北京永定河-海河干流河岸带植物的区系分析

探讨了北京永定河-海河干流河岸带植物区系特征。结果表明,河岸带植被中共有维管束植物37科100属134种,其中包括种子植物36科100属133种,蕨类植物1科1种。北京永定河-海河干流河岸带植物种类比较丰富,其中,在科的组成结构上,植物种类主要集中于少数几个大科如为禾本科和菊科,而多数科只有少数种或单种。在属的组成结构上,主要以单种属和小属为主。对其中种子植物的植物区系分布类型在种级水平上进行了分析,结果表明:河岸带共有4大类区系性质成分和16个地理成分类型,总体呈温带特性,各类温带分布类型67种,占河岸带植物总种数的50%。各河段河岸带植物区系结构存在差异:永定河山峡段与海河干流段区系结构比较相近,各结构在植物种所占比例上的排序为温带类世界类热带类亚洲类;而大部分长期干涸的永定河平原段,则温带类热带类世界类亚洲类。     

赣江流域河岸带外来入侵植物的调查分析

通过对赣江流域河岸带植物调查,发现该地有外来入侵植物17科27属31种,其中菊科最多有9种。对赣江流域河岸带入侵植物分布的分析显示:外来入侵植物发生在赣江全流域,上、中、下游河岸带植物群落中入侵植物的优势度无明显差异;河岸带植被类型对入侵植物的分布影响较大,草本群落和灌草群落中的入侵植物优势度明显高于乔木林群落;干扰对外来植物的入侵起到了积极作用,与无干扰方式下的群落相比入侵植物的优势度差异极显著,但干扰方式对入侵植物的分布无影响。     

海南岛石灰岩地区的外来植物

通过对海南岛石灰岩地区外来植物的实地调查,对该地区外来植物的种类、分布、来源、生活型、入侵生境、危害程度、引入途径以及与邻近地区的关系进行了统计分析.结果表明:该地区共有外来植物53种,隶属45属22科,约占该地区本地植物种类总数的4%,多为来源于热带美洲(77.4%)的草本植物(77.4%),这些外来植物大部分是通过人类活动有意(47.2%)或无意(35.8%)引入;主要分布在植被破坏严重的低海拔山坡、林缘、林隙和田间,有的外来植物在植被破坏较少的森林中以及在较高海拔也有分布;在自然条件大致相同的情况下,岛屿及沿海地区相对内陆地区似乎更易被外来种入侵,而且一个地区外来种总数及其占本地种比例与对外贸易有着密切关系.     

贵州典型自然保护区内外外来入侵草本植物的比较

自然保护区是抵御外来物种入侵的重要屏障, 然而人类活动可能增加外来入侵物种扩散的风险, 导致自然保护区面临不同程度的入侵。为了对比研究自然保护区内外以及不同保护区之间外来入侵草本植物的分布格局及其与人类活动的关系, 本文基于贵州省四个国家级自然保护区(赤水桫椤、习水、梵净山和麻阳河) 380个样方的调查数据, 运用双因素方差分析和非度量多维标度分析方法分析了保护区内外的外来入侵草本植物多样性和物种组成差异, 并利用冗余分析探讨了影响不同保护区内外来入侵草本植物分布的关键人类活动因子。赤水桫椤、习水、梵净山和麻阳河4个保护区共调查发现外来入侵草本植物46种, 隶属于18科37属, 其中, 4个保护区内分别有16、18、7和20种, 保护区外分别有17、10、24和20种。赤水桫椤和梵净山保护区外的外来入侵草本植物丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson优势度指数显著高于保护区内, 而习水和麻阳河保护区内外差异不显著。梵净山保护区内的Pielou均匀度指数显著高于保护区外, 其余保护区内外差异不显著。四个保护区内外的外来入侵草本植物物种组成无明显差异。保护区内的居民量和道路长度是影响保护区内外来入侵草本植物分布格局差异的主要原因。研究结果表明, 不同保护区对外来草本植物入侵的抵御能力不同, 而人类活动程度的差异是导致其不同的原因之一。建议加强自然保护区内及周边区域人类活动管控, 减缓外来入侵植物的扩散。     

华南地区外来入侵和归化植物分析

为了解华南地区外来植物现状,通过野外调查和查阅文献等,确定华南地区有外来入侵和归化植物45科141属223种,以菊科(Asteraceae,38种)、豆科(Fabaceae,36种)、禾本科(Poaceae,19种)植物为主,其中草本植物和原产美洲的植物占优势,分别有204种(占总数的91.5%)和163种(占73.1%)。广东外来入侵植物有159种,归化植物23种;广西有入侵植物135种,归化植物16种;海南有入侵植物111种,归化种15种;香港有入侵植物105种,归化植物9种;澳门有入侵植物89种,归化种4种;华南5省区共有的外来入侵和归化植物为57种(55种为入侵植物,2种为归化植物)。广东是外来植物种类最多的地区,与其他4省区共有的外来入侵和归化植物种类也最多,说明广东同时是外来植物输入和输出大省。由于气候和生态生境的相似性,各省区都面临着其他植物从周边地区入侵的风险,因此在治理入侵植物时,应建立联合防控机制对外来入侵植物的联合监测和防控,以提升外来入侵植物的治理成效和降低其对人类健康和生态安全的威胁。     

广州外来入侵植物

根据野外调查及相关文献资料,初步探讨了广州市外来入侵植物的种类组成、分布生境、生长特性、危害以及来源.结果表明:广州市现有外来人侵植物73种,隶属于27科59属,其中菊科(19种)、禾本科(8种)、豆科(7种)和苋科(7种)植物占了入侵植物总种数的56.2%.生活型分析发现,在广州有分布的外来入侵植物中,陆生草本植物最多(58种),其次为灌木(10种)、水生草本(3种),乔木种类最少(2种),它们主要生长在人类干扰比较频繁的低海拔地区.另外,基于对外来入侵植物目前在野外的生长和分布状况等生态学特性进行分析,可大致将它们对本地生物多样性危害程度分为3级,其中危害严重的有11种,危害中等的有25种,危害较轻的有37种.从原产地分析来看,61种来自于热带美洲地区,占广州外来入侵植物总种数的83.6%.与国内其他地区外来入侵植物进行比较发现,广州和广西共有种数最多,有62种,然而,对已经造成严重危害的外来植物种类,在数量上广州与香港、深圳和广西相同种类较多,分别有8种、7种和6种.对广州市目前外来植物的入侵风险(潜在威胁)的评估结果表明,对一些在其它地区已经造成严重危害的外来植物,应当加强监控,防止入侵扩散并造成重大生态灾难.还对广州市外来植物入侵的主要途径及防治策略做了简要分析和说明.     

湛江市外来植物入侵状况

[目的]了解湛江市外来入侵植物的种类特征、生活型、起源和危害情况等,对制定预防和控制管理措施提供参考。[方法]以野外调查为主,结合文献资料、网络资源以及标本数据,确定湛江市外来入侵植物的种类、生活型、原产地、引入途径,并进行评估及划分危害等级。[结果]湛江市现有外来入侵植物共112种(含变种),隶属于37科89属,其中,菊科(21种)、禾本科(13种)和豆科(13种)为种类较多的3个科,三者合计占湛江市外来入侵植物总种数的41.96%。湛江市外来入侵植物中以草本植物居多(98种),占入侵植物总数的87.50%。入侵植物主要来源于美洲,共82种,占总种数的73.21%;且55.36%(62种)的入侵植物为有意引入。从危害等级看,外来入侵植物中恶性入侵种(1级)23种,严重入侵种(2级)35种,局部入侵种(3级)21种,一般入侵种(4级)15种,有待观察种(5级)18种。[结论]湛江市的外来入侵植物种类繁多,这与湛江独特的地理位置以及日趋频繁的人类活动息息相关,应当加强监管与防范,及时对外来物种进行治理。     

东辽河河岸带草本植物物种多样性及群落数量分析

采用样线法调查了东辽河河岸带草本植物群落,分析了物种多样性特征,利用组平均聚类法和除趋势对应分析(DCA)分别对植物群落进行了分类和排序,探讨了影响东辽河河岸带草本植物群落分布的主要环境因子。结果表明:东辽河河岸带共有草本植物118种,属36科70属,草本植物的物种多样性自上游向下游呈现先增加后降低的变化趋势,而丰富度指数变化规律不显著,这与河流水文特征、河岸土壤基质类型、土壤含水量和人为干扰有关。聚类分析结果显示,东辽河河岸带草本群落可划分为11种类型,其中湿生植物群落占据优势。DCA排序轴与环境因子的相关性分析表明,海拔和河流等级是东辽河河岸带草本植物群落分布的重要影响因子。     

长春地区入侵植物种类组成及区系分析

为了解长春地区入侵植物分布规律及其影响因子,对长春地区入侵植物种类组成和植物区系进行了研究。结果表明:长春地区共有外来入侵植物85种,隶属于26科64属,其中4种为有害检疫杂草;菊科、苋科、禾本科、豆科和茄科构成了长春市入侵植物的主体,其中以菊科(18种)为最多,占总种数的21.18%;草本植物共81种,占95.29%,说明草本植物比木本植物对长春地区更具有入侵性;长春地区入侵植物区系成分复杂,入侵植物科的区系类型主要为世界分布;入侵属的分布区系类型是世界分布占优势,其次为北温带和泛热带分布。根据入侵现状,本文对长春地区防范外来植物入侵提出了建议。     

山东省外来植物的区系特征及空间分布

外来植物及其生态入侵对当地生物多样性保护和生态系统产生的不利影响,是目前生态学研究的热点之一。本文在文献查阅和野外调查基础上,建立了山东省外来植物数据库,并对其组成、地理区系、空间分布等进行统计分析,结果表明:1)山东省现有外来植物共827种,隶属122科,416属,其中境外外来种348种;2)外来植物比例高,占山东植物区系的39.03%,且优势科和表征科明显;3)外来植物属的地理分布多样,温带成分占优势(52.51%),热带成分丰富(44.06%);4)外来植物来源地和分布地相对集中,反映了环境因子和人类活动在入侵因素中的共同影响;5)温带气候带来源的植物较易入侵山东。     

Disturbances and species distribution of the riparian vegetation of a Rift Valley stream

The Njoro River riparian vegetation species composition, distribution, disturbances and uses are presented and discussed. Montane Juniperus procera-Olea europaea spp. africana and submontane Acacia abyssinica forests were identified as the main riparian vegetation groups. Approximately 55% of the riparian vegetation species are used for herbal medicine, treating more than 330 health problems, and only 11% of the plants are edible. Albizzia gummifera in the Syzygium cordatum-Pittosporum abyssinicum-Hibiscus diversifolius forest is cut selectively for herbal medicine preparations. Disturbances on the riparian vegetation zone are broadly classified as those induced by man, livestock and wildlife. Comprehensive effects of disturbance included loss of vegetation vertical strata, increase/decrease of species diversity, introduction of alien plant species, and reduction of plant sizes and vegetation hectarage. The effects of grazing on the vegetation were severe around livestock watering points. Grazing and browsing by wildlife were the main disturbances of the vegetation near the Njoro River estuary at the Lake Nakuru National Park. Periodic flooding, as a natural disturbance, regulates growth and survival of vegetation at the Lake Nakuru drawdown. Quantification of species diversity and the extent of disturbance by humans and livestock is important for future management of the vegetation and, consequently, the river.     

Invasion patterns in riparian habitats: The role of anthropogenic pressure in temperate streams

The riparian flora and the level of invasion in the rivers of the Cantabric watershed in Spain were studied in relation to the ecological status and the anthropogenic pressure. The level of invasion was also analyzed in different riparian habitats: forests, river bars and man-made slopes. For this purpose, 18 sites were sampled and a list of native and alien plant species was made along a 100-m strip at each site. The habitat/s where alien species were found and their abundance per habitat and in the total area were also indicated. Out of 112 alien taxa found, 51 were classified as invasive. Exotic plants native to America were the most common (35%). The level of invasion was significantly higher in the sampling sites subject to high levels of hydrological and morphological disturbances, proxies of the anthropogenic pressure. River bars and man-made slopes supported similar number of alien plant species, higher than forests. We suggest that disturbance in river banks should be minimized as much as possible in order to diminish the risk of invasion.     

Effects of stream restorations on riparian mesohabitats,vegetation and carabid beetles

We investigated the effects of hydromorphological restoration measures (mainly the removal of bank fixations) on riparian mesohabitats, vegetation and carabid beetles by comparing 24 restored to nearby non-restored floodplain sections in Germany. Mesohabitats were recorded along ten equally-spaced transects, plant communities and riparian plant and carabid beetle species along three transects per section. Based on 18 indices including habitat and species diversity, taxonomic diversity and functional indices we compared the frequency and magnitude of changes following restoration, both for the overall dataset and for each site individually. Riparian habitat diversity doubled in restored sections compared to non-restored sections. The numbers of vegetation units and plant and carabid beetle species richness also doubled in restored sections, whereas changes in Shannon diversity were most pronounced for mesohabitats and riparian plants. Taxonomic diversity of carabid beetles decreased in restored sections reflecting post restoration dominance of riparian Bembidion species. Stress-tolerant pioneers of plant and especially carabid species benefit strongly from the re-establishment of open sand and gravel bars, while hygrophilous species, which also include non-riparian species, did not respond to restoration. We conclude that restoring river hydromorphology has almost generally positive effects on riparian habitats and riparian biodiversity. Riparian biota are thus well-suited indicators for the effects of hydromorphological restoration.     

Plant invasions in the rivers of the Iberian Peninsula,south-western Europe: A review

Aquatic and riparian ecosystems are known to be highly vulnerable to invasive alien species (IAS), especially when subjected to human-induced disturbances. In the last three decades, we have witnessed a growing increase in plant invasions in Portugal and Spain (Iberian Peninsula, south-western Europe), with very detrimental economic, social and ecological effects. Some of these species, such as the giant reed (Arundo donax L.) and the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms-Laub.), number among the world's worst weeds. We present an appraisal of this invasive alien river flora and the most problematic aquatic weeds. We review various aspects of invasion ecology, including spatial and temporal patterns of invasion, species invasiveness, species traits of invasive weeds, and relationships between human disturbance in rivers and surrounding areas and invasibility, and contextualize them in overall state-of-the-art terms. We also acknowledge the use of IAS as bioindicators of the ecological quality of rivers, wetlands and riparian zones. Remote-sensing tools and Geographic Information Systems for detecting and monitoring IAS in Iberian rivers are presented.     

Importance of scale,land‐use,and stream network properties for riparian plant communities along an urban gradient

相似文献   

Are boreal ecosystems susceptible to alien plant invasion? Evidence from protected areas

Although biological invasion by alien species is a major contributor to loss of indigenous biological diversity, few studies have examined the susceptibility of the boreal biome to invasion. Based on studies of other ecosystems, we hypothesized that alien plants will be restricted to disturbed areas near human activity and will not be found in natural areas of boreal ecosystems in Gros Morne National Park (Canada), a protected area experiencing a wide range of disturbance regimes. The distribution of alien plants in the region was evaluated using surveys, and study sites were established in naturally and anthropogenically disturbed habitats that had been invaded. Within study sites, randomization tests evaluated the importance of disturbance to alien plant invasion by examining changes in environmental conditions and species abundance within various disturbance regimes, while the importance of site characteristics limiting the distribution of alien plants were examined using Canonical Correspondence Analysis. Consistent with studies in a variety of biomes, areas of high disturbance and human activity had the greatest abundance of resources and the highest percentage of alien species. However, contrary to our hypothesis, natural areas of boreal ecosystems were found susceptible to alien plant invasion. Vegetation types vulnerable to invasion include forests, riparian areas, fens, and alpine meadows. Natural disturbance occurring in these vegetation types caused increases in bare ground and/or light availability facilitating alien plant invasion. Although high soil pH was associated with alien plants in these areas, disturbance was not found to cause changes in soil pH, suggesting susceptibility to invasion is pre-determined by bedrock geology or other factors influencing soil pH. Moose (Alces alces), a non-native herbivore, acts as the primary conduit for alien plant invasion in GMNP by dispersing propagules and creating or prolonging disturbance by trampling and browsing vegetation. The recurrent nature of disturbance within the boreal biome and its interaction with site conditions and herbivores enables alien plants to persist away from areas of high human activity. Managers of natural lands should monitor such interactions to decrease the invasion potential of alien plants.     

Effects of urban land cover on the local species pool in Britain

Regression models were used to quantify the relationship between the amount of urban land and composition of local species pools. There was no evidence that urban land cover increases the richness of plant species, based on a survey of 785 2-km squares of which 157 had > 10% urban land cover. However, the number of alien plants is significantly higher in urban areas. Complete urbanization approximately doubles the proportion of alien species, and the proportion of aliens is twice as high in southern Britain as in the north. The flora of urban tetrads consists of ubiquitous native species and introduced species characteristic of waste ground, but woodland species are poorly represented. At the tetrad scale. enhanced dispersal by man is not the main factor for maintaining the urban flora; availability of urban habitats and high levels of disturbance are more important. The planned housing expansion to greenfield sites in Britain will increase the proportion of alien species, yet the majority of native species should persist in urban areas if existing woodland is preserved.     

Distribution of alien vs. native plant species in roadside communities along an altitudinal gradient in Tenerife and Gran Canaria (Canary Islands)

Roadside plant communities were studied along two roads following an altitudinal gradient in Gran Canaria and Tenerife (Canary Islands). Our aim was to investigate variation in plant species richness, particularly of the alien flora, along a gradient from coastal shrubland to summit vegetation (1950 m a.s.l. in Gran Canaria, 2300 m in Tenerife) in relation to variation in habitat factors (altitude, habitat structure, roadside disturbance, distance to urban nuclei). We compared different species groups that were classified in terms of their biogeographical status, origin and life form. Altitude was the most important factor determining species richness and composition along both roadside transects. Alien plants showed a unimodal distribution pattern along the altitudinal gradient, with less species and lower abundance at low and high altitudes, and highest abundance at intermediate altitude. Alien plant species were also relatively more frequent near urban centres. The number of native and alien species was significantly positively correlated along the altitudinal gradient. Both alien and native, non-endemic species showed differences in their distribution along the altitudinal gradient according to their biogeographical affinities and climatic tolerances. Despite considerable differences in species pools these patterns were consistent among the two islands. Environmental (abiotic) stress is proposed as a primary, altitude-related factor acting as a filter against most alien plants at coastal and high-mountain altitudes. A higher frequency or intensity of disturbance at intermediate altitudes may be a further causal factor promoting alien plants in this zone. Future management efforts to control alien plants along roads should, therefore, concentrate on intermediate altitudinal zones of the higher Canary Islands.     

Plant conservation ecology for management and restoration of riparian habitats of lowland Japan

Conservation ecology is a new paradigm of ecology that aims at scientific contributions to maintaining earth's biodiversity and is committed to ecosystem management indispensable to intergenerational long-term sustainability. Population ecology plays a central role in conservation ecology. Persistence of the metapopulation rather than that of each local population should be pursued in species conservation management. Biological interactions essential to reproduction and soil seed bank components of the population should be investigated and applied to planning for the conservation of a plant population. Gravelly floodplains and moist tall grasslands are among typical riparian habitats containing many threatened plants in Japan. These riparian habitats are now subjected not only to heavy fragmentation but also to intensive invasion of highly competitive alien (nonnative) plants. Extreme habitat isolation may result in reproductive failure or fertility selection in a plant population without pollinators, as exemplified by a nature reserve population of Primula sieboldii. Biological invasions, which are facilitated by extensive changes in the river environment including decreased seasonal flooding, abandonment of traditional vegetation management, eutrophication, and extensive clearing of the land for recreational use, threaten endemic riparian species. To preserve safe sites and growing conditions for threatened plants such as Aster kantoensis, active management to suppress the dominance of alien invader plants is necessary. Population management and habitat restoration should be based on sound information on the population ecology of both threatened and alien invader plants, designed as an ecological experiment to clarify effective ways for management. Received: September 18, 1998 / Revised: October 22, 2001 / Accepted: October 23, 2001     

Many alien invasive plants disperse against the direction of stream flow in riparian areas

Propagule pressure plays an important role in the invasion of alien plants into riparian areas. In this study, we focused on propagule pressure from both neighboring riparian areas and anthropogenic land-use areas because propagules are likely to originate from both sources. We tested the effects of whether neighboring units contained the alien plant species, focusing on the direction of invasion by alien plant species into the focal unit, and how much anthropogenic land was contained within the unit, focusing on both farmland and urbanized areas, on alien plant occurrences in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan. We modeled the occurrence of 10 alien plants using generalized linear models to evaluate species invasions by both propagules from both neighboring units and anthropogenic land within a unit. We also investigated the biological and ecological plant attributes that are likely related to invasion success, such as seed dispersal methods, seed size, and clonality, and tested the relationships between the model results and each species’ attributes. Results showed that the occurrence of an affected neighboring unit was positively associated with the occurrence of all 10 alien plants. Note that two alien invasive species were influenced by upstream flow direction, six species by downstream flow direction, and in two species, propagule supply was not distinguished by direction. In short, the dominant direction of dispersal was against the stream current, while dispersal in the downstream direction was less common. Species attributes were associated with these directions of dispersal. In addition, anthropogenic land was positively associated with the occurrence of most alien plants, although this effect was weaker than the neighbor unit effects. These results indicate that alien plants spreading into riparian areas do not always follow the natural flow regime; rather, they spread against the flow regime in some cases. We discuss an ecological explanation for these results and provide perspectives for future river management of alien plants that invade the riparian zone.