秦王川盐沼湿地芦苇比叶面积与叶片热耗散的关联性分析

植物比叶面积(SLA)与叶片热耗散的关联性分析,对于探究植物光合产物积累与耗散及其适应特殊生境有重要意义。该研究以秦王川国家湿地公园芦苇(Phragmites australis)种群为研究对象,根据距离水域的远近分别依次设置3个试验样地:Ⅰ(离水域25–40 m,土壤含水量(SM)28.94%)、Ⅱ(离水域10–25 m,SM 45.97%)、Ⅲ(离水域0–10 m,SM 76.81%),研究了秦王川盐沼湿地芦苇SLA与叶片热耗散的关系。结果表明:随着土壤含水量的增加,湿地植被群落的高度和地上生物量呈现逐渐增加的趋势,土壤电导率和光合有效辐射呈显著减小的趋势;叶面积、净光合速率和蒸腾速率均呈增加的趋势,叶厚度呈减少的趋势,SLA呈现先增加后减小的趋势,叶干质量呈现先减少后增加的趋势;从样地Ⅰ到样地Ⅲ,调节性能量耗散的量子产额(Y(NPQ))、非光化学淬灭系数呈减少的趋势,实际光合效率、光化学淬灭系数呈增加的趋势,非调节性能量耗散的量子产额呈先增加后减少的趋势;在样地Ⅰ和Ⅲ,芦苇SLA与Y(NPQ)呈极显著负相关关系(p0.01),在样地Ⅱ,SLA与Y(NPQ)显著负相关(p0.05)。随土壤含水量的梯度性变化,芦苇种群通过调整叶片构建模式从而适时调整SLA的大小以改变叶片热耗散,实现对植物吸收光能的有效利用,反映了植物为适应特殊生境通过改变表型调控叶片热耗散实现自我保护的机制。     

甘肃小苏干湖盐沼湿地盐地风毛菊叶形态-光合生理特征对淹水的响应

盐沼湿地植物叶片功能性状对淹水的响应分析,有助于探究植物叶片可塑性机制与光合生理特征间的内在关联性,对深入理解盐沼湿地植物的生境抗逆性策略具有重要意义。根据小苏干湖湖水泛滥区静水持留时间长短分别设置:轻度淹水区(静水持留30–90天)、中度淹水区(静水持留90–150天)、重度淹水区(静水持留150–210天)3个试验样地,以盐地风毛菊(Saussurea salsa)为研究对象,研究了小苏干湖盐沼湿地盐地风毛菊叶片功能性状对淹水的响应。结果表明:随着静水持留时间的增加,轻度淹水区盐地风毛菊形态上采用小比叶面积(SLA)的肉质化小叶模式,光合生理上具有高实际光合效率(Y(II))和低调节性能量耗散的量子产额(Y(NPQ))的协同变异;重度淹水区盐地风毛菊形态和光合生理上则采用与轻度淹水区完全相反的协同变异策略;在3个样地中,SLA与Y(II)、光化学淬灭(QP)和Y(NPQ)间均呈极显著相关关系;叶绿素a含量和叶绿素b含量与调节性能量耗散的量子产额(Y(NO))均呈显著正相关关系。小苏干湖湖水泛滥区静水时空演变格局影响下,盐地风毛菊种群通过改变叶面积、叶厚度和SLA等叶片形态特征,适时调整叶片Y(II)和Y(NPQ)等光合生理特征,实现植物叶片光合碳同化产物的收支平衡,表现出对水盐异质性环境较强的耐受性,反映了盐沼湿地植物在极端生存环境下的叶片可塑性和抗逆性机制。     

茭草和芦苇叶片光合与荧光特性对土壤持续干旱的响应

对茭草Zizania latifolia和芦苇Phragmites australi进行自然持续干旱处理,测定植物叶片光合作用特征参数和叶绿素荧光参数及相应的土壤水分含量,探讨茭草、芦苇叶片对土壤持续干旱胁迫的光合生理响应。随着土壤水分逐渐减少,茭草叶片净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、气孔导度(Gs)均先增大后减小,芦苇叶片的Pn、Tr、Gs均逐渐减小;茭草和芦苇叶片的胞间二氧化碳浓度(Ci)、光化学最大量子效率(Fv/Fm)、非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、水分利用率(WUE)、有效荧光产量(Yield)、电子传递速率(ETR)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)变化趋势一致,其中Ci逐渐增大,Fv/Fm、NPQ、WUE先增大后减小,Yield、ETR、qP逐渐减小。分析表明,当茭草和芦苇遭遇较严重干旱时,叶片Pn下降主要是非气孔限制因素导致;当生长基质(沙土)的田间持水量为19%,速效氮、磷、钾分别为28.14、2.25、25.76 mg·kg-1,pH 7.2时,茭草的干旱胁迫阈值在土壤含水量(2.17 ± 0.18)%和(1.66 ± 0.23)%之间,芦苇的干旱胁迫阈值在土壤含水量(1.84 ± 0.17)%和(0.25 ± 0.07)%之间。     

张掖湿地芦苇比叶面积和水分利用效率的关系

密度制约下植物比叶面积与水分利用效率的关系,对于认识土壤-植物-大气的物质循环和能量流动机制具有重要意义。采用样方调查法,研究了3种密度(高密度Ⅰ:210—230株/m~2;中密度Ⅱ:130—150株/m~2;低密度Ⅲ:50—70株/m~2)条件下芦苇种群比叶面积(SLA)和水分利用效率(WUE)的关系。结果表明:随着芦苇种群密度的逐渐降低,湿地群落的土壤含水量逐渐减小,芦苇的株高、叶面积、叶干重、SLA和蒸腾速率(Tr)均呈逐渐减小的趋势,净光合速率(Pn)、叶厚度和WUE呈逐渐增加的趋势;不同密度条件下湿地植物芦苇比叶面积(SLA)与水分利用效率(WUE)的关系存在显著差异(P0.05),在高密度(Ⅰ)与低密度(Ⅲ)样地,芦苇SLA与WUE呈极显著负相关关系(P0.01);在中密度(Ⅱ)样地,二者呈显著负相关关系(P0.05)。不同种群密度的湿地生境中,芦苇通过调整叶片形态构造,使比叶面积和水分利用效率形成了相反的变化趋势,反映了植物适应光照条件、土壤含水量等异质性环境因子的资源利用策略和光合产物积累模式。     

不同强度的红光和蓝光下菜豆叶片的荧光特性

光质和光强均是影响植物光合作用的重要外部因素,该文以菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)为材料,通过叶绿素荧光技术比较研究了菜豆叶片在不同光强的红光和蓝光下叶绿素荧光特性的变化规律。结果表明:随着红光和蓝光光强的增加,菜豆叶片的光适应下的最大光化学效率(Fv'/Fm')呈下降趋势,但与在红光下相比,蓝光下叶片的Fv'/Fm'值较高。随着蓝光光强的增加,菜豆叶片PSⅡ实际光化学效率(Y(Ⅱ))和光化学猝灭系数(q P和q L)先呈上升趋势之后逐渐趋于平稳;而随着红光光强的增加,以上参数呈下降趋势。随着红光和蓝光光强的增加,非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)、相对电子传递速率(ETR)以及调节性能量耗散的量子产量Y(NPQ)均呈上升趋势,但与在红光下相比,蓝光下叶片NPQ和Y(NPQ)的值较低,而ETR值较高。非调节性能量耗散产量Y(NO)随着红光光强增加而呈上升趋势,而随着蓝光光强增加呈下降趋势。综上可见,随着光强的增加菜豆叶片的光化学效率呈降低趋势,但叶片在蓝光下的光化学吸收和利用效率高于红光。研究结果可为植物对光强和光质的响应提供一定的参考。     

不同光强下交替氧化酶基因修饰的两种拟南芥叶片叶绿素荧光特性的变化

采用叶绿素荧光测定系统,研究在不同光强下交替氧化酶(alternative oxidase; AOX)基因超表达突变体(XX-2)和野生型(WT)拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)叶片的叶绿素荧光参数的变化。结果表明:两种拟南芥叶片的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)没有显著差别; 而不同光强下两种拟南芥叶片的实际光量子效率(Y(II))、光化学猝灭系数(qp)均随光照强度的增加呈下降趋势; 同光强下XX-2叶片的上述参数均高于WT。非光化学猝灭系数(NPQ)与调节型能量耗散的量子产额(Y(NPQ))均随着光照强度的增加呈上升趋势; 同光强下XX-2叶片的NPQ与Y(NPQ)均低于WT。非调节型能量耗散的量子产额(Y(NO))均随光照强度的增加呈下降趋势; 当光强超过165 μmol·m^-2·s^-1后,同光强下XX-2叶片的Y(NO)高于WT; 表观电子传递速率(ETR)随着光照强度的增加均表现出先上升后下降的趋势; 同光强下,XX-2叶片的ETR高于WT。以上结果表明,交替氧化酶超表达体在不同光照条件下具有更加优化的叶绿素荧光性能。     

密度制约下尕海湿地黄帚橐吾叶绿素与叶面积、叶厚度间的关系

密度制约下植物叶性状间的关系,对于认识植物叶片的物理构建与生理代谢的关系具有重要的意义。本研究采用标准化主轴估计分析方法,按黄帚橐吾(Liguaria virgaurea)种群数设置I(171～240株·m~(-2))、II(101～170株·m~(-2))和III(30～100株·m~(-2))3个密度,分析了尕海湿地不同种群密度黄帚橐吾叶绿素含量与叶面积、叶厚度的关系。结果表明:随着黄帚橐吾种群密度的降低,湿地群落的密度呈先减小后增大的U型趋势、盖度逐渐降低、高度和土壤水分逐渐增加,黄帚橐吾的叶面积和叶绿素含量逐渐增加、叶厚度和群落内部光合有效辐射逐渐减小、净光合速率和蒸腾速率呈先减小后增大的U型趋势;叶绿素含量与叶面积呈显著负相关(P0.05)、与叶厚度呈显著正相关(P0.05)。生长在高密度湿地的黄帚橐吾选择增加叶绿素含量且构建小而厚的叶片,在低密度湿地选择减少叶绿素含量且构建大而薄的叶片,反映了植物适应光照条件等异质性环境因子的资源利用策略和光合产物积累模式。     

内陆盐沼芦苇根系形态及生物量分配对土壤盐分因子的响应

根系形态和生物量分配是决定根系吸收能力发挥的重要特征,其对环境限制因子的响应与适应策略一直是研究的热点。然而,有关土壤盐分对植物根系性状的影响还存在许多不确定性。选择兰州秦王川国家湿地公园芦苇群落为研究对象,垂直于沙河河岸从湿地边缘至湿地中心,依次设置3个不同土壤盐分梯度样地(样地I、样地II和样地III),采用全根挖掘法和WinRHIZO根系分析仪相结合的方法,研究了芦苇(Phragmites australis)根冠比、根总长度、比根长、根分叉数、根平均直径等形态参数的变化特征。结果表明:随着样地土壤盐分含量的增加,湿地群落的高度、盖度、密度、地上生物量逐渐下降,芦苇的根冠比、根分叉数呈逐渐减小的趋势,比根长、根总长度呈先下降后上升的趋势,而根平均直径呈相反的变化趋势;研究区土壤含盐量总体以中度盐渍化为主,表层土壤盐分呈现强变异性,随土层深度的增加含盐量呈下降趋势,而变异程度有所差异;芦苇根系性状与土壤含盐量的相关性分析可知,土壤含盐量与根总长度和比根长呈极显著相关关系(P0.01),与根冠比、根分叉数呈显著相关(P0.05),而与根平均直径相关性不显著。内陆盐沼的芦苇表现出敏感植物的特性,通过根系形态的调整和生物量分配策略的改变来适应盐分强变异的土壤环境,体现了逆境胁迫下湿地植物应对多重环境选择压力的生态适应机制。     

胞外ATP通过H_2O_2对菜豆叶片光系统Ⅱ光化学特性的系统性影响

研究了细胞外ATP对菜豆叶片光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)光化学特性的系统性影响及可能的内在机制。研究发现,用外源ATP处理菜豆叶片的一侧,处理侧和同叶未处理侧潜在最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)、非调节性能量耗散量子产量(Y(NO))与对照相比无显著变化;而实际光化学效率(Y(Ⅱ))、电子传递速率(ETR)和光化学猝灭系数(q P)与对照相比显著上升,但非光化学猝灭系数(q N)和调节性能量耗散量子产量(Y(NPQ))则显著下降。表明了细胞外ATP能够系统性地提高菜豆叶片PSⅡ光化学效率。用外源ATP处理菜豆叶片的一侧,检测叶片处理侧与同叶未处理侧过氧化氢的含量,发现与对照相比,叶片处理侧与未处理侧过氧化氢含量均显著上升。用外源过氧化氢(H2O2)处理菜豆叶片一侧也导致了处理侧与同叶未处理侧Y(Ⅱ)、ETR和q P的显著上升,以及q N和Y(NPQ)的显著下降。因此,过氧化氢和ATP能够对处理侧与同叶未处理侧叶片的光化学特性产生相似的影响。进一步研究表明,用过氧化氢的淬灭剂N,N'-二甲基硫脲(DMTU,dimethylthiourea)可以减弱ATP对菜豆叶片处理侧与未处理侧Y(Ⅱ)、ETR、q P、q N和Y(NPQ)产生的影响。这些结果表明:菜豆叶片局部细胞外ATP的增加可加强邻近组织PSⅡ的光化学效率,并且胞外ATP对叶片PSⅡ光化学特性的这种系统性影响依赖于H_2O_2调节的下游信号途径。     

濒危植物长序榆(Ulmus elongata)幼苗叶绿素荧光特性的初步研究

用Li-6400XT便携式光合作用仪对濒危植物长序榆幼苗的各叶绿素荧光参数的日变化和快速光响应曲线进行了测定。结果发现,光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)的实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)、电子传递速率(ETR)在整个白天阶段较稳定,下午18:00显著下降。光化学淬灭(qP)先增大后减小。非光化学淬灭(NPQ)呈现出与光化学淬灭(qP)相反的变化趋势,中午最低,说明长序榆幼苗光能利用率较高。快速光曲线表明实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和光化学淬灭(qP)随着光合有效辐射(PAR)的增大而减小,电子传递速率(ETR)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)随着光合有效辐射(PAR)的增大而增大。使用幂函数能够很好的拟合实际光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)和电子传递速率(ETR)随光强的变化,而对数函数能较好的拟合实际光化学淬灭(qP)和非光化学淬灭(NPQ)随光强的变化。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.