎干细胞由于伦理问题应用受到限制。诱导多能干细胞具有胚胎样细胞的特性,增殖能力很强,但是有形成肿瘤的风险。间充质干细胞由于具有免疫调节特性可作为万能供体细胞。心脏干细胞比其它类型的干细胞能更好地表达心肌分化的标记物,改善心脏功能。本文对干细胞在心血管疾病研究及治疗中的最新进展进行综述。     

MiR-218 regulated cardiomyocyte differentiation and migration in mouse embryonic stem cells by targeting PDGFRα

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified as key players in cardiogenesis and heart pathophysiological processes. However, many miRNAs are still not recognized for their roles in cardiomyocytes differentiation. In this study, we evaluated the effects of microRNA-218 (miR-218) in cardiomyocyte differentiation of the mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs) in vitro. The percentage of the beating embryoid bodies (EBs) in miR-218 mimic-treated cells was reduced to 32% compared with miR-218 mimic negative control (56%) on day 5 + 3. The amplitude of the intracellular Ca²⁺ transients in the cardiomyocytes derived from ESCs was reduced upon miR-218 overexpression, followed by the decreased calcium-related proteins and cell junction proteins expressions. Besides, miR-218 expression in ESCs was related to the directional spreading ability of EBs during differentiation. The increased expression of miR-218 could promote the migration of ESCs in vitro, while the decreased expression of miR-218 could inhibit the migration by the transwell experiment. Meanwhile, miR-218 could regulate cell migration–related proteins Cdc42 and Rac1. Platelet-derived growth factor receptor α (PDGFRα) was further confirmed to be a direct target of miR-218 both physically and functionally by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Our data further described that overexpression of PDGFRα rescued the miR-218-mediated inhibition of cardiomyocyte differentiation and restored the miR-218-mediated promotion of cell migration. In conclusion, miR-218 was demonstrated to exert an inhibitory function and promoted cell migration via targeting PDGFRα during cardiomyocyte differentiation from ESCs. The current study revealed the role of miR-218 and may provide an important hint for cardiomyocyte differentiation of ESCs and induced pluripotent stem cells.     

稳定转染MiR-499对P19CL6细胞向心肌细胞分化的影响

小鼠miR-499基因包含在心肌重链肌球蛋白Myh7b基因的第19内含子中,并且在心肌细胞中特异表达,然而其在心肌细胞中表达的生物学功能和意义尚不清楚.利用可体外分化为心肌细胞的P19CL6细胞建立稳定表达miR-499的细胞株对研究miR-499的生物学功能具有重要意义.根据小鼠miR-499基因序列,设计PCR引物...     

From microRNAs to targets: pathway discovery in cell fate transitions

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are 22 nt non-coding RNAs that regulate expression of downstream targets by messenger RNA (mRNA) destabilization and translational inhibition. A large number of eukaryotic mRNAs are targeted by miRNAs, with many individual mRNAs being targeted by multiple miRNAs. Further, a single miRNA can target hundreds of mRNAs, making these small RNAs powerful regulators of cell fate decisions. Such regulation by miRNAs has been observed in the maintenance of the embryonic stem cell (ESC) cell cycle and during ESC differentiation. MiRNAs can also promote the dedifferentiation of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells. During this process they target multiple downstream genes, which represent important nodes of key cellular processes. Here, we review these findings and discuss how miRNAs may be used as tools to discover novel pathways that are involved in cell fate transitions using dedifferentiation of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells as a case study.     

多能干细胞诱导分化及体细胞转分化为心肌细胞的研究进展

心血管疾病是威胁人类健康的重大疾病,而心肌细胞数量逐渐减少,甚至衰竭是其核心病变。心肌细胞补偿性替代治疗是未来用于治疗这类疾病的重要手段,因此,心肌细胞的来源和有效治疗将成为关键。目前,心肌细胞构建的主要方法有多能干细胞诱导分化成心肌祖细胞或心肌细胞、心源性心肌祖细胞,以及体细胞重编程等。其中,多能干细胞向心肌细胞分化是最常用的方法;而体细胞转分化技术相较于传统的诱导多潜能干细胞衍生心肌细胞缩短了时间窗,为潜在的心血管疾病治疗提供了另一种思路。随着获取心肌细胞效率及其质量的提升,未来心血管疾病的治疗将有望获得重大突破。     

MicroRNA Modulation Induced by AICA Ribonucleotide in J1 Mouse ES Cells

ES cells can propagate indefinitely, maintain self-renewal, and differentiate into almost any cell type of the body. These properties make them valuable in the research of embryonic development, regenerative medicine, and organ transplantation. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are considered to have essential functions in the maintenance and differentiation of embryonic stem cells (ES cells). It was reported that, strong external stimuli, such as a transient low-pH and hypoxia stress, were conducive to the formation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPS cells). AICA ribonucleotide (AICAR) is an AMP-activated protein kinase activator, which can let cells in the state of energy stress. We have demonstrated that AICAR can maintain the pluripotency of J1 mouse ES cells through modulating protein expression in our previous research, but its effects on ES cell miRNA expression remain unknown. In this study, we conducted small RNA high-throughput sequencing to investigate AICAR influence on J1 mouse ES cells by comparing the miRNA expression patterns of the AICAR-treated cells and those without treatment. The result showed that AICAR can significantly modulate the expression of multiple miRNAs, including those have crucial functions in ES cell development. Some differentially expressed miRNAs were selected and confirmed by real-time PCR. For the differently expressed miRNAs identified, further study was conducted regarding the pluripotency and differentiation associated miRNAs with their targets. Moreover, miR-134 was significantly down-regulated after AICAR treatment, and this was suggested to be directly associated with the up-regulated pluripotency markers, Nanog and Sox2. Lastly, Myc was significantly down-regulated after AICAR treatment; therefore, we predicted miRNAs that may target Myc and identified that AICAR induced up-regulation of miR-34a, 34b, and 34c can repress Myc expression in J1 mouse ES cells. Taken together, our study provide a new mechanism for AICAR in ES cells pluripotency maintenance and give insight for its usage in iPS cells generation.     

Pluripotent stem cell‐based heart regeneration: From the developmental and immunological perspectives

Heart diseases such as myocardial infarction cause massive loss of cardiomyocytes, but the human heart lacks the innate ability to regenerate. In the adult mammalian heart, a resident progenitor cell population, termed epicardial progenitors, has been identified and reported to stay quiescent under uninjured conditions; however, myocardial infarction induces their proliferation and de novo differentiation into cardiac cells. It is conceivable to develop novel therapeutic approaches for myocardial repair by targeting such expandable sources of cardiac progenitors, thereby giving rise to new muscle and vasculatures. Human pluripotent stem cells such as embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells can self‐renew and differentiate into the three major cell types of the heart, namely cardiomyocytes, smooth muscle, and endothelial cells. In this review, we describe our current knowledge of the therapeutic potential and challenges associated with the use of pluripotent stem cell and progenitor biology in cell therapy. An emphasis is placed on the contribution of paracrine factors in the growth of myocardium and neovascularization as well as the role of immunogenicity in cell survival and engraftment. (Part C) 96:98–107, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.