杨树人工林连作与轮作对土壤解磷微生物类群的影响

采用宏基因组测序技术,研究了杨树人工林Ⅰ代林地和连作Ⅱ代林地根际土和非根际土、Ⅱ代林地主伐后轮作花生地和轮荒地土壤中解磷微生物类群特征及磷酸酶基因丰度变化.结果表明: 参与磷循环微生物共9属,芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属为优势菌群.土壤解磷微生物丰度大小顺序为轮荒地>轮作花生地>Ⅱ代林地>Ⅰ代林地;主伐更新后轮作花生地和轮荒地芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属丰度显著升高,节杆菌属、慢生根瘤菌属、链霉菌属丰度显著降低;但在人工林根际土壤中,与Ⅰ代林根际相比,Ⅱ代林根际土壤与此规律相反.在根际与非根际土壤中,芽孢杆菌属和假单胞菌属丰度为根际小于非根际,节杆菌属、慢生根瘤菌属、链霉菌属丰度为根际大于非根际.磷酸酶基因总丰度为Ⅰ代林地>轮荒地>Ⅱ代林地>轮作花生地,且在Ⅰ、Ⅱ代林中根际效应明显,但Ⅱ代林根际与非根际差异缩小且部分磷酸酶基因的根际丰度低于非根际丰度.解磷微生物数量与酚酸含量呈显著负相关,与pH值呈正相关.     

杉木连栽土壤微生物多样性的比较研究

分析了位于湖南会同广坪镇1～4代人工杉木林根际土壤微生物数量变化情况,结果表明,随杉木连栽代数的增加,根际土壤中三大类群微生物数量发生显著变化,细菌和放线菌数量明显减少,真菌数量显著增加.利用PCR和DGGE技术分析了1～4代杉木林根际土壤细菌区系和真菌区系.结果表明,细菌生物多样性在不同连栽代数杉木根际土壤中变化不明显,各代杉木土壤之间细菌的遗传相似性为87%.而真菌随连栽代数的增加,DGGE图谱带逐渐减少,真菌生物多样性降低,各代杉木土壤之间真菌的遗传相似性也较低,仅为45%.对各代杉木土壤主要真菌类群的分析表明,随连栽代数的增加,病原真菌及产毒真菌增加显著.     

连作杨树人工林细根寿命的代际差异及其影响因素

细根寿命是调控森林生产力形成的关键。通过在连作Ⅰ、Ⅱ代杨树人工林固定样地内埋设微根管,对杨树不同根序细根年度生长动态开展连续观测并进行生存分析。结果表明,杨树不同根序细根累积生存率存在显著差异,高级根(3—5级)寿命较长,其累积生存率显著高于1级和2级细根。杨树细根寿命存在显著的代际差异,连作Ⅱ代人工林活根量、死根量和细根总量均高于Ⅰ代林。连作Ⅱ代人工林细根中位值寿命为(90±16)d,显著低于Ⅰ代人工林((102±22)d)。连作Ⅱ代林各根序细根数量、分布比例均高于Ⅰ代林,低级细根累积生存率低于Ⅰ代林而高级细根累积生存率显著高于Ⅰ代林。连作杨树人工林细根寿命显著受制于土壤环境,1级细根寿命与土壤速效氮相关性极显著(r=-0.861),2级细根寿命与土壤物理性状相关性较强且与土壤酚酸含量呈现极显著相关(r=0.870),高级根序细根寿命与土壤物理性质和养分状况等也具有一定相关性。连作杨树人工林土壤酚酸累积和养分有效性下降影响了细根寿命和周转,并进而造成净初级生产力损耗,相关结论为连作杨树人工林生产力衰退机理模型的建立提供了科学依据。     

连栽杉木根际土壤镰刀菌属真菌群落变化规律

为探讨连栽对杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.)根际土壤镰刀菌属真菌多样性的影响,本研究应用DGGE技术研究连栽杉木根际土壤镰刀菌属(Fusarium)真菌在一代杉木人工林(first rotation Chinese fir plantation,FCP)、二代杉木人工林(second rotation Chinese fir plantation,SCP)与三代杉木人工林(third rotation Chinese fir plantation,TCP)的组成及含量变化,并结合qRT-PCR技术测定杉木根际土壤病原菌尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)的绝对含量变化,从而揭示杉木连栽障碍土壤微生态失衡现象。DGGE结果表明,多代连栽后杉木根际土壤镰刀菌属真菌组成及含量均发生显著变化,优势菌尖孢镰刀菌含量随着栽植代数的增加显著上升。主成分分析能较好区分FCP、SCP与TCP根际土壤镰刀菌群落特征。聚类分析结果表明,TCP土壤镰刀属结构组成及百分含量与FCP、SCP差异显著。多样性分析结果显示,连栽杉木土壤镰刀菌多样性与丰富度均呈现FCPSCPTCP。qRT-PCR分析表明,FCP、SCP与TCP根际土壤尖孢镰刀菌的绝对含量随栽植代数增加不断上升,进一步验证了DGGE结果。由此推测,杉木连栽障碍与根际土壤微生态失衡密切相关,其中尖孢镰刀菌含量的上升是重要因素之一。     

杉木连栽对土壤细菌群落及其抑病能力的影响

连栽导致土壤退化是制约杉木初级生产力实现的重要障碍因素,而土壤对病原菌的抑制能力决定着植物能否有效抵御病原菌侵害,是人工林土壤地力状况的重要表现。以一代、二代、三代杉木人工林和天然次生林为对象,采用平板隔空、直接对峙的方法,分析了不同代际杉木林土壤细菌群落对尖孢镰刀菌和立枯丝核菌的抑制能力。进一步利用高通量测序技术,研究了杉木林土壤细菌群落影响土壤抑病能力的生态过程。结果表明：土壤磷元素随连栽呈显著积累趋势,而土壤pH和有机质(SOM)等含量随连栽代数的增加而下降,但这些下降指标在三代杉木林与天然林土壤间无显著差异。而杉木连栽导致土壤对病原菌的抑制能力逐代降低,天然林土壤较杉木人工林对病原菌具有显著的高抑制能力。同时杉木连栽显著改变了土壤细菌群落组成,而对群落整体α-多样性影响较小,说明土壤中一些关键类群对杉木连栽响应的敏感性高于整体细菌群落的变化。进一步利用随机森林模型预测与回归分析,揭示了杉木连栽引起的土壤一些关键细菌类群丰度的降低是土壤抑病能力下降的重要原因,这些类群主要受土壤pH、SOM、TP等土壤理化因子的调控。由此,杉木长期连栽会引起土壤微环境失衡,致使土壤抑制病原菌能力下...     

连栽杉木人工林参与土壤碳氮转化过程酶活性及其与土壤理化因子的相关性

选取福建三明不同连栽代数杉木人工林(一代、二代、三代)及格氏栲天然林为研究对象,运用冗余分析法研究不同林地土壤理化性质、养分含量与参与碳,氮转化过程酶活性之间的相互关系,以探究中亚热带连栽杉木人工林土壤酶的季节变化及其影响因素,为揭示杉木人工林养分循环特点和林地土壤质量评价提供依据。结果表明:连栽杉木人工林地土壤pH显著低于天然林,但一、二、三代杉木林间无显著差异。12月份土壤全碳、全氮含量在不同连栽代数杉木林中无显著差异,并且二代和三代林土壤全碳、全氮含量均显著高于天然林(P0.05);6月份杉木三代林土壤全碳含量显著高于一代林(P0.05),但与二代林和天然林无显著差异。12月份土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量在一、二、三代杉木林间无显著差异。6月份杉木一代林土壤硝态氮含量显著高于二代林和天然林(P0.05),但与三代林无显著差异。12月份天然林土壤脲酶活性显著高于连栽杉木人工林(P0.05),而一、二、三代杉木林土壤脲酶活性无显著差异;杉木一代、二代林和天然林土壤天冬酰胺酶活性无显著差异,均显著高于三代林(P0.05)。冗余分析表明,土壤含水量、NO~-_3-N含量和pH对酶活性的影响较大,它们与土壤天冬酰胺酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶(BG)、和蛋白酶(protease)呈显著正相关,但与土壤N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)呈显著负相关。本研究说明杉木林进入成熟林-过熟林阶段后,不同连栽代数林地许多土壤理化指标及酶活性均有不同程度恢复,而且它们受季节因素影响很大,建议今后加强土壤酶活性对环境变化响应的长期综合监测。     

杨树人工林细根数量和形态特征的季节动态及代际差异

采集欧美杨107Ⅰ代和Ⅱ代人工林细根样品,分析杨树不同根序细根数量特征(根长度、表面积和生物量)和形态特征(比根长、根长密度、根组织密度)对季节波动的响应及其代际差异.结果表明： 杨树各根序细根数量特征(根长度、表面积和生物量)均呈明显的季节变化,且具有明显的根序差异性.低级根序细根数量特征季节差异显著,细根生物量在生长季显著增加而生长季后显著下降.高级根序细根比根长季节波动显著,而根长密度和根组织密度等形态特征波动较小.连作导致人工林杨树1～2级细根长度、生物量、比根长和根长密度在生长季显著增大.1级细根数量特征与土壤温湿度呈显著正相关,与土壤有机质和速效氮含量呈显著负相关;而2级细根数量特征仅与土壤养分显著相关.杨树人工林细根特征的季节动态及代际差异体现了杨树对细根的碳投入变化,因连作引发的土壤养分匮乏可能引发植株对根系的碳投入增加,这种碳分配格局与人工林地上部分生产力形成密切相关.     

菊花不同部位及根际土壤水浸液对其扦插苗生长的自毒效应

以自毒性较强的菊花品种 '高压太子' 插穗为材料,调查了菊花枯落物、叶、茎、根系和根际土壤水浸液处理对其扦插苗生长和生理指标的影响,以探讨菊花自毒作用机制.结果表明,菊花不同部位水浸液处理对其扦插生根的根长、鲜重及根数均有抑制作用,并以叶和枯落物水浸液对根长的抑制作用最强,且均达到极显著水平;随水浸液浓度的升高,其对扦插苗根长、鲜重及根数的抑制作用越明显.水浸液处理导致扦插苗叶片可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量显著下降,显著抑制根系脱氢酶与叶片硝酸还原酶活性.可见,菊花地上部和根际土水浸液可能通过抑制其扦插苗根系脱氢酶与叶片硝酸还原酶活性,降低叶片叶绿素、可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白的含量,在营养水平上抑制不定根的形成而产生明显的自毒效应,且该自毒作用表现出明显的浓度梯度效应和部位差异.     

杨树人工林品种更替连作与非更替连作根际效应的比较

采用空间位移法对杨树人工林更替连作和非更替连作两种经营模式下土壤养分、土壤酶活性和土壤微生物的根际效应进行了比较研究,以期探明不同连作经营模式对杨树人工林土壤生态环境的影响,探讨品种更替对杨树人工林地力维持的生态效果。研究结果表明,更替连作和非更替连作均导致杨树人工林土壤发生不同程度的衰退,非更替连作导致的林地土壤衰退现象更为严重。杨树根际和非根际土壤养分在非更替连作中下降最为显著,土壤有机质的根际效应显著大于更替连作,而土壤速效N、P、K的根际效应在更替连作中显著增大。非更替连作导致根际和非根际土壤中过氧化氢酶、脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性发生较大幅度的下降,而多酚氧化酶和过氧化物酶活性较大幅度的上升;更替连作也导致土壤酶活性有类似的变化趋势,但下降(上升)幅度远小于非更替连作,土壤酶活性的根际效应总体呈现非更替连作变化幅度强于品种更替连作的趋势。两种连作模式下土壤中可培养土壤微生物的数量变化大致呈现一致趋势,连作将导致根际和非根际土壤微生物数量整体下降,其中土壤细菌比例有所降低,真菌比例上升,土壤呈现从细菌型向真菌型转化的特点,非更替连作对土壤微生物的根际效应明显大于更替连作。更替连作和非更替连作根际效应的差异可能由不同杨树品种根系分泌物的差异所导致。     

基于高通量测序的连栽木麻黄根际土壤细菌群落变化研究

选取3个不同连栽代数(第一代First rotation plantation,FCP;第二代Second rotation plantation,SCP;第三代Third rotation plantation,TCP)木麻黄林地根际土壤为研究对象,通过IonS5~(TM)XL二代测序系统,从根际土壤微生物角度探究木麻黄连栽障碍形成机制。结果显示:从3个不同连栽代数木麻黄根际土壤中总共得到338560条有效序列,将其注释为17627个操作分类单元(Operational Taxonomic Units,OTUs)。α多样性指数表明,木麻黄根际土壤细菌群落的Simpson、Chao1、ACE指数随着连栽代数增加而下降,Observed species、Shannon指数呈现先增加后减少的趋势。β多样性指数表明,根际土壤中FCP与SCP之间的细菌群落多样性差异相对较大。UPGMA聚类分析结果阐明,木麻黄根际土壤FCP与SCP、TCP存在较大差异。优势细菌在属水平的热图分析结果表明,不同连栽代数木麻黄根际土壤细菌群落结构存在一定差异。随着木麻黄连栽代数增加,根际土壤中慢生根瘤菌属(Bradyrhizobium)的相对丰度呈上升趋势;与之相反,热酸菌属(Acidothermus)、根微菌属(Rhizomicrobium)、酸杆菌属(Acidibacter)、布氏杆菌属(Bryobacter)随连栽代数增加而下降;其中,与营养循环相关的有益菌属Rhizomicrobium的相对丰度随连栽代数增加而降低约311.49%、282.16%,而酸杆菌属(Acidibacter)的相对丰度随之降低约176.07%、284.54%。因此,木麻黄连栽障碍问题可能是由于根际土壤微生物群落结构失衡导致的,从而降低了森林的生态效益,使平均木生物量、林分生物量及林分净生产力下降。研究结果对揭示木麻黄连栽障碍形成的原因具有一定参考价值。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.