塔里木荒漠河岸林物种多样性沿地下水埋深梯度的分布格局

探讨荒漠河岸林土壤水分、物种多样性的空间变异性及其相互关系,可为干旱区天然林保护、可持续经营和生态恢复提供科学依据。以塔里木荒漠河岸林为研究对象,基于野外样带调查和采样测定,系统分析了地下水埋深（GWD）梯度下林地土壤水分与物种多样性的空间变异及其权衡关系。结果表明：随GWD增加和土壤水分减少,荒漠河岸林群落物种数减少、结构简化、群落发生退化,退化顺序为浅根系的中生草本植物和灌木,最后留存的是抗旱性较强的乔灌木或灌木;同时土壤水分和物种丰富度、物种多样性指数均呈显著的线性递减趋势,而物种均匀度指数降幅较小。GWD与土壤水分、物种多样性之间均呈极显著的相关（P<0.01）,土壤水分与物种多样性的相对收益随GWD增加而逐渐降低,表明GWD是控制荒漠河岸林土壤水分和物种多样性空间变异的关键因素。荒漠河岸林土壤水分与物种多样性权衡关系的转折点为GWD 4.5m左右,转折点以下（GWD<4.5m）二者沿GWD以相同速率变化,呈协同关系;转折点以上（GWD>4.5m）土壤水分与物种多样性的权衡明显增大,土壤水分相对收益剧降,即维持当前相应的物种多样性以消耗土壤水分为代价,系统通过反馈调节使物种多样性降低。综上表明,维持塔里木荒漠河岸林物种多样性和生态系统功能的合理GWD在4.5m左右,这为塔里木河流域荒漠河岸林保育与生态输水工程实施提供科学依据。     

新疆塔里木河下游荒漠河岸(林)植被合理生态水位

 该文依据塔里木河下游地下水位多年监测资料, 将地下水位按不同埋深划分为0~2、2~4、4~6、6~8、8~10和>10 m 6个梯度, 并设置植 被调查样方进行连续监测, 以分析地下水位变化对植物物种多样性与种群生态位的影响。研究结果表明: 在地下水位2~4 m时, 物种多样性最高 , 其次为4~6 m, 再次为0~2 m; 当地下水位在6 m以下时, 物种多样性锐减, Hill多样性指数曲线变化趋势趋于平直化。荒漠河岸(林)植被主要 植物种群生态位随着地下水位的逐步下降而扩展, 并在地下水位4~6 m处达到最宽; 尔后, 生态位又显著变窄; 地下水位4~6 m时, 种群间生态 位重叠最不显著, 物种数较为丰富。因此, 该文分析得出结论: 塔里木河下游植被恢复的地下水位应确保达到6 m以上, 大部分地区地下水位应 维持在4~6 m, 而部分河道附近地区地下水位争取达到2~4 m。     

水分梯度下黑河流域荒漠植物群落多样性特征

物种多样性对大尺度环境条件的响应是植物生态学的热点问题,干旱区内陆河流域的特殊环境条件如何影响物种多样性仍存在较大的不确定性。以黑河流域荒漠植物群落为对象,探讨了荒漠植物群落α多样性和β多样性对不同水分梯度的响应。结果表明:(1)荒漠植物群落随水分条件不同而变化,在区域降水梯度上,依次分布有梭梭[Haloxylon ammodendron(C.A.Mey.)Bunge]、西伯利亚白刺(Nitraria sibirica Pall.)、毛瓣白刺(Nitraria praevisa Bobr.)、沙蒿(Artemisia desertorum Spreng.)、细枝盐爪爪(Kalidium gracile Fenzl)、珍珠猪毛菜(Salsola passerina Bunge)和尖叶盐爪爪[Kalidium cuspidatum(Ung.Sternb.)Grub.]群落;随距黑河河道距离增加,主要分布有胡杨(Populus euphratica Oliv.)、多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima Lebed.)、花花柴[Karelinia caspia(Pall.)Less.]和红砂[Reaumuria songarica(Pall.)Maxim.]群落。(2)荒漠植物群落物种多样性指数偏低,Margalef指数、Shannon-Weiner指数和Simpson指数最大值仅为0.985、1.641、0.596,群落结构简单,物种组成单一,单寡种优势群落现象极为明显,群落相对稳定。(3)在区域降水梯度上,α多样性指数大致呈先增加后降低的变化趋势,在珍珠猪毛菜群落(190 mm)达到峰值后迅速下降,Srensen相似指数在细枝盐爪爪群落(166 mm)与珍珠猪毛菜群落(190 mm)之间达到最大值,Cody指数相对较小,表明珍珠猪毛菜群落(190 mm)物种丰富度最高,细枝盐爪爪群落(166 mm)与珍珠猪毛菜群落(190 mm)之间β多样性最小,物种更替速率最慢,群落处于较稳定阶段。(4)随距黑河河道距离增加,α多样性指数大体呈"M"型变化,在多枝柽柳群落(1 km)和多枝柽柳群落(4.1 km)存在两个峰值,此处物种多样性相对较高,Srensen指数在1—1.5 km和4.1—4.8 km之间出现两个较小值,Cody指数出现两个峰值,两者之间β多样性最大,为物种更替速率相对较快的过渡地带。对荒漠植被,以重要值为指标计测多样性指数较为可行,荒漠植物群落的物种多样性并不是随水分的增加而直线增加,这对维持和管理荒漠植物群落的多样性具有重要意义。     

塔里木荒漠河岸林异质生境物种多样性比较与其测度指标筛选及评价

选择合适的物种多样性测度指标与多样性指数是进行群落多样性研究的基础工作。依据塔里木河上游荒漠河岸林样地调查资料,分别采用重要值、盖度和多度为测度指标比较了反映群落物种丰富度、多样性、均匀度和优势度12种多样性指数与异质生境群落多样性特征,并对多样性指数进行了相关分析与评价。结果表明,荒漠河岸林异质生境群落物种组成种类差异明显,轮南镇胡杨群落物种丰富度与多样性指数最高,水工三连灰胡杨群落多样性最低,土壤水盐的空间异质性是引起荒漠植被空间分布与群落多样性差异的主导因子。表征荒漠群落多样性以重要值和盖度为测度指标优于多度指标,其中以重要值为测度指标来反映群落多样性更为合理。相关与主成分分析表明,均匀度与多样性指数间的相关性高于丰富度与多样性指数,且多样性指数受均匀度、优势度指数受丰富度影响较大,反映出荒漠河岸林群落多样性主要决定于物种分布的均匀程度。12种多样性指数中Margalef丰富度指数（Ma）、Shannon-Weiner多样性指数（H）与Simpson多样性指数（D）能客观真实地反映异质生境荒漠植物群落多样性。同时,针对高度生境异质性的荒漠植物群落,还应综合考虑群落物种组成与生境特征,选择合适的多样性指数组合可更客观地反映荒漠河岸林群落多样性变化。     

库姆塔格沙漠南缘荒漠植物群落多样性分析

 根据20个样地的调查资料,应用重要值计算多样性指数、均匀度指数、丰富度指数 、优势度指数,对库姆塔格沙漠南缘荒漠植物群落物种多样性进行分析。结果表明: 1）荒漠植物群落分布随其生境地貌不同而不同,山前戈壁上分布有合头草(Sympegma regelii)群落,冲积河道低地分布有荒漠林胡杨(Populus euphratica)、多枝柽柳(Tamarix ramosissima)、胀果甘草（Glycyrrhiza inflata）群落,戈壁沙漠过渡带为梭梭(Haloxylon ammodendron)群落,低海拔的沙山上分布有沙拐枣(Calligonum mongolicum)群落、膜果麻黄(Ephedra rzewalskii)群落和梭梭群落。2）荒漠植物群落物种多样性水平较低,群落结构简单,物种组成单一。群落Shannon_Wiener物种多样性水平表现为合头草群落最高（1.706）,具有草原化荒漠植被类型的成分;梭梭群落、膜果麻黄群落居中（0.875～0.890）,荒漠植被类型特征明显;沙拐枣群落、胡杨群落、多枝 柽柳群落、胀果甘草群落较低（0.079～0.495）,荒漠林、盐地沙生灌丛及盐化草甸植被均有零星分布。3）荒漠植物群落结构层次中,灌木层占居主导地位,群落灌木层物种多样性水平（0.769～1.451）远远大于草本层（0.193～0.254）,且草本层物种多样性受灌木层影响较大。4）荒漠植物群落物种多样性分布格局表现为经向、纬向和海拔梯度的变化,经向、纬向变化为物种多样性水平较高的草原化植物合头草群落（1.706）向物种多样性水平较低的荒漠植物梭梭群落（1.379）和盐化植物多枝柽柳群落（0.376）的过渡,海拔梯度则 呈现低水平的沙拐枣群落（0.819）到高水平的膜果麻黄群落（0.890）向低水平的梭梭群落 （0.645）变化。荒漠植物群落过渡地带一般具有较高的物种多样性和较低的生态优势度。     

塔里木河中游荒漠河岸林物种多样性对地下水埋深变化的响应

于塔里木河中游地区选取30个样地,并采集相应地区30眼地下水位监测井的数据。根据监测井的地下水位检测数据,将地下水位按不同埋藏深度划分为0~2 m、2~4 m、4~6 m、6~8 m、8~10 m、>10 m共6个梯度,对不同地下水埋深下的样地群落盖度、物种多样性进行分析,以探讨主要植物分布频率与地下水埋深的关系,明确塔里木河中游地区荒漠河岸林植被的合理生态水位,为塔里木河中游地区乃至全流域的生态系统恢复提供依据。结果显示:（1）塔里木河中游地区共出现植物15种,其优势种植物为胡杨。（2）随着地下水位的降低,植被的盖度逐渐减小;当地下水位介于2~4 m时,植被的盖度平均为39.14%,当地下水埋深介于6~8 m时,植被的覆盖度小于20%;当地下水位低于10 m时,植被的平均覆盖度仅为7.65%。（3）随着地下水位的降低,研究区内的各类物种多样性指数均呈先增加后降低的趋势,一般在地下水埋深2~4 m时物种的多样性最高,其次为4~6 m和0~2 m;当地下水位在6 m以下时,物种的多样性锐减,地下水位低于10 m时,物种仅存柽柳和胡杨,多样性降至很小。（4） 塔里木河中游地区植物所要求的地下水平均深度为:胡杨4.58 m、柽柳3.53 m、芦苇2.34 m、骆驼刺4.10 m、花花柴3.18 m、黑刺2.98 m,只有芦苇适宜较浅的地下水埋深（≤2.5 m）,其余的均宜在3~4 m左右。研究表明,在塔里木河中游地区,最适宜植物生长的地下水位为2~4 m,能够保证植物正常生长的合理地下水埋深区间为2~6 m。因此,要使塔里木河中游地区的植被得到恢复并确保其正常生长,区域内的地下水位应确保在6 m以上。     

长白山牛皮杜鹃群落物种多样性的海拔梯度变化及相似性

采用样地调查法,研究了牛皮杜鹃群落物种组成、群落结构特征、物种多样性及其沿海拔梯度的变化规律,对不同海拔牛皮杜鹃群落进行相似性分析。结果表明:(1)牛皮杜鹃群落相同海拔高度,草本层的物种多样性普遍高于灌木层的物种多样性。自海拔1926—1986m,灌木层α多样性指数先降低后升高,1986m后再次降低,到达海拔2010m处达到最低点,适应高山苔原带特殊生境条件的物种逐渐增多,多样性指数开始回升。海拔2250m,生物多样性指数的变化趋于平缓,物种组成相对较为稳定。海拔2528m以上,生物多样性再次呈降低趋势。草本层的α多样性指数中,物种多样性指数SW、丰富度指数D和均匀度指数R沿海拔梯度的变化趋势大致相同。海拔1986m处时出现最小值,海拔2350m时达最大值。牛皮杜鹃群落α多样性指数间呈P0.01水平极显著正相关性,物种丰富度指数对群落的物种多样性贡献率最大,表现为丰富度指数(D1、D2)种间机遇指数(H)生态优势度指数(SN)群落均匀度指数(R)。(2)牛皮杜鹃群落β多样性沿海拔梯度基本呈波形变化,草本层β多样性指数普遍高于灌木层β多样性指数。在牛皮杜鹃群落物种沿海拔梯度的替换速率上,草本植物高于灌木物种。Routledge指数的变化趋势不显著。海拔1986m处和海拔2250m处,草本层Cody指数出现两处极值,海拔2250m以上群落灌木层之间差异和变化较小,Whittaker多样性指数和Cody指数逐渐趋于平稳。(3)海拔梯度间生境及群落结构差异性越大,生物多样性变化越明显。海拔高度接近的群落间相似性系数较高,海拔是影响牛皮杜鹃群落差异的主要因素。     

塔河源荒漠河岸林群落物种组成、结构与植物区系特征

为了更好地了解荒漠河岸林植被动态与生物多样性维持机制,于塔里木河干流源头荒漠河岸林内建立6个1 hm 2样地,对群落物种组成、数量特征和空间格局等进行综合分析。结果表明,塔河源荒漠河岸林群落结构简单、物种多样性低,共有物种12科15属16种,杨柳科重要值最大(28. 97%),是群落优势建群科。取样面积在0. 04 hm 2时,包括了87. 5%的物种;样地内稀有种和偶见种均占所有物种的12. 5%。植物区系贫乏,单种科、属多,温带成分占绝对优势,古地中海成分也占有重要地位,具典型温带区系性质。样地内 DBH ≥ 1 cm 的活木本个体有2497株,灰胡杨多度占92. 95%,胸高断面积和重要值最大,在群落中占绝对优势地位。群落内科、属、种的数量随植株高度级的增加而减少,垂直结构层次分明,由乔木层、灌木层和草本层构成。样地内所有树种平均胸径15. 57 cm,径级与高度级结构均呈偏正态分布,缺乏高度≤ 2 m的个体,群落更新不良。优势种灰胡杨、胡杨径级结构均呈单峰型,其中胡杨幼树出现断层,灰胡杨幼苗向幼树发展过程中死亡率极高(92. 56%),均为衰退型种群。两个优势种空间格局呈聚集分布,不同生境下随径级增大空间分布格局变化不同;且两个优势种在空间上相互排斥而占据不同生境,暗示着种间竞争与生境异质性是影响荒漠河岸林物种空间分布格局和物种共存的重要因素。     

塔河源荒漠河岸林群落物种组成、结构与植物区系特征

为了更好地了解荒漠河岸林植被动态与生物多样性维持机制,于塔里木河干流源头荒漠河岸林内建立6个1 hm²样地,对群落物种组成、数量特征和空间格局等进行综合分析。结果表明,塔河源荒漠河岸林群落结构简单、物种多样性低,共有物种12科15属16种,杨柳科重要值最大（28.97%）,是群落优势建群科。取样面积在0.04 hm²时,包括了87.5%的物种;样地内稀有种和偶见种均占所有物种的12.5%。植物区系贫乏,单种科、属多,温带成分占绝对优势,古地中海成分也占有重要地位,具典型温带区系性质。样地内DBH ≥ 1 cm的活木本个体有2497株,灰胡杨多度占92.95%,胸高断面积和重要值最大,在群落中占绝对优势地位。群落内科、属、种的数量随植株高度级的增加而减少,垂直结构层次分明,由乔木层、灌木层和草本层构成。样地内所有树种平均胸径15.57 cm,径级与高度级结构均呈偏正态分布,缺乏高度≤ 2 m的个体,群落更新不良。优势种灰胡杨、胡杨径级结构均呈单峰型,其中胡杨幼树出现断层,灰胡杨幼苗向幼树发展过程中死亡率极高（92.56%）,均为衰退型种群。两个优势种空间格局呈聚集分布,不同生境下随径级增大空间分布格局变化不同;且两个优势种在空间上相互排斥而占据不同生境,暗示着种间竞争与生境异质性是影响荒漠河岸林物种空间分布格局和物种共存的重要因素。     

新疆塔里木河下游物种多样性与地下水位的关系

依据塔里木河下游7个监测断面36眼地下水位观测井和36个植物样地野外采集的数据,应用Margalef丰富度指数、Shannon-Weiner信息指数、Alatalo均匀度指数和修正的Simpson多样性指数以及含参数的Hill指数,对塔里木河下游物种多样性特征进行了分析。结果表明:塔里木河下游物种多样性与地下水埋深有显著的关联性,随着地下水埋深增大,塔里木河下游物种丰富度和多样性均表现出递减趋势,而均匀度指数的变化趋势则不甚明显;Hill指数的分析表明,以地下水埋深6m和10m为界,多样性变化明显分为3个不同的变化阶段,其中地下水埋深在6m以下时,多样性锐减,且曲线最终趋于平直。综合野外调查和样地资料分析,认为塔里木河下游物种多样性受损的临界地下水位为6m左右。     

Antibiotics in the treatment of wounds in the victims of the earthquake in the Armenian SSR

Purulent wounds in 88 victims of the Armenian earthquake with the syndrome of long-term squeezing were examined microbiologically and the experience with using antimicrobial drugs for their treatment was analyzed. In all the cases microbial associations were detected, coliform and nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli, enterococci, anaerobes and yeast-like fungi being isolated from 80, 20, 15 and 25 per cent of the patients respectively. 130 bacterial strains were studied in detail. 80 to 100 per cent of the bacterial isolates were resistant to the antibiotics routinely used in surgical practice, i.e. benzylpenicillin, tetracycline, levomycetin, kanamycin, cephalothin and cefazolin and highly sensitive to new antimicrobial drugs belonging to ureidopenicillins (mezlocillin), quinolones (ciprofloxacin) and cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (cefoperazone and ceftazidime). Retrospective estimation of the antibiotic therapy revealed its inadequacy in 55.7 per cent of the patients for the most part because of the isolates resistance. The 19 variants of the antibiotic use prescribed by the physicians mainly included penicillins, aminoglycosides and their combinations (in 67.2 per cent of the cases). The use of the highly efficient drugs of the groups of ureidopenicillins and quinolones was extremely rare which was likely due to lacking of information on the drugs.     

Changes in the size of the nucleoli of the Purkinje cells in the canine cerebellum in the postresuscitation period

The changes in the size of Purkinje cell (PC) nucleolus in the lateral and medial cerebellum zones were studied in dogs with different degree of neurologic status recovery after clinical death of various etiology and duration. PC always possess one nucleolus in the control and experimental groups. In the case of complete neurologic status recovery of animals the area of PC nucleolus increases in both zones studied, irrespective of the cause of clinical death. In the case of neurologic disorders the increase in PC nucleolus area is clearly expressed only in the medial zone of the cerebellum, being insignificant in the lateral zone. It is suggested that adaptive characteristics of PC are distinct in the two compared zones, which leads to greater PC vulnerability in the lateral zone during deep hypoxia.     

Histogenesis of the taste buds of the vallate papilla in the in the rat in the postnatal stages of development

The developing taste buds of vallate papillae were studied with electron microscope in rats during the first 7 days after birth. Two types of cells--light and dark--are identified in the taste buds of a one day old animal. The apical parts of dark cells are characterized by numerous dark granules. A distinguishing feature of light cells is the presence of synaptic contacts with afferent intragemmal nerves. On the 4th day of development on the top of the apical parts of the cell, a microvillar apparatus is seen to form, which does not yet communicate with the oral cavity. On the 7th day, basal cells appear in the taste buds. Some of these cells are seen mitotically dividing. The differentiated microvillar apparatus now communicates with oral cavity. The structure of the taste buds is getting similar to that in the adults. The structural and functional peculiarities of the developing taste buds are discussed in association with the period of ontogenesis under consideration.     

On the role of the pineal in thermoregulation in the pigeon

Diurnal rhythm in body temperature of pigeons subjected to different experimental conditions (pinealectomized, sham-operated, melatonin-implanted, cold-exposed) was studied under a 12 h light and 12 h dark regimen. The body temperature of pigeons during photophase was higher than that during scotophase in the normal as well as every treatment group studied. Pinealectomized pigeons showed higher body temperature in the photophase as well as scotophase, than that of the normal and sham-operated birds when examined 2 or 3 weeks following the post-surgical acclimatization to 25 or 3 degrees C. However, subcutaneous implantation of melatonin pellets into pinealectomized pigeons nullified or even reversed the hyperthermic effect of pinealectomy. Exposure of pigeons to--18 degrees C for 280 min during photophase as well as scotophase, produced a marked drop in body temperature in pinealectomized, sham-operated and normal pigeons. The pinealectomized pigeons exhibited a higher body temperature than that of the sham-operated and normal ones when exposed to--18 degrees C during the photophase, but not during the scotophase. It was concluded that while the pineal is not necessary for maintaining the daily thermal rhythm in the avian body, it has a thermoregulatory role, in that it prevents rise in body temperature in warm (25 degrees C) acclimatized and chronic cold (3 degrees C) exposed birds. In acute short-term cold (--18 degrees C) exposure however, the temperature regulatory role of the pineal was not effective during the scotophase.     

Frequency of the stages in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium in the rat

This study determined the optimum number of tubules to be counted per testis cross section, and the number of animals per treatment group, when changes in stage frequencies in the cycle of the seminiferous epithelium are criteria for assessing effects of treatment on spermatogenesis. A data base of 9,672 observed and staged tubules was collected from testicular cross sections of 15 Sprague-Dawley rats. A significant variation between animals was found for the frequencies of Stages I, II, IV, VI, VIII, and XIII. Computer simulation was used to randomly select different combinations of animal and tubule numbers from the observed data. Stage frequency means from each simulation experiment were compared statistically to observed mean frequencies. A model that used data from all 14 stages was analyzed. The following conclusions were made: a) a minimum of 200 tubule cross sections/testis is recommended for estimating stage frequencies; b) for a fixed number of tubules scored, the number of animals sampled is more important than the number of tubules per animal in reducing variance; c) to detect a difference of 2 standard deviations from the mean with a 2% error rate and examining 200 tubules/testis, at least 12 animals must be used per group when assessing all 14 stages; d) when individual stages are examined using 10 animals per group, only Stage VII has 80% or greater power of test (alpha = 0.05) to detect a frequency difference; e) pooling stages into 3-4 groups is recommended to improve the power of detecting a treatment difference.