基于生命周期视角的产业资源生态管理效益分析——以虚拟共生网络系统为例

资源流代谢失调是造成产业生态环境问题的主要原因之一,对其实施基于共生网络的生态管理是解决问题的一项重要的举措。运用全生命周期的思想构建了产业资源共生网络及其管理框架,并运用全生命周期评价的方法,借助生命周期评价软件GaBi4,分别选取EI99 (Eco-Indicator 99)、CML2001 EP评价体系,以武汉市造纸产业为例,通过设计合理的资源流网络关系及中水、废纸和污泥利用共生路径构建虚拟造纸产业共生网络,对比分析了共生设计系统与原有共生系统的各生态环境影响。并运用市场价值法对共生设计系统的经济效益进行了分析。结果表明:共生设计系统总的环境影响、生态系统质量、人体健康、资源损耗值的环境影响分值分别为1166.445、814.509、148.893、203.045,比原有系统分别减少23.91%、19.15%、46.56%、22.26%;其中富营养化、气候变化的影响分别比原有系统降低56.25%、16.62%。同时共生设计系统通过污水、废纸及污泥的回用,在不考虑市场波动的情况下,可获得1018-7252万元的经济效益。可见,通过构建共生网络的生态管理是提高资源利用效率的有效手段之一,在一定条件下可取得明显的环境和经济效益。     

基于GIS的产业生态学研究述评

产业生态学由于缺少关于空间分析的工具,使得研究结果因缺乏空间维度信息而影响对管理效率和精准度的支持。基于GIS的产业生态学相关研究已成为产业生态学研究的一个新的方向。为总结已有的研究成果并展望未来的研究方向,运用文献计量及对比分析的手段,系统分析了国内外基于GIS的产业生态学的相关研究进展,得出以下结论:当前基于GIS的产业生态研究主要集中在物质代谢、产业共生和生命周期评价3个方面,将GIS技术引入到物质代谢研究中,可以更好的展示物质代谢的时空分布格局,为物质代谢研究提供了一种新的方法;基于GIS技术,不仅可以更加高效地挖掘潜在的产业共生机会,还可应用于生态产业园的规划管理如企业的选址、空间布局等以及废弃物的回收再利用方面;将GIS与LCA耦合在一起,可以很好地补充、完善和管理传统数据,有助于探索产品、活动或工艺的环境影响的空间特性以及进行土地利用相关的环境影响评价。另外,国内外研究的侧重点也不尽相同。在物质代谢研究中,国内研究较少,仅在城市尺度上进行了基础设施的物质代谢及其存量分析,国外在国家、城市尺度上研究了铜、锌等金属的物质代谢情况;在产业共生研究中,国内侧重于生态产业园的研究,而国外侧重于城市尺度的产业共生机会识别的研究;在LCA的研究中,国内开展了基于GIS的生命周期评价数据库和产品材料信息管理系统的研究,而国外侧重于进行区域化的生命周期评价、进行土地利用影响类型的相关评价以及污染物的追踪,国内在该方面尚处于起步阶段。国内外在研究方法上存在共性,都是基于GIS的空间分析方法、缓冲区分析方法以及数据库技术等。未来将GIS作为一个平台,面向产业转型展开产业生态学综合理论方法的研究,可以为产业的可持续性管理提供有效支持。     

基于碳足迹的传统农业系统环境影响评价——以青田稻鱼共生系统为例

现代农业在带来粮食高产的同时也产生许多生态环境问题,这促使人们再次把目光转向传统农业系统。一些传统农业系统不仅具有突出的经济、社会和文化价值,还具有多种重要的生态功能,如温室气体减排。然而,已有研究缺乏对传统农业系统整个生命周期的固碳减排能力的测算及其环境影响的评价。为此,基于农户调研数据,运用生命周期评价法对青田稻鱼共生系统的碳足迹进行了测算,并与当地水稻单作系统进行比较。研究发现:(1)青田稻鱼共生系统和水稻单作系统碳足迹分别为6266.7 kgCO_2-eq/hm~2和7520.0 kgCO_2-eq/hm~2,单位产值碳足迹分别为0.12 kgCO_2-eq/元和0.21 kgCO_2-eq/元。与水稻单作系统相比,稻鱼共生系统排放的温室气体更少,环境影响更小,生态和经济效益更高。(2)农业生产过程中积累的CH_4是碳足迹的最主要来源,农业生产资料投入中的化肥是碳足迹的的第二大来源。农业生产资料投入中的饲料则是稻鱼共生系统碳足迹的另一重要来源。通过碳足迹的方法对青田稻鱼共生系统的环境影响进行量化,不仅丰富了碳足迹在实际应用中的适用类型,对于其他传统农业系统的环境影响评价也具有借鉴意义。     

矿区生态产业共生系统的稳定性

以矿区生态产业共生系统为研究对象,重点研究了影响其稳定性的因素。从矿区生态产业共生系统的共生模式及其共生策略两方面对系统稳定性进行了深入探讨。利用Logistic模型分析共生模式对系统稳定性的影响;利用博弈论分析共生策略对系统稳定性的影响。在此基础上,提出了相应的解决方案,从而有助于解决矿区生态产业共生系统的稳定性问题。     

物质流分析（SFA）方法及研究进展

物质流分析(substance flow analysis,SFA)通过追踪经济-环境系统特定物质的输入、输出、贮存等过程,量化经济系统中物质流动与资源利用、环境效应之间的关系,为资源环境优化管理提供科学依据.系统阐述了SFA的内涵及发展历程,介绍了SFA方法体系,在此基础上对SFA研究现状进行了评述.分析表明,SFA是产业生态学领域内一种重要的产业代谢分析方法,它在污染物迁移路径追踪及环境影响分析、战略性资源生命周期代谢分析、物质社会存量分析等方面具有十分重要的应用价值.提出了SFA的未来应用领域和发展趋势.     

产业生态系统资源代谢分析方法

产业生态系统是由企业群、资源及环境组成的社会-经济-环境复合生态系统。资源代谢是其功能运行的重要保障。资源代谢在时间和空间尺度上的耗竭及阻滞是造成严重生态环境问题的主要原因。根据生态学原理,运用物质流分析手段解析了产业生态系统的物质流、能流及资金流结构,构建了产业生态系统资源代谢分析模型,提出了资源输入-使用-输出-循环共生四方面的资源代谢分析指标体系和基于模糊综合分析的资源代谢问题树分析方法。在此基础上提出了基于循环共生网络结构模型的生态管理模式。以期为产业资源的生态管理提供方法支撑。     

中国产业园区循环化改造应用关键物质流典型路径分析方法

产业园区循环化改造是我国在"十二五"期间和今后一个时期内的一项重要工作,也是在园区层面实施循环发展的主要内容。物质流分析(MFA)是产业生态学的核心分析方法,正在成为资源环境管理领域有效的分析工具。通过梳理物质流分析方法的发展历程,指出产业园区循环化改造应用物质流分析存在注重物质规模而忽视环境影响、黑箱过程不利定量研究、小区域研究适用性不强以及隐藏流造成的数据误差等方面问题,同时通过大量调查实践,认为园区循环化改造可从企业开展清洁生产、促进园区内和园区间的产业共生、加强园区资源循环基础设施建设3个领域入手,在将园区全部企业分为生产性企业、再生性企业和资源循环基础设施企业3种类型基础上,提出关键流概念及其识别思路,探索构建物质流路径归类评价方法框架,归纳出8条典型物质流路径,为提升园区物质流管理水平提供方法依据,并选取天津经济技术开发区作为典型案例进行研究,最后对我国产业园区循环化改造应用物质流分析方法进行了展望。     

中国啤酒生产的物质、能量消耗及环境影响分析

采用物质流分析方法,分析了2000-2005年中国啤酒行业物质、能源消耗趋势及环境负荷状况,并采用生命周期分析对中国啤酒生产的环境影响进行了评价.结果表明:2000-2005年,中国啤酒行业的物能消耗呈上升趋势,随着技术的进步,虽然生产1kL啤酒的污染物排放系数逐年下降,但全年总污染物排放量仍逐年上升;啤酒生产潜在的各类环境影响中以废水排放引起的富营养化最大;2000-2005年,中国啤酒行业各环境影响潜值(如富营养化、粉尘及烟尘、全球变暖、酸化、固体废弃物)均呈上升趋势,总环境影响潜值也逐年上升.推进啤酒工业生态转型,建设循环产业已势在必行.     

基于ISO 14046的工业产品水足迹评价研究——以电缆为例

水足迹国际标准(ISO 14046)于2014年发布,基于生命周期评价(LCA)的思想,水足迹被定义为量化与水相关潜在环境影响的指标。在ISO14046的原则、要求和方法学框架基础上,介绍了工业产品水足迹的计算和评价方法,并以铜电缆和铝合金电缆为例进行研究,分别评价了两类电缆生命周期过程产生的与水相关环境影响。与水足迹网络(WFN)的方法侧重于计算生产产品所需要的水资源总量不同,ISO的方法更关注于产品全生命周期过程的环境影响评价。案例研究表明:铜电缆生命周期全过程耗水量与铝合金电缆相比少24.8%,水短缺足迹相比则少97.9%。这是因为铜电缆生产地江苏的水压力指数(WSI)小于铝合金电缆生产地河北的WSI。由此,在江苏地区生产电缆使用的水资源对当地水环境压力造成的影响远小于在河北地区生产电缆造成的影响。采用科学合理的水足迹评价方法,量化工业产品全生命周期带来的环境影响,能为我国实现工业布局的合理规划和水资源的可持续利用提供科学依据。     

科学、系统与可持续性——第六届工业生态学国际大会述评

综述了第六届工业生态学国际大会情况。大会的中心议题是"科学、系统与可持续性",设立了生命周期方法、产业共生、环境投入产出分析和物质流分析等23个议题。重点评述了社会物质代谢、产业共生与生态工业发展、工业系统复杂性、气候变化/能源及生物质四个领域。简要总结了国际工业生态学的发展趋势并给出了对我国工业生态学发展的启示。     

Analyzing the Environmental Benefits of Industrial Symbiosis

Studies of industrial symbiosis (IS) focus on the physical flows of materials and energy in local industrial systems. In an ideal IS, waste material and energy are shared or exchanged among the actors of the system, thereby reducing the consumption of virgin material and energy inputs, and likewise the generation of waste and emissions. In this study, the environmental impacts of an industrial ecosystem centered around a pulp and paper mill and operating as an IS are analyzed using life cycle assessment (LCA). The system is compared with two hypothetical reference systems in which the actors would operate in isolation. Moreover, the system is analyzed further in order to identify possibilities for additional links between the actors. The results show that of the total life cycle impacts of the system, upstream processes made the greatest overall contribution to the results. Comparison with stand‐alone production shows that in the case studied, the industrial symbiosis results in modest improvements, 5% to 20% in most impact categories, in the overall environmental impacts of the system. Most of the benefits occur upstream through heat and electricity production for the local town. All in all it is recommended that when the environmental impacts of industrial symbiosis are assessed, the impacts occurring upstream should also be studied, not only the impacts within the ecosystem.     

Molecular genetic mechanisms used by legumes to control early stages of mutually beneficial (mutualistic) symbiosis

Recent data on the plant control of early stages of mutually beneficial (mutualistic) symbioses of legumes, the mechanisms of perception and transmission of the microsymbiont’s molecular signals in the macrosymbiont’s cells, and induction of the genetic programs of the development of symbiotic compartments and organs of the plant are summarized. It is demonstrated that the genetic system of the plant controlling the development of nitrogen-fixing symbiosis of legumes (symbiotic root nodules), which emerged 70–80 Ma ago, has undoubtedly evolved on the basis of the genetic system controlling the development of the symbiosis with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (which emerged 400–500 Ma ago). Interactions between genes and between gene products, as well as exchange of molecular signals, form the basis of mutually beneficial (mutualistic) plant-bacterium interactions. Even in the case of a highly specific nitrogen-fixing symbiosis of legumes (symbiotic nodules), the receptors perceiving the signal from root-nodule bacteria may function in different ways. The development of arbuscular mycorrhiza and nitrogen-fixing symbiosis in legumes is a multistep process involving hundreds of genes of both the macro- and microsymbionts. For the symbioses to develop successfully, these genes should act in a coordinated way in the newly formed superorganismal system. Further studies are necessary to shed light onto the complexity of the plant genetic control of the development of mutualistic symbioses in legumes and provide information required for improving their functions in adaptive plant-breeding systems.     

Themes from variation: probing the commonalities of symbiotic associations

Research on symbiosis (including antagonistic and mutualistic associations) wrestles, directly or indirectly, with the paradox: why are symbiotic associations so prevalent in the biosphere in the face of ubiquitous immune or antibiotic defenses among organisms? The symposium "Living Together: the Dynamics of Symbiotic Interactions" considered several questions: 1. How do symbiotic species partners come together? Do symbioses share similar patterns of signal recognition and response? 2. What roles do nutrients and metabolites play in symbiotic interactions, and how are metabolic exchanges affected by environmental changes? 3. In what ways do the dynamics of multispecies symbioses differ from two-species associations? 4. How do antagonistic (parasitic, pathogenic) symbioses differ from mutualistic ones? In what ways do changes in the biotic and physical environment affect the evolutionary balance of symbiotic associations? 5. What are the coevolutionary patterns of symbiotic associations? 6. Which research techniques, and strategies of experimental design, might be useful across a broad range of symbiotic associations?Two themes emerged from the symposium. First, all the participants have incorporated multiple techniques and perspectives into their work, approaches which facilitate the understanding of symbiotic dynamics at several levels of biological organization. Secondly, many of the papers addressed genetic and environmental variation in symbiotic interactions. Such approaches are useful tools for analysis of the mechanics of interspecies interactions and for characterization of the most important factors which influence them. They provide us with the tools to evaluate symbioses in a world of complexity, variation and change.     

Genetic-evolutionary basis of symbiosis doctrine

The author presents the current notion of symbiosis as one of the main adaptation of an organism to changeable environment. Symbiosis is considered as a super organism genetic system within which there are different interactions (including mutualism and antagonism). Genetic integration of symbiotic partners can be realized as cross regulation of their genes, exchange of gene products (proteins, RNA), gene amplification and sometimes gene transfer between organisms. On the phenotypic level these processes result in signal interactions, integration of partner metabolic systems and development of symbiotic organs. Co-evolution is considered as an assemblage of micro- and macroevolution processes basing on pre-adaptations and proceeding under influence of different forms of natural selection (individual, frequency-depended and kin selection). Symbiosis can be compared with sexual process since both are the forms of organism integration characterized by different genetic mechanisms and evolutionary consequences. The genome evolution in symbiotic microorganisms can proceed by: 1) simplification of genome in obligate symbiosis (loss of genes that are necessary for independent existence, transfer of some genes to the host organism); 2) complication of genome in facultative symbiosis (increase in genome plasticity, structural and functional differentiation of genome into systems controlling free-living and symbiotic parts of life cycle). Most of symbiotic interactions are correlated to an increase in genetic plasticity of an organism that can lead to evolutionary saltations and origin of new forms of life.     

Costs,benefits, and loss of vertically transmitted symbionts affect host population dynamics

The costs and benefits of symbiotic interactions may vary with host and symbiont ontogeny. Effects of symbionts at different stages of host development or on different host demographic rates do not contribute equally to fitness. Although rarely applied, a population dynamics approach that integrates over the host life cycle is therefore necessary for capturing the net costs or benefits and, thus, the mutualistic or parasitic nature of symbioses. Using the native, disturbance‐specialist grass Agrostis hyemalis, we asked how a symbiotic endophyte affected the population dynamics of its host and how imperfect vertical transmission influenced symbiont frequency in a late successional environment. A size‐structured integral projection model (IPM) parameterized with experimental field data showed that greater rates of individual growth and reproduction for endophyte‐symbiotic (E+) hosts outweighed their lower rates of survival, leading to a net positive effect of symbiosis on equilibrium plant population growth (slower rate of extinction). Given that populations under going successional transitions are unlikely to be at an equilibrium size structure, we also conducted transient analysis that showed an initial short‐term cost to endophyte symbiosis. We used a megamatrix approach to link E? and E+ IPMs via imperfect vertical transmission and found that this parameter strongly influenced the frequency of symbiosis via complex interactions with host demographic rates. Overall, our population dynamics approach improves the ability to characterize the outcome of symbiotic interactions, and results suggest that particular attention should be paid to interactions between the rate of vertical transmission and host demography.     

Conflict, cheats and the persistence of symbioses

Many symbioses are widespread, abundant, and evolutionarily persistent. This is despite unambiguous evidence for conflict between the partners and the existence of cheats that use benefits derived from their partners while providing reduced or no services in return. Evidence from a diversity of associations suggests that symbioses are robust to cheating in several ways. Some symbioses persist despite conflict and cheating because of the selective advantage of cost-free interactions (also known as byproduct mutualistic interactions), which incur no conflict. There is also evidence for the suppression of cheating by sanctions imposed by partners in some symbioses, and vertical transmission has been shown experimentally to promote traits that enhance partner performance. It is argued that these processes contribute to the apparent rarity of evolutionary transitions from symbiosis to parasitism. There is strong phylogenetic evidence for the evolutionary reversion of various symbiotic organisms to free-living lifestyles, but at least some of these transitions can be attributed to selection pressures other than within-symbiosis conflict. The principal conclusion is that, although conflict is common in symbioses, it is generally managed and contained.     

Evolutionary Dynamics of Nitrogen Fixation in the Legume–Rhizobia Symbiosis

The stabilization of host–symbiont mutualism against the emergence of parasitic individuals is pivotal to the evolution of cooperation. One of the most famous symbioses occurs between legumes and their colonizing rhizobia, in which rhizobia extract nutrients (or benefits) from legume plants while supplying them with nitrogen resources produced by nitrogen fixation (or costs). Natural environments, however, are widely populated by ineffective rhizobia that extract benefits without paying costs and thus proliferate more efficiently than nitrogen-fixing cooperators. How and why this mutualism becomes stabilized and evolutionarily persists has been extensively discussed. To better understand the evolutionary dynamics of this symbiosis system, we construct a simple model based on the continuous snowdrift game with multiple interacting players. We investigate the model using adaptive dynamics and numerical simulations. We find that symbiotic evolution depends on the cost–benefit balance, and that cheaters widely emerge when the cost and benefit are similar in strength. In this scenario, the persistence of the symbiotic system is compatible with the presence of cheaters. This result suggests that the symbiotic relationship is robust to the emergence of cheaters, and may explain the prevalence of cheating rhizobia in nature. In addition, various stabilizing mechanisms, such as partner fidelity feedback, partner choice, and host sanction, can reinforce the symbiotic relationship by affecting the fitness of symbionts in various ways. This result suggests that the symbiotic relationship is cooperatively stabilized by various mechanisms. In addition, mixed nodule populations are thought to encourage cheater emergence, but our model predicts that, in certain situations, cheaters can disappear from such populations. These findings provide a theoretical basis of the evolutionary dynamics of legume–rhizobia symbioses, which is extendable to other single-host, multiple-colonizer systems.     

Incorporating the process of vertical transmission into understanding of host–symbiont dynamics

Variation exists in the frequency of obligate, vertically transmitted symbiotic organisms within and among host populations; however, these patterns have not been adequately explained by variable fitness effects of symbionts on their hosts. In this forum, we call attention to another equally important, but overlooked mechanism to maintain variation in the frequency of symbioses in nature: the rate of vertical transmission. On ecological time scales, vertical transmission can affect the equilibrium frequencies of symbionts in host populations, with potential consequences for population and community dynamics. In addition, vertical transmission has the potential to influence the evolution of symbiosis, by affecting the probability of fixation of symbiosis (and therefore the evolution of complexity) and by allowing hosts to sanction against costly symbionts. Here we use grass–epichloae symbioses as a model system to explore the causes and consequences of variation in vertical transmission rates. We identify critical points for symbiont transmission that emerge from considering the host growth cycle devoted to reproduction (asexual vs sexual) and the host capability to maintain homeostasis. We also use information on the process of transmission to predict the environmental factors that would most likely affect transmission rates. Altogether, we aim to highlight the vertical transmission rate as an important process for understanding the ecology and evolution of symbiosis, using grass–epichloae interactions as a case study.     

Methodological Aspects of Applying Life Cycle Assessment to Industrial Symbioses

In view of recent studies of the historical development and current status of industrial symbiosis (IS), life cycle assessment (LCA) is proposed as a general framework for quantifying the environmental performance of by‐product exchange. Recent guidelines for LCA (International Reference Life Cycle Data System [ILCD] guidelines) are applied to answer the main research questions in the IS literature reviewed. A typology of five main research questions is proposed: (1) analysis, (2) improvement, and (3) expansion of existing systems; (4) design of new eco‐industrial parks, and (5) restructuring of circular economies. The LCA guidelines were found useful in framing the question and choosing an appropriate reference case for comparison. The selection of a correct reference case reduces the risk of overestimating the benefits of by‐product exchange. In the analysis of existing systems, environmentally extended input‐output analysis (EEIOA) can be used to streamline the analysis and provide an industry average baseline for comparison. However, when large‐scale changes are applied to the system, more sophisticated tools are necessary for assessment of the consequences, from market analysis to general equilibrium modeling and future scenario work. Such a rigorous application of systems analysis was not found in the current IS literature, but would benefit the field substantially, especially when the environmental impact of large‐scale economic changes is analyzed.