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1.
北京永定河-海河干流河岸带植物的区系分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1       下载免费PDF全文
修晨  欧阳志云  郑华 《生态学报》2014,34(6):1535-1547
探讨了北京永定河-海河干流河岸带植物区系特征。结果表明,河岸带植被中共有维管束植物37科100属134种,其中包括种子植物36科100属133种,蕨类植物1科1种。北京永定河-海河干流河岸带植物种类比较丰富,其中,在科的组成结构上,植物种类主要集中于少数几个大科如为禾本科和菊科,而多数科只有少数种或单种。在属的组成结构上,主要以单种属和小属为主。对其中种子植物的植物区系分布类型在种级水平上进行了分析,结果表明:河岸带共有4大类区系性质成分和16个地理成分类型,总体呈温带特性,各类温带分布类型67种,占河岸带植物总种数的50%。各河段河岸带植物区系结构存在差异:永定河山峡段与海河干流段区系结构比较相近,各结构在植物种所占比例上的排序为温带类世界类热带类亚洲类;而大部分长期干涸的永定河平原段,则温带类热带类世界类亚洲类。  相似文献   

2.
研究外来植物不同程度入侵对区域群落结构和植物群落物种多样性的影响对评价其对生态系统的危害具有重要意义。以入侵植物以意大利苍耳(Xanthium italicum)为主要研究对象,选择意大利苍耳危害较明显且分布面积较大的中国新疆乌鲁木齐市米东区为研究区域进行植物样方调查,以意大利苍耳和其共生的本地植物为切入点,以物种多样性指数、群落稳定性、群落可入侵性、影响程度指数、入侵植物的竞争优势和入侵强度来探究不同入侵程度下的本地植物群落物种多样性和群落稳定性的变化。结果表明:(1)与未入侵地相比,意大利苍耳轻度入侵显著增加了本地植物群落的物种多样性(P < 0.05),而重度入侵显著降低了本地植物群落的物种多样性(P < 0.05)。(2)在意大利苍耳入侵的群落中,群落稳定性由轻度入侵水平到重度入侵水平降低了25%,而群落可入侵性、意大利苍耳的竞争优势指数和入侵强度指数分别增加了77%、79%和83%。(3)在轻度入侵水平下,意大利苍耳对本植物群落物种多样性、群落稳定性和群落物种数的影响程度指数 < 0,产生了积极影响;相反,在轻中度和重度入侵水平下意大利苍耳对本植物群落物种多样性、群落稳定性和群落物种数的影响程度指数 > 0,产生了负面影响。(4)本地植物群落多样性与群落稳定性均呈正相关,但与群落可入侵性呈负相关(P < 0.05)。(5)Shannon-Wiener指数对群落的稳定性的直接通经系数最大,为0.828;Simpson''s指数对群落可入侵性的直接通经系数最大,为0.932。由此可见,意大利苍耳在中度和重度入侵对植物群落结构产生巨大影响,而作为\"一带一路\"的核心和枢纽地带的新疆,将会对其脆弱的生态系统和土著物种的多样性造成不可估量的影响。应在入侵初期对其进行控制与铲除,防止意大利苍耳等有害外来入侵种的入侵和进一步扩散与蔓延。  相似文献   

3.
【目的】基于金沙江下游外来物种入侵防控需要,以其干流上乌东德和白鹤滩电站库区为例,调查库区内的外来入侵植物并评估入侵风险,为该区域外来植物入侵防控和生态安全建设提供数据支撑。【方法】运用样线、样方调查法结合文献资料掌握库区内外来入侵植物种类组成和入侵现状,采用层次分析法建立外来入侵植物风险评估体系,对其入侵过程、入侵现状以及危害与防治等方面进行综合评估,并根据等级划分标准确定入侵风险等级。【结果】乌东德和白鹤滩电站库区共记录到外来入侵植物103种,隶属28科70属。其中,Ⅰ级风险的外来入侵植物5种,Ⅱ级风险12种,Ⅲ级风险24种,Ⅳ级风险28种,Ⅴ级风险34种。【结论】乌东德和白鹤滩电站库区的外来入侵植物种类较多,但多数处于低风险等级(Ⅳ、Ⅴ级),危害较小,高风险等级(I、Ⅱ级)外来入侵植物共17种。建议重点防控高风险等级的外来入侵植物,尽可能降低其对金沙江下游生态安全的威胁。  相似文献   

4.
【目的】城市是外来入侵物种引入和二次传播的主要地区,城市环境中的入侵植物会对生物多样性和社会经济造成影响。阐明城市空间差异对入侵植物分布格局的影响,可为海口市生物入侵科学管理提供参考。【方法】以海口市主城区为研究区域,通过对461块随机样方的调查,记录外来入侵植物种类、盖度、平均株高和样方环境信息。从入侵植物的样方发生率、物种组成、丰富度和多度等方面,比较其在城市化梯度和土地利用类型上的发生差异和分布特征。【结果】(1)调查共记录外来入侵植物36种,隶属13科31属,其中菊科为优势科;以一年生和原产地为热带美洲的草本居多。(2)城市核心区和城市边缘区的入侵植物丰富度显著高于城市郊区,但城市郊区的多度显著高于城市核心区和城市边缘区。(3)在居住区、交通用地、空闲地、商业/单位/工矿用地中,入侵植物的发生概率与不透水面百分比呈负相关,而在林地、农业用地和城市公共绿地中,入侵植物更容易发生在不透水面百分比较高的区域。【结论】城市化梯度和土地利用类型均显著影响入侵植物的分布格局,不透水面的比例作为一个重要的解释因子,可以为入侵植物的发生提供预判参考。  相似文献   

5.
确立了滨河河道硬度与滨河土地硬度两个指标,用以研究城市化地区河岸带的植物构成、多样性与均匀度、优势植物等特征与河岸硬度的关系。选定晋江市都市区12条主要河流作为研究对象,通过样地调查收集数据,并采用相应指数进行数据处理分析,结果表明:(1)调查河流的河岸带植被物种共计70科143属159种,其中乔木20科30属41种,灌木15科15属20种,草本35科98属98种,草本居主导地位,河流间种类分布不均衡;(2)河岸带植物乔灌草区系均以广义热带性成分居多,其次为世界性成分、温带性成分,无中国特有分布类型,乔木中广义热带成分占绝对主导,直观反映地带性特征,灌木与草本中的温带成分多于乔木中的温带成分,类型趋于多元,种类更丰富;(3)从河岸植被优势植物构成来看,主要优势乔木与灌木基本为本土植物,而主要草本中外来植物入侵严重,对地带性植物景观的指示显然不及乔木与灌木;(4)从河岸植被的人工美学属性来看,灌木优势植物中园林观赏植物的种类数显著多于乔木、草本优势植物,反映出晋江人工审美主导的滨河景观空间主要改变与塑造了灌木层植被景观;(5)从河岸植物的人居需求属性来看,龙眼、杨桃等多见于庭院林、水岸林的水果树种也在河岸植被中频繁出现,反映出人口密集区由于对植物生产用途的重视而对河岸植被产生的影响;(6)滨河土地硬度与河道硬度对河岸带灌木植物的影响最强烈,二者均对河岸带植物多样性造成威胁,且前者具有更大的影响力,而后者直接影响了河岸植物的分布形态,出于生产与审美目的的人为干扰对河岸带植物优势种的影响力随滨河硬度的增加而加强,低滨河硬度有助留存原生植被群落;(7)天然弯曲的河流形态对河流植被特征具有积极影响,有助于保留更多本土植被类型,并能在某种程度上丰富乔灌草的植物种类,但这种缓和作用无法根本扭转河岸硬化对植物多样性的胁迫影响。研究表明,城市化地区河流的岸带植被特征与沿线人为干扰类型和强度密切相关,恢复与塑造河岸生态景观要以乡土植被为主,通过乔木景观塑造地带性景观,并以灌木与草本丰富植被景观。  相似文献   

6.
全球变化引起的生物入侵已经严重地威胁了生物多样性分布和生态系统功能与服务.生物入侵分布格局及其影响因素的深入研究有助于更好地预测和管理外来入侵物种,从而有效地保护生物多样性和生态系统功能与服务.然而,目前尚未有研究系统地讨论不同时期人类活动与自然因子对中国外来入侵植物、外来入侵昆虫和外来入侵微生物分布格局的影响.本研究基于最近出版的外来入侵生物相关资料,首先描述了3个外来入侵类群在我国的省级分布格局.然后利用单因素普通最小二乘法模型和空间自回归模型探讨了不同时期人类活动和自然因素对这些分布格局的影响.结果表明, 3个外来入侵类群丰富度在我国各省份的分布呈现相似的格局,即东南偏多,西北偏少;相较于入侵植物和入侵昆虫,入侵微生物在东北和华北的丰富度也较高. 2000年的国内生产总值是影响3个分类群丰富度最大的人类活动指标,且均呈显著正相关关系.在自然因子中,年均温和年降水对入侵植物丰富度和入侵昆虫丰富度解释率也较高,且呈显著正相关关系,但对入侵微生物丰富度影响不显著.值得一提的是,即使在控制自然因子的影响后, 2000年的国内生产总值依然是对3个分类群丰富度影响最大的因子.研究结果表明,尽...  相似文献   

7.
在黄土丘陵区草原带、森林草原带和森林带3个植被带选取成对的刺槐群落和乡土植物群落功能性状值,研究不同植被带刺槐群落、乡土植物群落功能结构的变化,以及同一植被带下刺槐的引入对群落功能结构的影响.结果表明: 刺槐群落和乡土植物群落的叶碳、叶氮、叶磷、比叶面积、叶组织密度等功能性状随植被带的变化规律一致.刺槐群落叶碳、叶氮、比叶面积显著高于乡土植物群落,且2种群落功能多样性指数(FRic、FEve、FDiv、FDis、Rao)随植被带的变化趋势并不完全一致,在森林带刺槐的引入提高了植物群落功能多样性,在草原带降低了植物群落功能多样性.  相似文献   

8.
云南省西双版纳地区是我国典型热带雨林区,随着社会经济发展,人类活动对区域植被格局与动态产生强烈影响。利用NDVI变化趋势分析、土地利用转移矩阵和基于MODIS数据的干扰指数(MGDI)3种方法,分析了2000-2010年人类活动干扰下研究区植被动态变化,构建了人类活动干扰指数,并利用冗余分析的方法,分析其与植被特征的相关性。结果表明:通过NDVI变化趋势得出,2000-2010年间,研究区植被覆盖度总体较高,植被变化趋势的斜率均大于0,说明植被总体趋于改善;基于土地利用转移矩阵结果表明,植被变化主要发生在常绿阔叶林、常绿针叶林转变为乔木园地、灌木园地、人工园地或居住用地;基于MODIS影像结果得出,西双版纳地区MGDI分布很不均匀,且2000-2010不同土地覆被类型MGDI相差不大。构建的人类活动干扰指数结果显示人类干扰强度由中心向边缘呈递增趋势,呈分散分布,这与人类活动的分布规模和强度相关。通过冗余分析可知,NDVI与人类活动相关性较大,MGDI与人类活动相关性不大。总体上来说,上述3种方法能够从不同侧面反映出人类活动干扰下植被长时间的变化趋势。因此,对于西双版纳地区,局地的人类活动特别是旅游、基础设施建设、农业活动等对热带雨林自然生态系统的干扰不容忽视。  相似文献   

9.
在城市规模不断扩张的过程中,北京市自然保护区植物群落正面临着前所未有的干扰胁迫.研究植物群落对干扰的抵抗力具有理论和实践意义.在北京市松山和喇叭沟门两个自然保护区植物群落中调查了22个样地,记录到213种植物,测度了33个植物功能性状.在集成前人成果的基础上,量化了每个性状在基建工程、放牧或旅游践踏、火烧以及外来种入侵干扰下的功能属性;计算了物种、功能群和群落尺度上的功能指数;利用回归分析方法描绘了物种丰富度与功能指数间的关系.结果表明:(1)植被恢复力指数(plant restoration index)在4.36-10.15之间,草本植物大于木本植物;物种对不同干扰的抵抗力功能指数(resistance index to disturbance)变化范围分别为:放牧10.27-23.15,乔木和灌木大于其他生长型植物;火烧9.01-22.15,乔木大于灌木,后者又大于草本;外来种入侵4.41-10.54,乔木大于其他生长型.(2)以山杨(Populus davidiana)为优势种的群丛,其植被恢复力以及对干扰的抵抗力较其他群丛强.(3)在乔木层和草本层,物种丰富度与功能指数不相关;在灌木层,物种丰富度与放牧、火烧和外来种入侵的功能指数正相关,与植被恢复指数不相关.作者建立了研究区域物种、功能群和群落尺度上的植被功能指数数据库,为自然保护区植被结构调整和恢复提供了技术支撑.群落尺度的功能值取决于优势种的功能值,物种多样性是生态系统功能维持的重要基础.物种的功能冗余可能与植物群落结构层次以及干扰类型有关.本文结果为生态系统物种功能冗余假说提供了一个例证.  相似文献   

10.
虽然城市化对生物多样性影响的研究在发达国家是一个重要的研究领域,但是在发展中国家这方面的研究不多。通过案例研究,分析本土植物多样性沿着城市化梯度的变化,及其与生境土壤因子的关系。在廊坊市,中国北部一个快速城市化的地区,沿着中心城区、城区、郊区、远郊区城市化梯度,每个梯度选取6个样地进行本土植物多样性调查,记录种类数、多样性和种类组成,并分析了多样性指数。与远郊区相比,中心城区失去了88%的物种,物种多样性下降了78%,城区物种多属于禾本科、藜科等耐践踏、耐土壤紧实度的物种。远郊区的本土植物属于45个科,科数大于城区物种。相似性指数表明,城区和郊区大部分物种相同,但是远郊区差异较大。DCCA分析表明,土壤总氮、有机质含量是影响物种城市化分布的主要因素。城市化促进了物种分布的匀质化。  相似文献   

11.
  1. Global biodiversity is increasingly threatened by habitat loss, climate change, and biological invasion. However, predictions of impacts on native fauna are hampered by an inadequate knowledge of how these factors interact and how climate change will affect the distribution, abundance, and behaviour of both native and invasive species, not least as most predictions are based on the long-term effects of temperature alone.
  2. Here, we present a case study illustrating how local-scale climate change impacts (increased temperature, reduced rainfall, shifts in peak rainfall) affected the hydrology of a channelised lowland European river (reduced flow, reduction in flood events, increased siltation, macrophyte growth), allowing native fish species to recolonise the bankside zone and reducing the density of invasive round goby Neogobius melanostomus by removing its preferred habitat.
  3. While most studies predict long-term negative impacts on global fish populations, some suggest potential direct and indirect benefits at a local scale. We are of the opinion that, at a local scale, climate change impacts on fish will be more nuanced and complex than long-term predictions suggest, resulting in both positive and negative effects, with consolation prizes in the face of larger losses. While impacts on fish will differ between regions and/or continents, depending on the specific impacts of climate change, identification of positive effects will be essential in clarifying long-range forecasts and identifying management procedures for mitigating overall negative impacts.
  相似文献   

12.
    
This study used an experimental approach to compare the passage success of native and exotic fish species from the temperate Southern Hemisphere over an artificial baffled fish ramp designed for overcoming low-head (≤1.0 m) fish migration barriers. Passage efficiency was, on average, lower for the exotic species [koi carp (Cyprinus carpio), rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)] compared to the native species [inanga (Galaxias maculatus), redfin bully (Gobiomorphus huttoni) and common bully (Gobiomorphus cotidianus)]. Nonetheless, there was considerable variation between individual species, with rainbow trout outperforming common bully and juvenile inanga, but koi carp and rudd failing to pass any of the ramps. The differences in predicted probability of passage success between the native and exotic fish species in this study were sufficient in some cases to indicate the potential for the baffled fish ramps to operate as a selective migration barrier. Nonetheless, further testing is required to validate these results across a broader range of conditions before deployment.  相似文献   

13.
    
Ecological survey was executed to assess woody species encroachment into the grassland plain of Nechisar National Park (NNP). Forty‐one woody species were recorded. Dichrostachys cinerea Wight & Arn., Acacia mellifera (Vahl) Benth., Acacia nilotica (L) Willd., Acacia senegal (L.) Willd., Acacia seyal Del. and Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne were among the major encroaching woody species. The majority of the woody species were found to be highly aggregated in their pattern of distribution, while only few species showed some degree of randomness. The mean woody species density was ca. 1995 woody plants ha?1. Mean cover of woody, grass, unpalatable forbs and total herbaceous species were 31%, 58%, 68% and 121%, respectively. The woody species density and cover, unpalatable forbs and bare land cover were significantly higher in the highly grazed and fire‐suppressed part of the grassland plain. Pearson correlation coefficient matrix indicated that woody species cover and density were negatively correlated with total herbaceous and grass cover. The high woody, unpalatable forbs and bare land cover indicated the progressively increasing perennial grass species diversity deterioration in the grass plain of the Park. Decline in the grassland condition, unless reversed, will jeopardize the biological diversity as well as the aesthetic value of the NNP.  相似文献   

14.
  总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
Exotic plants have been found to use allelochemicals, positive plant–soil feedbacks, and high concentrations of soil nutrients to exercise a competitive advantage over native plants. Under laboratory conditions, activated carbon (AC) has shown the potential to reduce these advantages by sequestering organic compounds. It is not known, however, if AC can effectively sequester organics or reduce exotic plant growth under field conditions. On soils dominated by exotic plants, we found that AC additions (1% AC by mass in the top 10 cm of soil) reduced concentrations of extractable organic C and N and induced consistent changes in plant community composition. The cover of two dominant exotics, Bromus tectorum and Centaurea diffusa, decreased on AC plots compared to that on control plots (14–8% and 4–0.1%, respectively), and the cover of native perennial grasses increased on AC plots compared to that on control plots (1.4–3% cover). Despite promising responses to AC by these species, some exotic species responded positively to AC and some native species responded negatively to AC. Consequently, AC addition did not result in native plant communities similar to uninvaded sites, but AC did demonstrate potential as a soil‐based exotic plant control tool, especially for B. tectorum and C. diffusa.  相似文献   

15.
王发国  周劲松  易绮斐  邢福武  武丽琼   《广西植物》2006,26(4):424-428,348
由于火山岩特殊的自然地理条件,其植被的组成与分布也具有特殊性。野外调查表明,湛江火山沟共有维管束植物238种,含种类较多的科为菊科、大戟科、禾本科、蝶形花科、桑科和芸香科。较重要的物种有大果榕、对叶榕、樟树、幌伞枫、假苹婆、桃金娘、野牡丹、鸭脚木、厚皮树等,它们在植被的组成与演替中起着举足轻重的作用。值得注意的是,外来入侵种在本区占有较大比例,这与本区的地理位置和日益增长的外贸、旅游交流等密切相关。该文对植被的组成、外来入侵种的危害作了分析与探讨,并提出了相应的保育措施。  相似文献   

16.
    
  1. Invasion biology often focuses on the life‐history traits and the physiological tolerance of introduced species, and on assessing the suitability of receiving habitats. Few studies have examined how trait variation in recipient communities affects the responses of native fauna to pressures from invasive species.
  2. This study examines how previously identified life‐history differences in a species‐complex of native New Zealand galaxiid fish influence their spatial interactions with invasive salmonids (mainly Salmo trutta, but also Oncorhynchus mykiss, O. tshawytscha and Salvelinus fontinalis).
  3. A combination of a long‐term, broad‐scale, presence–absence dataset and a more intensive electrofishing survey was used to examine the extent to which galaxiid species distributions overlap with those of salmonids, and to assess demographic effects associated with salmonid presence. A generalised linear modelling approach was used to test the effect of life history on galaxiid–salmonid interactions while taking into account the possible confounding effects of habitat differences between species distributions.
  4. Galaxiid species with ‘fast’ life‐history traits (e.g. high fecundity, small eggs) regularly co‐occurred with salmonids over extensive areas, sometimes over long periods, occasionally where salmonid densities were high. In contrast, galaxiid species with ‘slow’ life‐history traits (e.g. low fecundity, large eggs) were almost never found co‐occurring with salmonids, and evidence suggested they were most often excluded even where salmonid densities were low. The model outputs indicated that, although habitat played an important role, galaxiid life histories were a dominant factor determining whether species co‐occurred with or were excluded by salmonids.
  5. The strong influence of interspecific life‐history variation on how these closely related galaxiid species interact with salmonids demonstrates the importance of detailed life‐history information in predicting how native biota are likely to respond to pressures from invasive species.
  相似文献   

17.
  总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
Land managers require landscape-scale information on where exotic plant species have successfully established, to better guide research, control, and restoration efforts. We evaluated the vulnerability of various habitats to invasion by exotic plant species in a 100,000 ha area in the southeast corner of Grand Staircase-Escalante National Monument, Utah. For the 97 0.1-ha plots in 11 vegetation types, exotic species richness (log10) was strongly negatively correlated to the cover of cryptobiotic soil crusts (r = −0.47, P < 0.001), and positively correlated to native species richness (r = 0.22, P < 0.03), native species cover (r = 0.23, P < 0.05), and total nitrogen in the soil (r = 0.40, P < 0.001). Exotic species cover was strongly positively correlated to exotic species richness (r = 0.68, P < 0.001). Only 6 of 97 plots did not contain at least one exotic species. Exotic species richness was particularly high in locally rare, mesic vegetation types and nitrogen rich soils. Dry, upland plots (n = 51) had less than half of the exotic species richness and cover compared to plots (n = 45) in washes and lowland depressions that collect water intermittently. Plots dominated by trees had significantly greater native and exotic species richness compared to plots dominated by shrubs. For the 97 plots combined, 33% of the variance in exotic species richness could be explained by a positive relationship with total plant cover, and negative relationships with the cover of cryptobiotic crusts and bare ground. There are several reasons for concern: (1) Exotic plant species are invading hot spots of native plant diversity and rare/unique habitats. (2) The foliar cover of exotic species was greatest in habitats that had been invaded by several exotic species.(3) Continued disturbance of fragile cryptobiotic crusts by livestock, people, and vehicles may facilitate the further invasion of exotic plant species. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

18.
北京市建成区绿地植物物种来源分析   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
为探讨北京市建成区绿地植物的物种构成、外来植物组成及其在不同功能区的分布,采用机械布点和随机抽样法对北京市建成区绿地植物资源进行系统调查。结果表明:(1)北京市建成区绿地植物外来引进种173种,外来归化入侵种20余种:(2)外来引进种以国内引进为主,境外起源物种中美洲和欧亚区系植物占绝对优势:(3)外来种丰度按大小排列为:大型公园〉高等院校〉居住区绿地〉街头绿地/街心花园〉附属绿地〉街道绿地〉片林绿地,而各绿地类型的入侵种数量没有显著差异。  相似文献   

19.
辽宁省是东北地区重要的“菜篮子”生产基地。蔬菜易受到潜叶蝇的为害,导致蔬菜产业的健康发展受到威胁。为了更好防控蔬菜上的潜叶蝇,本研究对辽宁省潜叶蝇和寄生蜂进行本底资源调查。以辽宁省潜叶蝇及其天敌寄生蜂的种类和多样性为切入点进行田间调查,采用随机取样法,于2016-2020年调查辽宁省蔬菜、花卉以及杂草上潜叶蝇及其寄生蜂的种类和多样性,并基于形态特征与COI基因序列对潜叶蝇和寄生蜂的种类进行鉴定。结果显示,辽宁省共鉴定出5种潜叶蝇,包括本地种豌豆彩潜蝇Phytomyza horticola和葱斑潜蝇Liriomyza chinensis,入侵种美洲斑潜蝇L. sativae、三叶草斑潜蝇L. trifolii和番茄斑潜蝇L. bryoniae;其中发生最为优势的种类为豌豆彩潜蝇,其嗜好十字花科和菊科植物;寄主谱最广的是美洲斑潜蝇,发现危害7科17种植物。共发现潜叶蝇的寄生蜂41种,从发生数量来看,以姬小蜂科最多(7 816头,占比78.84%),其次是金小蜂科(1 533头,占比15.46%)、茧蜂科(549头,占比5.54%)和瘿蜂科(16头,占比0.16%);姬小蜂科的多样性指数和丰富度指数均最高,瘿蜂科均匀度指数最高;豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂Diglyphus isaea(4 385头)是优势种,占寄生蜂总数的44.23%。本研究填补了辽宁省潜叶蝇及其天敌寄生蜂的种类及多度调查的空白,为该省份潜叶蝇的防治和天敌寄生蜂的深入研究奠定了理论基础,同时建议加强对辽宁省的豌豆彩潜蝇和美洲斑潜蝇的防治,发挥当地优势寄生蜂如豌豆潜蝇姬小蜂对潜叶蝇的生物防控作用。  相似文献   

20.
沈维  曹敏 《生态学报》2010,30(8):2220-2227
在农业弃耕地上通常会出现由草本植物占优势的演替早期群落。为研究优势草本植物对群落中木本幼苗及群落微环境的影响以及外来入侵植物和本地植物对木本幼苗的影响有何差异,在西双版纳地区选取由外来入侵植物飞机草和本地植物马唐共同占优势的演替早期群落,实施物种清除实验,观测样地中木本幼苗的高增长及死亡补充情况,同时对群落微环境进行观测。结果显示,清除优势种显著提高了木本幼苗的高增长,降低了其死亡率,并且使新增幼苗数量有所提高。清除优势种对0-50cm幼苗高增长和死亡率的影响均大于50-100(或200)cm幼苗。清除处理显著提高了样地的冠层下可见天空比例,但对土壤含水量和土壤养分的影响并不显著。飞机草和马唐均能形成浓密的冠层,通过对光的竞争抑制木本幼苗的生长,且这两者的抑制作用没有显著差异。该地区次生林中常见的先锋树种在研究样地内均有幼苗存在,但其生长却受到优势草本植物的强烈抑制。因此,对演替早期群落中草本植物的控制与管理应同时注意外来入侵物种与本地杂草。  相似文献   

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