洱海低污染水处理湿地中应用海菜花的可行性

人工湿地因其成本低、效率高、地区适宜性强等特点,成为洱海低污染水处理的优先考虑手段之一。人工湿地的建设及运行不仅仅是技术问题,而是要充分考虑当地的实际,挖掘其资源（植物产品）价值。从技术、环境、生态以及经济角度论证了将乡土经济植物海菜花应用于湿地系统中的可行性,结果表明：1）海菜花人工种植技术较为成熟,能为洱海低污染水处理湿地中海菜花的存活和丰产提供保障;2）洱海气候适宜应用湿地系统,低污染水营养足以保证海菜花生长。而海菜花四季生长旺盛,具有一定的净水能力。就环境可行性来讲,海菜花完全可以应用到洱海低污染水湿地净水系统中去;3）将海菜花应用到洱海低污染水湿地净水系统中,有助于增加洱海的生态景观效益,不仅可以规避外来物种入侵风险,而且有利于濒危物种的恢复,生态可行性较好;4）将海菜花应用到湿地净水系统中,可以充分利用来水中营养盐,变废为宝,同时持续稳定地产生较好地经济效益,为因湿地建设而失地的农民提供生活保障。     

海菜花(水鳖科)一新变种-嵩明海菜花

报道了海菜花一新变种—嵩明海菜花(Ottelia acuminata var.songmingensisZ.T.Jiang,H.Liet Z.L.Dao)。该变种与原变种的区别在于叶片带状厚纸质,不透明,叶尖钝圆或具短尖。     

素雅娴静——海菜花

海菜花（Ottelia acuminate）又名异叶水车前、龙爪菜、海菜,属水鳖科水车前属水生沉水植物。叶柄可随环境和水位深浅变化而变化,叶形多变;花多,花期较长,花瓣上部色泽洁白,下部白中带黄;果实大而且呈三棱状,具有很好的观赏性。海菜花是中国特有的珍稀濒危水生植物,由于它对水质污染非常敏感,一旦水体被污染,海菜花就会死亡。     

濒危种螺蛳对典型附着藻的摄食特性及其在洱海流域恢复的可行性

通过实验室小试研究濒临灭绝物种螺蛳(Margarya melanioides)对舟形藻(Naviculaceae sp.)、菱形藻(Nitzschia sp.)、孟氏颤藻(Planktothrixmougeotii)以及四尾栅藻(Scenedesmus quadricauda)4种典型附着藻类的摄食探讨其摄食生态学特性,调查海菜花(Ottelia acumiuate)养殖塘中藻的群落结构及水体的pH值、光照、溶解氧(DO)、温度等环境,从摄食生态学角度分析,探讨螺蛳在洱海流域恢复的可行性。摄食实验结果显示:螺蛳对实验选取四种藻摄食率关系为舟形藻菱形藻孟氏颤藻四尾栅藻。对舟形藻摄食的影响因素研究结果表明在温度为25℃时其摄食强度最大,摄食率(IR)为(2.19±0.16)mg个~(-1)d~(-1);螺蛳在光照为0-100001x的范围内均有较强的摄食活动,摄食活动最适宜的光照强度区间为1000-20001x,摄食率IR均达到3.0mg个~(-1)d~(-1)以上;溶解氧DO对其摄食活动影响显著,当DO大于3.6mg/L时螺蛳摄食活跃,低于1mg/L时螺蛳基本停止摄食;螺蛳摄食率大小跟螺蛳重量呈显著负相关P0.05。洱海流域海菜花塘水体的调查结果得出海菜花塘的pH值、光照、DO、温度以及藻等环境因子均适合螺蛳生存繁衍,可通过构建海菜花湿地来实现螺蛳的保种与扩增恢复。     

典型高原湖滨带底泥细菌群落结构及多样性特征

【背景】高原湖泊的富营养化日趋严重,而湖滨带作为湖泊的保护屏障对外源污染物具有拦截净化等作用,水环境变化则会对底泥细菌产生深刻影响。【目的】探究高原湖滨带底泥细菌群落结构特征及与水体富营养化之间的联系。【方法】基于16S rRNA基因高通量测序技术分析了阳宗海南岸湖滨带8个不同样点的底泥细菌群落结构及多样性,并结合样品水体环境因子,采用主成分分析(PCA)和冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA)探讨了水体富营养化对底泥细菌群落结构及丰富度的影响。【结果】湖滨带底泥细菌与水体富营养化程度存在响应关系,在水体富营养化程度高的区域(S3)细菌丰富度较高,操作分类单元(operationaltaxonomicunits,OTU)高达1473。反之,在富营养化程度低的区域(S1)细菌丰富度较低,OTU为730。阳宗海南岸湖滨带底泥中主要优势菌门为变形菌门(Proteobacteria)和绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi),含有少量的放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、酸杆菌门(Acidobacteria)和厚壁菌门(Firmicutes);绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)与水体富营养化程度具有相关性,在中度富营养化区域,绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)的比重高达44.1%,而在轻度富营养化区域绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi)的比重仅为15.6%。通过环境因子分析发现,阳宗海湖滨底泥细菌受总磷(TP)、叶绿素a (Chla)和总氮(TN)影响较强。【结论】研究结果明确了高原湖泊湖滨带底泥细菌种群的结构、变化特征及其对于水体富营养化的响应,加深了高原湖泊底泥细菌的了解,为高原湖泊水体富营养化的防治提供理论基础。     

引种红树与中国乡土红树幼苗光合特性研究

用Li-COR 6400便携式光合作用测定系统对海南东寨港自然保护区人工育苗的中国乡土红树--海桑、引种红树--无瓣海桑和拉关木幼苗光合特性进行比较研究.结果显示:(1)无瓣海桑和拉关木叶片净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,最高峰出现在12:00,次高峰出现在15:00,而海桑呈现单峰曲线,峰值出现在12:00左右;无瓣海桑和拉关木叶片净光合速率的峰值均高于海桑.(2)3种红树叶片净光合速率和蒸腾速率的峰值均在同一时间(12:00)出现;胞间CO2浓度不随气孔导度的降低而减小,控制红树幼苗光合速率因子为非气孔限制;拉关木叶片水分利用效率要低于无瓣海桑和海桑.(3)与海桑幼苗相比,引种的无瓣海桑和拉关木幼苗的光补偿点和光饱和点均较低,而其表观量子效率较高,其光饱和净光合速率(Pmax) 较大,且其CO2补偿点较低,CO2利用率较高,强光下的光合能力高.研究表明,无瓣海桑比海桑和拉关木具有更好的低光适应能力;拉关木有着较高的光合同化能力,其幼苗对生境的适应能力高于海桑属植物.     

浙江天台山七子花群落主要植物种类的光合特性

对分布在浙江天台山的七子花群落主要植物种类的光合生理生态特性进行了研究。结果表明：夏季,位于群落冠层上层、林窗、林缘的七子花及主要伴生植物叶片的光合日进程均呈“双峰“曲线,有明显的光合“午休“现象。而位于冠层中、下层以及林下的七子花、草本植物,其光合日进程曲线平缓。从冠层上层到下层,七子花叶片的日均净光合速率（Pn）呈下降趋势。林窗、林缘的七子花小树叶片日均Pn比林下大,冠层上层的七子花中树叶片与林窗、林缘的小树叶片日均Pn差异不显著。七子花在不同生境中与伴生植物相比,日均Pn较低,光合能力较弱。同一植株七子花冠层上层叶片叶绿素含量最低,下层次之,中层最高。阴生草本植物在弱光下仍有很高的叶绿素含量。植物叶片的光合能力大小与叶绿素含量高低不呈正相关。相对常绿树种而言,七子花光补偿点较高、光饱和点较低,对光适应的生态幅度较窄。     

蒙古栎叶片光合作用随叶龄的变化及其与叶片功能性状的关系

叶片光合能力直接决定着植物生产力的高低,它既受外界环境条件的影响,也受叶片内部因素的制约。本文以"日"为单位对叶龄进行度量,从爆芽日开始,对蒙古栎光合作用参数随叶龄的变化及其与叶片功能性状的关系进行了分析。结果如下:(1)蒙古栎叶片生长季初期(爆芽后3日内)其呼吸速率大于光合速率,净光合速率为负值;生长季中期,光合参数P_(max)(最大净光合速率)、J_(max)(CO2饱和时最大净光合速率)、V_(cmax)(最大Rubisco催化反应速率)的变化主要受环境因子(降雨、土壤含水率)的影响。(2)整个生长季初期,光合参数与叶绿素含量及叶面积呈极显著正相关(P0.01);生长季初期爆芽阶段光合参数与比叶重呈负相关,生长季初期展叶阶段光合参数与比叶重呈正相关,在生长季初期叶片完全展开后,光合参数与比叶重呈负相关;生长季中期,所有的光合参数与叶片功能性状无显著相关性;生长季后期,光合参数与叶片功能性状均呈显著正相关(P0.05)。建议今后研究中,考虑根据叶片的生长过程分阶段探讨其光合能力及其生理生化影响机制,以增加森林生态系统碳收支估算的准确性。     

小苏干湖湿地典型泌盐植物海乳草叶性状和光合特性对淹水的响应

植物叶性状与光合生理特性对淹水的响应分析,有助于理解水淹生境中沼泽湿地植物叶片构建模型及其光合作用机理。按照小苏干湖湖水泛滥区静水持留时间长短变化设置：I （轻度淹水区,静水持留60-90 d）、Ⅱ （中度淹水区,静水持留90-150 d）、Ⅲ （重度淹水区,静水持留150-210 d）3个梯度,研究了小苏干湖湿地典型泌盐植物海乳草叶性状与光合生理特性对不同淹水生境的响应变化。结果表明：随着静水持留时间变长,土壤含水量逐渐增大,含盐量和光合有效辐射逐渐减小,湿地群落的盖度、密度呈增加趋势,地上生物量呈先减小后增加趋势;海乳草叶片的叶面积呈增加趋势,叶厚度、净光合速率和气孔导度呈减小趋势,叶干重和蒸腾速率变化不明显;不同生境条件下的海乳草净光合速率、蒸腾速率与叶面积、叶厚度之间均存在着显著差异（P<0.05）。随着静水持留时间的延长,海乳草选择增大叶面积,减小叶厚度的生长策略,适时调整叶片的净光合速率,实现植物叶片对吸收光能的有效利用,体现了植物在异质性生境中叶性状间的资源分配策略和光合产物积累模式。     

西北干旱区葡萄净光合速率变化及其影响因素

葡萄作为西北干旱区主要经济作物之一,认识其光合生产过程对种植栽培至关重要。为探究大田自然条件下葡萄光合生理特征及影响葡萄光合作用的主要影响因子,该研究于2019年6—9月测定葡萄(品种：无核白)叶片光合作用及其生理生态因子日变化,采用通径分析方法分析各因子对叶片净光合速率的直接和间接作用,确定其主要影响因子,同时在全天分时段模式下进一步分析葡萄叶片净光合速率对各生理生态因子的响应。结果表明：(1)葡萄叶片净光合速率日变化总体呈现先升高、后下降的单峰型曲线变化特征。(2)葡萄叶片净光合速率与光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差、空气温度、气孔导度和蒸腾速率呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度和胞间CO₂浓度呈极显著负相关。(3)各月影响葡萄叶片净光合速率变化的主要决定因子6月、8月和9月为蒸腾速率,而7月为气孔导度。(4)6—9月的葡萄叶片净光合速率与空气温度、光合有效辐射、饱和水汽压差的响应均呈“迟滞回环”关系,与蒸腾速率、气孔导度呈良好的线性关系(R²>0.85),与胞间CO₂浓度呈指数函数关系(R²=0.53...     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.