我国主粮作物的化学农药用量及其温室气体排放估算

现代农业中化学农药在提高作物产量中发挥着重要的作用,但是我国普遍存在过量用药现象,导致环境污染和危害食品安全.基于2012年的全国性农户问卷调查,本研究分析了2011年我国水稻、小麦和玉米使用农药现状,并估算了它们的温室气体排放.结果表明: 这3种作物至少使用了54种杀虫剂、24种杀菌剂和50种除草剂,其中32%的水稻种植农户使用了生物农药.全国3种作物使用了30.8 kt杀虫剂、16.5 kt杀菌剂和58.3 kt除草剂,它们的温室气体排放总量为1.5 Tg Ce,杀虫剂、杀菌剂和除草剂的排放分别占23.8%、16.9%和59.3%.南方区的农药用量占全国用量的51%;全国水稻、小麦和玉米的单位产量农药用量分别是0.22、0.18和0.24 g·kg^-1粮食,3种作物用药总量分别为44.4、21.4和39.7 kt,温室气体排放分别为665.5、250.1和547.5 Gg Ce;在不同农药种类中,有机磷类杀虫剂占我国所用杀虫剂总量的69%,苯丙咪唑类、有机磷类、唑类和有机硫类等杀菌剂占杀菌剂总量的87%,酰胺类、有机杂环类和有机磷类等除草剂占除草剂总量的85%.因此,减少农药用量,对于我国粮食安全和环境安全及减少农业温室气体排放都具有重要意义.     

主要农作物转基因研究现状和展望

近15年来,大豆、水稻、玉米、小麦等主要农作物转基因研究取得了较大进展,几乎各种遗传转化方法在这些作物上都取得了成功,尤其是农杆菌介导法,不仅在难转化的双子叶作物大豆上取得了成功,而且在单子叶作物水稻、玉米、小麦上先后取得了突破。同时,将一些与重要性状改良有关的外源基因转入了主要农作物,包括抗虫、抗病、抗除草剂、抗逆、品质改良、发育调控、营养吸收等。转基因大豆、玉米、棉花、油菜在生产上得到了大面积种植,产生了极大的经济效益,2004年全球转基因作物的种植面积达到了8100万公顷。本文对大豆、玉米、水稻和小麦等主要农作物转基因研究历史和产业化现状进行了综述,并对主要农作物转基因研究中存在的问题进行了分析。     

国内玉米病虫害防治与转基因玉米的应用前景探究

随着转基因大豆、马铃薯、油菜等许多转基因作物走进人们的生活,转基因玉米也进入人们的视野。玉米是重要的食物、饲料和工业原料,种植面积仅次于小麦和水稻,在世界粮食生产中占有重要的地位。玉米虫害是一个防不胜防的问题,由于虫害的原因,全中国乃至全世界的范围的玉米都在减产。转基因玉米的出现对玉米虫害防止问题有了新的希望。本文针对国内玉米病虫害的种类和防治进行分析,进而分析了转基因玉米对于病虫害防治的优势,最后分析了转基因玉米在玉米病虫害防治过程中的应用前景。     

作物基因组学研究进展

农作物基因组学研究的发展,对于有效利用现代分子生物学手段进行物种的遗传改良发挥了重要作用。随着测序技术的发展,已经实现对重要农作物,如水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆、油菜、棉花、蔬菜等作物基因组的测序或重测序,在此基础上完成对控制重要农艺性状基因的克隆和鉴定。本文综述了2017年度主要农作物基因组研究方面取得的一系列重要进展。     

不同冬季覆盖作物对稻田CH4 和 CO2 排放的影响

冬季稻田排放的甲烷( CH4)和二氧化碳(CO2)是影响稻田温室气体排放的重要因素。为探求种植适宜的冬季覆盖作物并减少稻田冬季CH4 和CO2 排放, 试验采用静态暗箱法对播种油菜的稻田(YC)、播种小麦的稻田(XM)及冬闲 田(CK)三个处理下稻田的CH4 和CO2 排放进行了观测, 分析了不同冬季覆盖作物对稻田CH4 和CO2 的排放影响。结果表明, 不同处理CH4 排放通量为YC＞XM＞CK, CO2 排放通量为XM＞YC＞CK。不同冬季作物覆盖下, 各处理CH4 和 CO2 的累计排放量表现同其平均排放通量相同。YC 处理的CH4 累计排放量与冬闲田(CK)处理的相比较达到显著水平(p<0.05), XM 处理CO2 的累计排放量与YC 和CK 相比都有显著性差异(p<0.05)。根据稻田CH4 和 CO2 季节排放量以及在 100 年尺度上的 CO2 当量计算, 不同处理温室气体全球增温潜势(GWP)大小顺序为XM＞YC＞CK, 在YC、XM 和CK 中, 小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)处理的增温潜势最大, 且最大值达到6442.58 (kg·hm–2)。小麦处理的CO2 和CH4 的总温室效应最大, 机耕直播油菜(Brassica napus L.)次之, 冬闲田最小。研究水稻(Oryza sativa L.)收获后稻田种植不同冬季作物, 观察在其生长季节内CH4 和 CO2 和的排放特征, 为合理利用冬闲稻田控制温室效应提供理论依据。     

2010年中国农作物净初级生产力及其空间分布格局

采用2011-2012年全国实测水稻、小麦、玉米、大豆、油菜、棉花6种作物的生物量获得的干燥系数（DC）、收获指数（HI）和根冠比（R/S）,结合2010年以县为单位的农业统计数据估算了2010年中国农作物产生的净初级生产力（NPP）。2010年中国农作物产生的NPP为596 Tg C,其中地上NPP为517 Tg C,地下NPP为80 Tg C。NPP空间分布不平衡,主要集中在东北的松嫩三江平原、黄淮海平原、长江中下游平原、西南的四川盆地和华南的珠江流域。单位面积农作物产生的NPP介于9-2094 g C m^-2 a^-1之间,平均密度为519 g C m^-2 a^-1。NPP密度（NPPD）较高的地区主要分布在中国的东部的湿润、半湿润地区以及内陆灌溉条件较好的地区。9个农业区中,黄淮海区农作物产生的NPP最多,东北区NPPD最高,青藏区农作物NPPD最低,产生的NPP也最少。作物种植面积能解释98%农业区之间NPP差异。通过对每个区域内县域NPPD与气候因子和化肥因子做相关分析,发现化肥施用量、日照时数、气温和降水均对NPPD的空间分异有影响,但是9个区域的主导因素不同。     

水稻进化的“路线图”

与其他几大作物(如小麦、玉米、大麦、大豆和棉花等)相比,目前人类对水稻起源的认识仍十分肤浅,这和水稻世界第一大作物的地位是不相称的。     

臭氧会使农作物减产

臭氧(O_3)是工业上产生的主要大气污染物。除了对人类健康有危害以外,有一些迹象表明它还可能危及农作物产量。关于环境空气中臭氧浓度为0.04到0.08ppm时作物产量会有什么变化的估计,是根据大豆、玉米、小麦、棉花、花生、莴苣、萝卜、菠菜、菜豆田间资料得出的。美国全国作物损失估算联络站(NCLAN)研究管理委员会主席Walter Heck解释说:我曾猜想.既使某些较为敏感的作物,臭氧带来的损失不会超过     

土农药对几种主要病虫的室内药效测定

为了迅速地发掘土农药品种,肯定及复验已有的土农药对各类农作物病虫害的防治药效,为今年药剂防治工作做好准备,我们从1958年8月下旬开始进行了各类土农药对棉红蜘蛛、菜蚜、斜纹夜蛾、粘虫等害虫及小麦叶锈病、小麦条锈病、马铃薯晚疫病、稻瘟病及甘薯黑斑病等重要病虫的室内药效测定。迄至目前为止,虫害方面共测用了土农药57种;病害方面共测     

2004—2013年东北三省主要粮食作物生产碳足迹

东北是我国重要的粮食主产区,在国家粮食安全保障中起着至关重要的作用.作物生产是主要的碳排放源,探明不同作物生产的碳足迹差异,对促进低碳农业发展具有重要意义.本研究利用2004—2013年东北三省主要粮食作物(水稻、玉米和大豆)的产量、播种面积、农田生产投入等统计数据,估算了该区粮食生产碳足迹.结果表明: 2004—2013年,东北地区3种主要粮食作物中,水稻生产单位面积碳足迹最高,平均达到(2463±56) kg CE·hm^-2,玉米次之.玉米的碳足迹上升趋势最明显,从2004年的1164 kg CE·hm^-2增加到2013年的1768 kg CE·hm^-2,增速为67 kg CE·hm^-2·a^-1.在碳足迹构成中,化肥贡献最大,分别占水稻、玉米、大豆总碳投入的45%、90%、83%.水稻生产中灌溉用电所占比例为29%~42%,远高于玉米和大豆.东北三省碳足迹差异显著,3种作物的单位产量碳足迹均在吉林省最高,单位面积碳足迹均在黑龙江省最低.随着农村劳动力非农化和作物生产机械化的快速递增,未来粮食生产中柴油等机械化碳投入将快速增长.提升化肥利用效率、灌溉效率和机械化作业效率将是发展东北地区低碳农业的关键途径.     

An overview of rhizosphere processes related with plant nutrition in major cropping systems in China

Rhizosphere processes of individual plants have been widely investigated since 1904 when the term “rhizosphere” was first put forward. However, little attention has been paid to rhizosphere effects at an agro-ecosystem level. This paper presents recent research on the rhizosphere processes in relation to plant nutrition in main cropping systems in China. In the peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)/maize (Zea mays L.) intercropping system, maize was found to improve the Fe nutrition of peanut through influencing its rhizosphere processes, suggesting an important role of phytosiderophores released from Fe-deficient maize. Intercropping between maize and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) was found to improve nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in the two crops compared with corresponding sole crop. There was a higher land equivalent ratio (LER) in the intercropping system of maize and faba bean than the treatment of no root interactions between the two crops. The increased yield of maize intercropped with faba bean resulted from an interspecific facilitation in nutrient uptake, depending on interspecific root interactions of the two crops. In the rotation system of rice (Oryza sativa L.)-wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crops, Mn deficiency in wheat was caused by excessive Mn uptake by rice and Mn leaching from topsoil to subsoil due to periodic cycles of flooding and drying. However, wheat genotypes tolerant to Mn deficiency tended to distribute more roots to deeper soil layer and thus expand their rhizosphere zones in the Mn-deficient soils and utilize Mn from the subsoil. Deep ploughing also helped root penetration into subsoil and was propitious to correcting Mn deficiency in wheat rotated with rice. In comparison, oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) took up more Mn than wheat through mobilizing sparingly soluble soil Mn due to acidification and reduction processes in the rhizosphere. Thus, oilseed rape was tolerant to the Mn-deficient conditions in the rice-oilseed rape rotation. Oxidation reactions on root surface of rice also resulted in the formation of Fe plaque in the rice rhizosphere. Large amounts of Zn were accumulated on the Fe plaque. Zinc uptake by rice plants increased as Fe plaque formed, but decreased at high amounts of Fe plaque. It is suggested that to fine-tune cropping patterns and optimize nutrient management based on a better understanding of rhizosphere processes at an agro-ecosystem level is crucial for increasing nutrient use efficiency and developing sustainable agriculture in China.     

气候变化背景下中国南方地区季节性干旱特征与适应Ⅵ.防旱避灾种植模式优化布局

南方地区是我国重要的农业种植区,季节性干旱严重影响该地区的农业生产.本文基于南方地区不同干旱分区中选取的13个典型地区1981-2007年气象资料和作物生育期、产量等资料,依据各地逐年降水量将其分为干旱年、正常年和丰水年3种不同降水年型,利用作物水分临界期需水量与降水量的耦合度、气象产量、单位面积产值以及全生育期的水分利用效率和降水量5个指标,对典型地区种植模式的综合效益进行评价,得到南方不同区域不同降水年型下的优化种植模式.结果表明: 半干旱区在干旱年型下,宜采取2种抗旱种植模式：马铃-玉米-甘薯和冬小麦-中稻-甘薯.半湿润区在干旱年型下,种植模式以冬小麦-中稻-甘薯最优,油菜-中稻-甘薯次之.在温润区(即典型的季节性干旱区),江南地区在3种年型下均以马铃薯-双季稻最优;西南地区宜搭配抗旱作物进行三熟制种植,如冬小麦-中稻-甘薯、冬小麦-玉米-甘薯、马铃薯-双季稻等.从最大程度利用水热资源角度考虑,三熟种植模式最优,以水旱轮作为主,丰水年型宜搭配水稻.     

Outcrossing potential between 11 important genetically modified crops and the Chilean vascular flora

The potential impact of genetically modified (GM) crops on biodiversity is one of the main concerns in an environmental risk assessment (ERA). The likelihood of outcrossing and pollen‐mediated gene flow from GM crops and non‐GM crops are explained by the same principles and depend primarily on the biology of the species. We conducted a national‐scale study of the likelihood of outcrossing between 11 GM crops and vascular plants in Chile by use of a systematized database that included cultivated, introduced and native plant species in Chile. The database included geographical distributions and key biological and agronomical characteristics for 3505 introduced, 4993 native and 257 cultivated (of which 11 were native and 246 were introduced) plant species. Out of the considered GM crops (cotton, soya bean, maize, grape, wheat, rice, sugar beet, alfalfa, canola, tomato and potato), only potato and tomato presented native relatives (66 species total). Introduced relative species showed that three GM groups were formed having: a) up to one introduced relative (cotton and soya bean), b) up to two (rice, grape, maize and wheat) and c) from two to seven (sugar beet, alfalfa, canola, tomato and potato). In particular, GM crops presenting introduced noncultivated relative species were canola (1 relative species), alfalfa (up to 4), rice (1), tomato (up to 2) and potato (up to 2). The outcrossing potential between species [OP; scaled from ‘very low’ (1) to ‘very high’ (5)] was developed, showing medium OPs (3) for GM–native relative interactions when they occurred, low (2) for GMs and introduced noncultivated and high (4) for the grape‐Vitis vinifera GM–introduced cultivated interaction. This analytical tool might be useful for future ERA for unconfined GM crop release in Chile.     

Relevance of genetically modified crops in light of future environmental and legislative challenges to the agri-environment

A key challenge for countries like Ireland up to 2030 is to produce sufficient supplies of food, feed and fuel, without compromising on public health or negatively impacting the environment. As we progress through the technology era, certain agricultural technologies [e.g. genetically modified (GM) crops] have been championed to maximise production while minimising environmental impact. Yet, multiple arguments have been made to counter such a claim, which has led to a polarisation of opinions and a plethora of generic commentaries being made in regard to the impact of this technology. Yet, few studies within the European Union (EU) have conducted a critical needs analysis to assess the potential of specific GM traits in light of issues, such as climate change, increased environmental legislation (e.g. EU Water Framework, Nitrates Directive, proposed reform to the Pesticide Directive and Common Agricultural Policy reform), mitigating biodiversity loss and sustainable biofuel production. The goal of this study is to collate a register of GM traits such that a list of potential GM crops could be prioritised against the backdrop of the challenges facing the tillage sector. Clearly, the crops with the most significant potential for genetic modification are those that are grown widely and/or receive high applications of pesticides and fertilisers (e.g. potato, wheat, barley and maize). GM traits with significant agronomic potential include late blight resistant potato, Fusarium head blight resistant wheat and Septoria resistant wheat and herbicide‐tolerant winter oilseed rape and maize. Following on from these, crops with enhanced nitrogen‐use efficiency could provide significant input to the tillage sector in light of EU‐based restrictions on nitrogen usage, crops with elevated protein content could offset the costs of imported animal feed and crops with modified oil content/lignocellulose composition could assist in biodiesel/bioenergy production at a regional level. This study is relevant to other European countries that cultivate similar crops and like Ireland, are facing multiple challenges to their tillage sector in the near future.     

基于降水利用比较分析的四川省种植制度优化

比较分析四川8个农业生态区典型站点及其主要种植模式的降水盈亏产量降低率、产量降低率风险指数、降水利用效率和降水经济效率。结果表明:(1)四川省不同区域、不同种植模式、不同作物及其不同生育阶段基于降水盈亏的产量降低率多年均值差异较大。区域分布上,雅安最低,仅23％,攀西最高,达50％以上,其余地区30％-40％;种植制度上,麦-玉-苕等旱三熟低于麦-稻等水旱轮作两熟制;作物种类上,冬小麦、冬油菜、秋播马铃薯等作物普遍高于水稻、玉米、棉花、红薯和大豆作物;生育阶段上,冬小麦、冬油菜、秋播马铃薯作物开花前后普遍较高,各种作物生育末期较低。(2)基于自然降水,攀西地区遭遇旱灾的风险极大,麦-玉-苕等旱三熟的产量降低率风险指数相对较小;雅安等盆地内部多数区域由于阶段性降水过多引起湿害偏重,导致麦-稻等水旱轮作两熟制略优于旱三熟。基于降水利用效率和降水经济效率,各地比较一致,较优的种植制度首先是麦(油、薯)-稻两熟制,其次才是麦(油)-玉-苕(豆)旱三熟。(3)综合旱涝灾害风险、降水利用效率和降水经济效率,以及复杂地形等因素,有较好灌溉条件的农田应以麦(油、薯)-稻水旱轮作两熟制为主,而无水源保障的旱地则以麦(油)-玉-苕(豆)旱三熟为主。     

Invertebrates and vegetation of field margins adjacent to crops subject to contrasting herbicide regimes in the Farm Scale Evaluations of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops

The effects of management of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) crops on adjacent field margins were assessed for 59 maize, 66 beet and 67 spring oilseed rape sites. Fields were split into halves, one being sown with a GMHT crop and the other with the equivalent conventional non-GMHT crop. Margin vegetation was recorded in three components of the field margins. Most differences were in the tilled area, with fewer smaller effects mirroring them in the verge and boundary. In spring oilseed rape fields, the cover, flowering and seeding of plants were 25%, 44% and 39% lower, respectively, in the GMHT uncropped tilled margins. Similarly, for beet, flowering and seeding were 34% and 39% lower, respectively, in the GMHT margins. For maize, the effect was reversed, with plant cover and flowering 28% and 67% greater, respectively, in the GMHT half. Effects on butterflies mirrored these vegetation effects, with 24% fewer butterflies in margins of GMHT spring oilseed rape. The likely cause is the lower nectar supply in GMHT tilled margins and crop edges. Few large treatment differences were found for bees, gastropods or other invertebrates. Scorching of vegetation by herbicide-spray drift was on average 1.6% on verges beside conventional crops and 3.7% beside GMHT crops, the difference being significant for all three crops.     

Weeds in fields with contrasting conventional and genetically modified herbicide-tolerant crops. II. Effects on individual species

We compared the effects of the management of genetically modified herbicide-tolerant (GMHT) and conventional beet, maize and spring oilseed rape on 12 weed species. We sampled the seedbank before and after cropping. During the season we counted plants and measured seed rain and biomass. Ratios of densities were used to calculate emergence, survival, reproduction and seedbank change. Treatments significantly affected the biomass of six species in beet, eight in maize and five in spring oilseed rape. The effects were generally consistent, with biomass lower in GMHT beet and spring oilseed rape and higher in GMHT maize. With few exceptions, emergence was higher in GMHT crops. Subsequent survival was significantly lowered for eight species in beet and six in spring oilseed rape in the GMHT treatments. It was increased for five species in maize and one in spring oilseed rape. Significant effects on seedbank change were found for four species. However, for many species in beet and spring oilseed rape (19 out of 24 cases), seed densities were lower in the seedbank after GMHT cropping. These differences compounded over time would result in large decreases in population densities of arable weeds. In maize, populations may increase.     

转基因植物的应用研究及基因产品的安全性

报道了水稻、油菜、棉花、番茄、马铃薯等植物通过基因工程的方法,在作物品质改良、抗病虫、抗除草剂、杂种优势利用等方面的研究进展,并对转基因产品的安全性进行了阐述。     

中国棉花害虫综合防治的新进展

<正> 一、历史回顾 建国以来防治棉花害虫早已采用多种手段互为补充的综合防治。随着防治技术的发展,防治手段的重点亦随之而异。50年代后期到60年代农药的迅速发展,高效广谱农药相继出现,几乎所有主要害虫均可以用农药防治,农药遂成为防治棉虫的主要手段。由于过多地依赖农药致使一些害虫产生了抗药性。首先是棉蚜与叶螨对内吸磷和乐果的抗性,继之棉叶蝉、棉铃虫、红铃虫对滴滴涕也产生了抗性,使这些原来是高效的农药相继退出了应用市场。同时农药造成的严重环     

Population-scale laboratory studies of the effect of transgenic plants on nontarget insects

Studies of the effects of insect-resistant transgenic plants on beneficial insects have, to date, concentrated mainly on either small-scale "worst case scenario" laboratory experiments or on field trials. We present a laboratory method using large population cages that represent an intermediate experimental scale, allowing the study of ecological and behavioural interactions between transgenic plants, pests and their natural enemies under more controlled conditions than is possible in the field. Previous studies have also concentrated on natural enemies of lepidopteran and coleopteran target pests. However, natural enemies of other pests, which are not controlled by the transgenic plants, are also potentially exposed to the transgene product when feeding on hosts. The reduction in the use of insecticides on transgenic crops could lead to increasing problems with such nontarget pests, normally controlled by sprays, especially if there are any negative effects of the transgenic plant on their natural enemies. This study tested two lines of insect-resistant transgenic oilseed rape (Brassica napus) for side-effects on the hymenopteran parasitoid Diaeretiella rapae and its aphid host, Myzus persicae. One transgenic line expressed the delta-endotoxin Cry1Ac from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) and a second expressed the proteinase inhibitor oryzacystatin I (OC-I) from rice. These transgenic plant lines were developed to provide resistance to lepidopteran and coleopteran pests, respectively. No detrimental effects of the transgenic oilseed rape lines on the ability of the parasitoid to control aphid populations were observed. Adult parasitoid emergence and sex ratio were also not consistently altered on the transgenic oilseed rape lines compared with the wild-type lines.