藏北高寒草原针茅属植物AM真菌的物种多样性

基于AMF孢子形态学鉴定,对藏北高寒草原4种针茅菌根际土壤进行了研究,结果表明:(1)高原寒、旱环境下,Glomus属真菌在不同针茅菌根际AM真菌种群构成中的地位和作用非常突出,其孢子密度、种数、相对多度和重要值均显著(P≤0.05)大于Acaulospora、Scutellospora属。(2)针茅属植物种类对AM真菌物种多样性具有重要影响,广布种沙生针茅Shannon-Weiner指数、物种均匀度指数相对最高(分别为1.79和0.72),其次分别为羽柱针茅、紫花针茅和昆仑针茅;青藏高原特有针茅属植物菌根际AMF的繁殖能力相对较强,羽柱针茅、紫花针茅、昆仑针茅孢子密度分别较沙生针茅提高57.8%、48.7%\,62.4%。(3)不同针茅菌根际土壤中,同种AM真菌(共有种)和优势种(F>50%)较多、优势种种类差异很大的种群分布特征,体现了AM真菌种群构成的复杂性,以及AMF对高原寒旱环境的高度适应性、协同性。(4)不同针茅菌根际AMF优势种相对多度高达78.2%-92.4%(平均为85.7%),对AM真菌的群落构成具有重要作用。其中,G. claroideum孢子密度即占4类针茅AM真菌优势种的50.2%-71.9%。     

AM真菌与植物共生的生理生化效应研究进展

丛枝菌根真菌是广泛分布的一类土壤微生物,与植物共生后,能够促进宿主对土壤中矿质元素的吸收,调节宿主体内的代谢活动,增强植物的抗逆性,促进植物生长,增加作物产量,改善作物品质,本文综述了上述方面的研究进展和取得的主要成就。     

环境因子和AM真菌分布的关系

由我国东、南沿海七省２７８个土样中的９０８个ＡＭ真菌种次分析了ＡＭ真菌属和种的分布和７种环境因子的关系。球囊霉属在各种环境下均占绝对多数,巨囊霉属＋盾巨囊霉属则为最少,球囊霉属在各ｐＨ水平土壤中分布较均匀;而其它四属主要出现在ｐＨ低于７的土壤中,摩西球囊霉Ｃ．ｍｏｓｓｅａｅ（Ｎｏｃｏｌ．＆Ｇｅｒｄ）Ｇｅｒｄｅｍａｎｎ＆Ｔｒａｐｐｅ在ｐＨ低于５的土壤中仍能发现。所有五属ＡＭ真菌的出现率都随土壤有机质     

AM真菌在植物病虫害生物防治中的作用机制

丛枝菌根(Arbuscular Mycorrhizae,AM)真菌是一类广泛分布于土壤生态系统中的有益微生物,能与大约80%的陆生高等植物形成共生体。由土传病原物侵染引起的土传病害被植物病理学界认定为最难防治的病害之一。研究表明,AM真菌能够拮抗由真菌、线虫、细菌等病原体引起的土传性植物病害,诱导宿主植物增强对病虫害的耐/抗病性。当前,利用AM真菌开展病虫害的生物防治已经引起生态学家和植物病理学家的广泛关注。基于此,围绕AM真菌在植物病虫害生物防治中的最新研究进展,从AM真菌改变植物根系形态结构、调节次生代谢产物的合成、改善植物根际微环境、与病原微生物直接竞争入侵位点和营养分配、诱导植株体内抗病防御体系的形成等角度,探究AM真菌在植物病虫害防治中的作用机理,以期为利用AM真菌开展植物病虫害的生物防治提供理论依据,并对本领域未来的发展方向和应用前景进行展望。     

极旱荒漠植物对AM真菌物种多样性的影响

2015年7月在甘肃安西极旱荒漠国家级自然保护区采集膜果麻黄Ephedra przewalskii、红砂Reaumuria songarica、合头草Sympegma regelii、泡泡刺Nitraria sphaerocarpa和珍珠猪毛菜Salsola passerine 5种典型荒漠植物根区土壤样品,分析了植物种类对arbuscular mycorrhiza(AM)真菌群落组成和生态分布的影响。在分离的7属45种AM真菌中包括无梗囊霉属Acaulospora 17种,球囊霉属Glomus 13种,这两属是5种植物共同优势属;盾巨孢囊霉属Scutellospora 5种,管柄囊霉属Funneliformis 4种,根内根生囊霉属Rhizophagus 3种,近明囊霉属Claroideoglomus 2种,多孢囊霉属Diversispora1种。主成分分析研究说明5种植物根区AM真菌群落组成和物种多样性差异显著。结果表明,植物种类对AM真菌群落组成和分布特征影响显著。     

蒙古沙冬青伴生植物AM真菌的空间分布

进一步探究荒漠植物与AM(arbuscular mycorrhiza)真菌共生关系及其生态适应性,为以蒙古沙冬青为建群种适生区的植被恢复与生态改良提供依据。于2013年6月在内蒙古荒漠带选取以蒙古沙冬青为建群种的3个样地乌海、磴口和阿拉善,从每个样地选择2种主要伴生植物,按0—10、10—20、20—30、30—40、40—50 cm共5个土层采集土样和根样,研究了蒙古沙冬青伴生植物AM真菌空间分布及其与土壤因子的关系。从梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)、油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)、柠条锦鸡儿(Caragana korshinskii)和蒙古扁桃(Amygdalus mongolica)4种伴生植物根围土壤共分离鉴定4属25种AM真菌,其中球囊霉属(Glomus)14种,无梗囊霉属(Acaulospora)7种,管柄囊霉属(Funneliformis)3种,盾巨孢囊霉属(Scutellospora)1种,优势菌种为网状球囊霉(Glomus reticulatum),AM真菌属种分布具有不均衡性和地域性。4种伴生植物根系均能与AM真菌形成I-型(intermediate type)丛枝菌根,其共生程度和定殖规律具有明显空间异质性。AM真菌种数随土层深度增加而下降。AM真菌最大定殖率在10—30 cm土层,最大孢子密度在10—20 cm土层。相关性分析表明,AM真菌菌丝与土壤有机C极显著正相关(P0.01),与易提取球囊霉素(EEG)显著负相关(P0.05);孢子密度与有机C、碱性磷酸酶极显著负相关(P0.01),与碱解N极显著正相关(P0.01)。主成分分析表明,土壤有效P、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和总球囊霉素(TEG)等土壤因子能综合反映内蒙古荒漠带营养状况。TEG和EEG平均含量分别为4.76 mg/g和1.62 mg/g,占土壤有机C平均含量为61.26%和20.8%,说明在贫瘠荒漠环境中球囊霉素是土壤有机碳库重要来源和组成部分。     

蒙古沙冬青及其伴生植物AM真菌物种多样性

于2015年7月在内蒙古乌海、磴口2个样地选取蒙古沙冬青(Ammopiptanthus mongolicus)及其伴生植物为研究对象,分别采集0-20 cm和20-40 cm土层根围土样,利用高通量测序方法分析了不同植物AM真菌群落结构和物种多样性,发掘新物种,为补充和完善AM真菌分类体系提供依据。试验共分离鉴定3纲5目6科9属89个AM真菌OTU,属包括Glomus,Funneliformis,Diversispora,Claroideoglomus,Rhizophagus,Septoglomus,Scutellospora,Ambispora和Paraglomus。与形态学研究结果相比,高通量鉴定结果在属水平上更丰富。同一土层不同样地,蒙古沙冬青AM真菌丰度和多样性指数高于伴生植物;同一土层不同植物,AM真菌丰度和多样性指数表现为磴口高于乌海;同一植物不同样地,AM真菌ACE指数和Chao1指数20-40 cm土层高于0-20 cm土层,Simpson指数和Shannon指数0-20 cm土层高于20-40 cm土层。RDA分析表明,AM真菌ACE指数和Chao1指数与土壤碱解N显著正相关,与酸性磷酸酶显著负相关;Simpson指数和Shannon指数与碱性磷酸酶显著正相关,与pH显著负相关。结果表明,蒙古沙冬青AM真菌物种多样性高于伴生植物,同一样地,寄主植物与土壤深度共同作用对AM真菌群落组成有显著影响。     

城市生态系统中AM真菌侵染与群落结构特征

丛枝菌根(AM)真菌作为土壤微生物的重要成员之一,对城市生态系统可持续发展具有重要意义.本文系统总结了城市生态系统中AM真菌着生状况和群落结构特点,探讨了城市生态因子,如人类行为、植被重建与维护、城市土壤状况等对AM真菌着生状况和群落结构的影响,认为今后应加强城市生态系统中AM真菌群落结构与功能的研究,如关键城市生态因子(如水资源匮乏、热岛效应等)改变AM真菌群落结构的效应与机制.     

龙脑香科植物AM真菌的初步研究

对我国云南和海南龙脑香科植物的天然原始林和人工林AM真菌资源进行了调查,对从46处龙脑香林采回的19种龙脑香科树种的根系和根际土壤样品,分别进行显微观察和分离AM真菌的孢子,发现在所调查的19个树种中,所有树种的根系都有不同程度的AM真菌的侵染,高者可达50％平均为21％,其中在大多数根样中发现有泡囊生成;对土壤样品的分析,分离到大量的孢子,其袍子密度从7—132个／20ml土样不等,平均为58个。对所分离到的孢子进行鉴定,发现无梗囊霉属和球囊霉属的孢子占大多数,其频度和相对多度分别为33．25和46．89;18．04和30．80。研究结果表明,龙脑香科不仅仅能够形成外生菌根,而且也能象大多数热带林木一样能够广泛的形成丛枝菌根。     

Correlation analysis between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community and host plant phylogeny

 为弄清丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM)真菌群落随宿主植物演化的变异规律,通过对MaarjAM数据库进行数据挖掘, 根据每个分子虚拟种(virtual taxa, VT)包含的DNA序列不少于5条的标准, 筛选出188种菌根植物。通过分析植物与其根内AM真菌的关系发现: AM真菌的物种丰富度随着寄主植物的分化而增加; 在不同的植物系统类群中, AM真菌的物种丰富度显著不同; 在起源时间较晚的被子植物和裸子植物中, AM真菌的物种丰富度显著高于起源较早的苔类、角苔类和蕨类植物类群, 而与寄生植物共生的AM真菌物种丰富度与早期植物无显著差异; 不同寄主植物进化类群间AM真菌组成差异显著。以上结果表明: AM真菌群落随着寄主植物进化而发生变化。在进化过程中, 寄主植物倾向于选择保留共生效率较高的AM真菌。     

丛枝菌根真菌群落与植物系统发育的相关性分析

为弄清丛枝菌根(arbuscular mycorrhiza, AM)真菌群落随宿主植物演化的变异规律,通过对MaarjAM数据库进行数据挖掘, 根据每个分子虚拟种(virtual taxa, VT)包含的DNA序列不少于5条的标准, 筛选出188种菌根植物。通过分析植物与其根内AM真菌的关系发现: AM真菌的物种丰富度随着寄主植物的分化而增加; 在不同的植物系统类群中, AM真菌的物种丰富度显著不同; 在起源时间较晚的被子植物和裸子植物中, AM真菌的物种丰富度显著高于起源较早的苔类、角苔类和蕨类植物类群, 而与寄生植物共生的AM真菌物种丰富度与早期植物无显著差异; 不同寄主植物进化类群间AM真菌组成差异显著。以上结果表明: AM真菌群落随着寄主植物进化而发生变化。在进化过程中, 寄主植物倾向于选择保留共生效率较高的AM真菌。     

丛枝菌根真菌群落沿高寒草原海拔梯度的变化特征

基于丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM)真菌孢子形态学的鉴定,对沿不同海拔(4584、4628、4744、4880、4956 m)梯度采集的高寒草原建群植物根际土壤样品进行了分析。结果表明,高寒草原AM真菌属、种构成均较简单,Acaulospora、Claroideoglomus、Funneliformis、Glomus属见于各海拔梯度,海拔4744 m地带未见Pacispora属,海拔4744、4956 m地带无Scutellospora属分布,Rhizophagus属仅见于海拔4584 m地带。随海拔上升,AM真菌种数、物种丰度均呈显著下降;海拔4584—4880 m范围Shannon-Weiner指数(H)无显著差异,但在最高海拔时显著下降;优势种种数及所占比例与海拔梯度则呈显著正相关(Funneliformis geosporum、Claroideoglomus claroideum为不同海拔梯度优势种);沿海拔梯度,孢子密度基本呈单峰分布格局,峰值出现在海拔4744 m地带;海拔梯度对菌根侵染效应影响显著,菌根侵染率、侵染强度和丛枝丰度随海拔上升均呈显著下降趋势;不同海拔梯度高寒草原AM真菌群落相似度(Sorensen相似性系数0.821—0.969)较高,并在总体上表现出随海拔梯度增大而降低的趋势。土壤pH值、有效磷、有机碳、海拔对AM真菌的群落分布均产生显著影响,尤以海拔的影响最为显著。研究结果对预测高寒草原微生物的作用与影响,以及高寒草原环境对全球变化的响应等提供了理论依据。     

Plant traits determine the phylogenetic structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities

Functional diversity in ecosystems has traditionally been studied using aboveground plant traits. Despite the known effect of plant traits on the microbial community composition, their effects on the microbial functional diversity are only starting to be assessed. In this study, the phylogenetic structure of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal communities associated with plant species differing in life cycle and growth form, that is, plant life forms, was determined to unravel the effect of plant traits on the functional diversity of this fungal group. The results of the 454 pyrosequencing showed that the AM fungal community composition differed across plant life forms and this effect was dependent on the soil collection date. Plants with ruderal characteristics tended to associate with phylogenetically clustered AM fungal communities. By contrast, plants with resource‐conservative traits associated with phylogenetically overdispersed AM fungal communities. Additionally, the soil collected in different seasons yielded AM fungal communities with different phylogenetic dispersion. In summary, we found that the phylogenetic structure, and hence the functional diversity, of AM fungal communities is dependent on plant traits. This finding adds value to the use of plant traits for the evaluation of belowground ecosystem diversity, functions and processes.     

Plant community and soil available nutrients drive arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community shifts during alpine meadow degradation

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) play an important role in maintaining the function and sustainability of grassland ecosystem, but they are also susceptible to environmental changes. In recent decades, alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau have experienced severe degradation due to the impact of human activities and climate change. But it remains unclear how degradation affects the AMF community, a group of functionally important root associated microorganisms, which potentially limit the development and application of microbial technologies in the restoration of degraded grasslands. In this study, we investigated AMF communities richness and composition in non-degraded (ND), moderately degraded (MD) and severely degraded (SD) alpine meadows on the Tibetan Plateau, and then explored their main biotic and abiotic determinants. Alpine meadow degradation significantly reduced plant community biomass, richness, soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, available nitrogen and available phosphorus, but increased soil pH. AMF community composition and the iesdominant family and genera differed significantly among different degradation stages. Grassland degradation shifted the AMF community composition in favor of Claroideoglomus over Rhizophagus, and resulted in a marked loss of Glomeraceae and the dominance of Diversisporaceae. Alpine meadow degradation significantly increased AMF hyphal density and richness, likely working as a plant strategy to relieve nutrient deficiencies or loss as a result of degradation. The structural equation model showed that AMF community richness and composition were significantly influenced by plant community, followed by soil available nutrients. Soil available nutrients was the key contributor to the increased AMF hyphal density and richness during grassland degradation. Our findings identify the effects of alpine meadow degradation on AMF richness and highlight the importance of the plant community in shaping the AMF community during alpine meadow degradation. These results suggest that plant community restoration should be the primary goal for the ecological restoration of degraded alpine meadows, and these soil functional microorganisms should be simultaneously integrated into ecological restoration strategies and management.     

Changes in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities during invasion by an exotic invasive plant

Exotic invasive plants can show strong plant–soil feedback responses, but little is known about time scales for significant changes in soil microbial communities to occur after invasion. Previous work has suggested that plant invasions can modify arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal community structure. However, there is a lack of understanding about how long it takes for these changes to develop. To test this we investigated temporal changes in AM fungal communities colonising the invasive plant Vincetoxicum rossicum (Apocynaceae). We hypothesised that AM fungal community structure would change in a particular direction during the invasion process. We collected soil from two sites with a long history of invasion by this plant, with each site having paired invaded and uninvaded plots. Soil from these plots was used in a glasshouse experiment to characterise AM fungal community structure in the roots of V. rossicum at different times throughout a simulated growing season. AM fungal community structure differed between invaded and uninvaded plots. However, contrasting with our hypothesis, AM fungal communities colonising V. rossicum growing in soil from uninvaded plots did not change towards those in plants growing in previously invaded soil. Our data suggest that changes to AM fungal communities in the presence of V. rossicum require longer than the first growing season after establishment to develop.     

3种丛枝菌根真菌与3种寄主植物的共生关系

【目的】利用丛枝菌根(Arbuscular mycorrhiza,AM)真菌对寄主植物的偏好性和不同寄主植物的功能互补作用,建立AM真菌的高效繁殖体系。【方法】以玉米(Zea may L.)、高粱[Sorghum bicolor(L.)Moench]和白车轴草(Trifolium repens L.)为寄主植物,采用寄主植物单作和间作的盆栽培养法,研究不同栽培模式对光壁无梗囊霉(Acaulospora laevis)、单孢球囊霉(Glomus monosporum)和根内球囊霉(G.intraradices)3种AM真菌繁殖能力的影响,通过地上部分生物量的分配分析,探索C3和C4植物对AM真菌共生关系的"功能互补"效应及机制。【结果】间作模式下,寄主植物地上部分总生物量和3种AM真菌的孢子密度均显著高于单作(P0.05);单作和间作栽培模式下,3种AM真菌对玉米地上部分生物量响应无显著差异(P0.05),但单孢球囊霉和根内球囊霉对高粱地上部分生物量产生显著影响(P0.05);两种间作栽培模式下,根内球囊霉对白车轴草地上部分生物量也产生了显著影响(P0.05)。【结论】3种AM真菌对3种寄主植物的共生偏好性不同,且C3和C4植物对AM真菌共生关系存在一定的"功能互补"效应,利用AM真菌的寄主植物偏好性和不同植物间的功能互补关系,增加AM真菌的孢子产量,有利于AM真菌高效繁殖体系的建立。     

丛枝菌根真菌和植物寄生线虫

本文综述了土壤微生物中丛枝菌根真菌和植物寄生线虫的互作关系及其互作机理,并阐述了丛枝菌根真菌在防治植物线虫病害方面的应用前景和实际操作中应注意的技术环节。     

Phylogenetic trait conservatism and the evolution of functional trade-offs in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

The diversity of functional and life-history traits of organisms depends on adaptation as well as the legacy of shared ancestry. Although the evolution of traits in macro-organisms is well studied, relatively little is known about character evolution in micro-organisms. Here, we surveyed an ancient and ecologically important group of microbial plant symbionts, the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi, and tested hypotheses about the evolution of functional and life-history traits. Variation in the extent of root and soil colonization by AM fungi is constrained to a few nodes basal to the most diverse groups within the phylum, with relatively little variation associated with recent divergences. We found no evidence for a trade-off in biomass allocated to root versus soil colonization in three published glasshouse experiments; rather these traits were positively correlated. Partial support was observed for correlated evolution between fungal colonization strategies and functional benefits of the symbiosis to host plants. The evolution of increased soil colonization was positively correlated with total plant biomass and shoot phosphorus content. Although the effect of AM fungi on infection by root pathogens was phylogenetically conserved, there was no evidence for correlated evolution between the extent of AM fungal root colonization and pathogen infection. Variability in colonization strategies evolved early in the diversification of AM fungi, and we propose that these strategies were influenced by functional interactions with host plants, resulting in an evolutionary stasis resembling trait conservatism.