不同生境下空心莲子草响应模拟昆虫采食的生长和化学防御策略

外来植物往往可以入侵多种生境并受到多种昆虫的采食,而不同生境条件将可能会影响这些入侵植物对昆虫采食的防御策略。以入侵我国的克隆植物——空心莲子草为研究对象,分别选择生长在水生生境、水陆两栖生境和陆生生境中的无性个体(分株),通过50%去叶处理模拟昆虫采食,分析不同生境下空心莲子草对模拟昆虫采食处理的生长及化学防御响应的差异。模拟昆虫采食处理显著抑制了陆生生境、水陆两栖生境以及水生生境下空心莲子草的根、茎、叶和总生物量,但对3种生境下空心莲子草的生物量分配(根冠比、根生物量分配、茎生物量分配和叶生物量分配)均无显著影响。陆生生境下空心莲子草根、茎和总生物量显著高于水陆两栖生境和水生生境,根冠比显著低于水陆两栖生境和水生生境。模拟昆虫采食处理显著降低了空心莲子草的木质素含量,而对单宁和总酚含量影响不显著。生境对木质素含量无显著影响,但陆生生境下空心莲子草单宁含量显著高于水陆两栖生境和水生生境,且总酚含量显著高于水陆两栖生境,表明陆生生境中空心莲子草具有更强的防御能力。空心莲子草木质素含量与总生物量无显著相关性,但在模拟采食情况下,其总酚含量与总生物量呈显著负相关,而无论模拟昆虫采食处理存在与否,空心莲子草单宁含量与总生物量均呈显著正相关。因此,空心莲子草存在昆虫介导的生长和化学防御之间的权衡,在昆虫采食的情况下可通过减少生长来增加对化学防御物质的投入,但生境对空心莲子草这种生长-防御权衡的影响十分有限。     

Relative abundance of invasive plants more effectively explains the response of wetland communities to different invasion degrees than phylogenetic evenness

入侵植物的相对多度比群落系统发育均匀度更能解释湿地群落对不同入侵程度的响应 本地植物群落普遍受到入侵植物不同程度的入侵。然而,入侵植物相对多度与群落系统发育均匀度对不同入侵程度下湿地植物群落响应入侵的相对贡献尚不明确。此外,这种贡献是否随淹水等环境 条件的变化而变化也不清楚。为了探讨这些问题,我们选择空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)作为入侵植物,通过改变植物群落物种组成,构建了4个不同的入侵程度,并且设置了水淹和无水淹两种处理。 改变群落入侵程度的同时改变了空心莲子草的相对多度和群落的系统发育均匀度。研究结果表明,不同的入侵程度显著影响了空心莲子草和一些本地物种的单株生物量。变异分割结果表明,无论淹水情况结果如何,空心莲子草相对多度对植物群落指标变异的贡献都大于系统发育均匀度。斯皮尔曼等级相关检验结果表明,空心莲子草的相对多度与空心莲子草和部分本地物种的单株生物量显著负相关;群落系统发育均匀度仅与少数本地种性状显著正相关。其相关强度和显著性均受特定的物种和水淹环境的影响。总之,这些研究结果表明：无论淹水情况如何,入侵植物(空心莲子草)的相对多度都比群落的系统发育均匀度更能有效地解释湿地植物群落对不同入侵程度的响应。     

Increased precipitation magnifies the effects of N addition on performance of invasive plants in subtropical native communities

亚热带本地植物群落中增加降水扩大了氮增加对入侵植物表现的影响 氮沉降、降水以及它们的交互作用会影响氮和水是限制性资源的温带生态系统中的外来植物 入侵,但它们是否会影响以及怎样影响外来植物在富氮和降水丰富的亚热带植物群落中的入侵, 仍不清楚。本研究在亚热带生态系统中,在野外用12种常见本地植物构建群落,将4种入侵植物及其近缘的4种本地植物分别引入到群落中,对群落进行氮添加(0和5 g N m⁻² a⁻¹)和降水增加(自然降水和增加降水30%)交互处理,比较了引入的入侵植物和近缘本地植物在群落中的生长和定居表现以及群落特征(包括群落密度和地上生物量等)。研究结果显示,只增加降水没有提高入侵植物或近缘本地植物的表现;氮添加仅提高入侵植物地上生物量和相对密度;氮和降水同时增加提高了入侵植物和近缘本地植物在群落中的生长和定居表现。在氮添加、降水增加和氮与降水同时增加处理下,入侵植物的大多数生长和定居参数高于近缘本地植物。在氮与降水同时增加时,入侵植物所定居本地群落的密度和地上生物量显著低于近缘本地植物所定居本地群落的密度和地上生物量。这些结果说明,在富氮和降水丰富的亚热带本地群落中,降水增加扩大了氮增加对入侵植物表现的影响。这将有助于理解在富氮和降水丰富的亚热带生态系统中,全球变化对植物入侵的影响。     

草海自然保护区空心莲子草群落植物组成及多样性分析

湿地生态系统极易受外来入侵植物侵害, 为调查草海湿地生态系统空心莲子草不同入侵程度的群落物种组成及多样性的变化, 在夏季对草海自然保护区水陆生境的空心莲子草群落进行调查, 按空心莲子草盖度分为水Ⅰ(0-20%)、水Ⅱ(20%-50%)、水Ⅲ(50%-100%)、陆Ⅰ(0-20%)、陆Ⅲ(50%-100%)五种群落类型。结果表明: 在调查的25 个样方中, 水生生境共有10 科22 种植物, 陆生生境共有13 科29 种植物, 随空心莲子草入侵程度的增加, 禾本科植物在两种生境中比例均上升; 地面芽植物种类减少; 根茎型植物种类增加; 水中丛生型植物种类增加, 陆地分枝型植物种类减少; 水中物种丰富度增加, 陆地物种丰富度降低; 两生境多样性和均匀度均呈一致的下降。     

拉鲁湿地主要植物群落结构及物种多样性

2002年6~9月对拉鲁湿地植物种类、群落结构、生物量以及物种多样性进行了调查研究.结果表明:(1)拉鲁湿地共有植物30科52属85种,主要有芦苇[Phragmites australis(Cav.)Trin.ex Steud.](A)、尼伯尔酸模(RumexnepalensisSpreng)(B)、水葱(Scirpus validusVahl)(C)、穗状狐尾藻(MyriophyllumspicatumL.)(D)、灯芯草(Juncus effususL.)(E)、针叶苔草(CarexonoeiFranch.et Sav.)和黑褐苔草(CarexatrofuscaSchkuhr)(F)、藏北嵩草(KobresialittledaleiC.B.Clarke)(G)、藏蓟[Cirsiumlanatum(Roxb.ex Willd.)Spreng.](H)等8个主要植物群落.(2)在8个主要植物群落中,嵩草群落所含物种数最多,为44种,穗状狐尾藻群落最少,仅8种;芦苇群落生物量最高,为124.5~1 027.0 g/m2,藏蓟群落生物量最低,为124.5~220.5 g/m2;优势种芦苇的生物量最高,为183.5~660.0 g/m2,藏蓟生物量最低,为43.1~76.3 g/m2.(3)各群落的垂直结构特点是:芦苇群落、水葱群落、穗状狐尾藻群落具有挺水层、浮叶层和沉水层,其他群落只具有可分为高、低两层的草本层.(4)在各群落的相似性方面,嵩草群落与藏蓟群落、水葱群落与芦苇群落和尼伯尔酸模群落的相似性要明显高于其他群落,其Jaccard系数分别为0.549 0、0.538 5、0.500 0;芦苇群落、尼伯尔酸模群落、水葱群落、穗状狐尾藻群落与藏蓟群落以及芦苇群落、穗状狐尾藻群落与嵩草群落在建群种上没有相似之处,Jaccard系数为0.     

氮添加对高寒草甸植物功能群数量特征和光合作用的影响

氮沉降对植物群落的影响,特别是对脆弱生态系统中植物群落的影响,一直是生态学研究的热点问题。为了更好地探究氮沉降对脆弱生态系统植物群落不同功能群生理生态特征的影响,以青藏高原高寒草甸为研究对象,将植物群落划分为禾本科、莎草科、杂类草3种不同功能群,通过模拟氮沉降试验,观测不同氮添加水平下(0、8、24、40、56、72kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)) 3种功能群数量特征和净光合速率的动态变化,以期揭示植物对氮沉降的响应规律。结果显示:1)氮添加对不同功能群植物数量特征的影响具有显著差异,氮添加提高了莎草科的多度和高度,而对禾本科和杂类草的多度和高度无显著影响(P0.05),禾本科的地上生物量随着氮添加水平的升高表现出先下降后上升的变化趋势,而莎草科和杂类草的地上生物量随着氮添加水平的升高均表现出下降趋势; 2)氮添加对不同功能群植物光合作用的影响有显著差异,禾本科的净光合速率(P_n)随着氮添加水平的升高表现出先下降后上升的变化趋势,而莎草科和杂类草净光合速率均表现出线性下降趋势,氮添加显著提高了不同功能群植物的气孔导度(G_s)和蒸腾速率(T_r)。3)三个功能群植物的净光合速率与地上生物量之间均呈显著正相关。研究表明,短期高氮添加会削弱植物的光合能力,降低植物地上生物量的积累,抑制植物生长。     

滇西北高原纳帕海湖滨湿地退化特征、规律与过程

采用双向指示种分析(TWINSPAN)和典范对应分析(CCA)方法,研究了滇西北高原纳帕海湖滨湿地退化特征、规律与过程.结果表明: 纳帕海湖滨湿地植物群落可以划分为4个群丛,群落演替规律为水生植物群落→沼泽植物群落→沼泽化草甸植物群落→草甸植物群落.随植物群落演替,群落盖度、密度、多样性指数、物种丰富度和地上生物量均增大,群落高度减小;植物水分生态型演替规律为水生植物→沼生植物→湿生植物→中生植物.随群落演替,湿地水体矿化度、硬度和碱度均降低,氨氮和总磷含量升高,总氮和硝态氮含量变化不明显;土壤pH、有机质和全氮含量逐渐降低,全磷和全钾含量逐渐升高,速效氮和速效磷含量先增大后减小.CCA分析表明,群落结构和物种组成主要受水分梯度影响,土壤pH、全磷和湿地水的总氮、氨氮对湿地植物物种分布和群落演替影响显著.     

不同光照强度下物种组合对沉水植物苦草种间关系的影响

为了解种间关系对沉水植物群落结构的影响，在不同光照(20%自然光和50%自然光)和不同物种组合下，研究了长江中下游常见优势沉水植物苦草(Vallisneria natans)与黑藻(Hydrilla verticillata)和穗状狐尾藻(Myriophyllum spicatum)的相互作用。结果表明，在低光下，苦草与穗状狐尾藻混种时，苦草生物量、株高和叶数均没有明显变化，当穗状狐尾藻的比例较高时，苦草根长生长受到抑制，根叶比呈下降趋势；在高光下，穗状狐尾藻比例的增加会促进苦草单株生物量和叶生物量的增加，而对苦草株高、根长和叶数无显著影响；与黑藻混种相比，苦草与穗状狐尾藻混种时，苦草的株高、根长和叶数均无显著差异，而苦草的单株生物量和叶生物量均呈降低趋势。因此，物种组合和混种比例均会影响苦草与其他物种的相互作用关系，进而影响沉水植被的群落动态。     

梁子湖水——陆交错区水生植物群落生态学研究

对梁子湖水－陆交错区中植物群落的的组成、结构、生长型和生物量进行了测定,结果表明交错区内共分布有9种植物群落：1）微齿眼子菜（Potamogeton maackianus)群落;2）狐尾藻（Myriophyllum spicatum)＋苦草（Vallis-neria natans)＋金鱼藻（Ceratophyllum denersum）群落;3）微齿眼子菜＋金鱼藻群落;4）金鱼藻＋狐尾藻＋微齿眼子菜群落;5）金鱼藻＋狐尾藻＋荇菜（Nymphyoides pettlatum)群落;6）水蓼（Polygonum hydropiper)＋菱（Trapa bipinosa）＋菰（Zizania latifolia)群落;7）菹草（Potamogeton crispus)群落;8）菰＋荇菜＋蓼群落;9）湿生植物(Helophyte）群落。主要植物群4落生物量：狐尾藻＋苦草＋金鱼藻群落2414g.m^-2。金鱼藻＋狐尾藻＋微齿眼子菜群落4379g.m^-2,微齿眼子菜＋金龟藻群落1486g.m^-2,微齿眼子菜群4落2805g.m^-2。交错区内主要植物群落生量的季节变化与群落内优势种的生长方式、人为活动的干扰以及个体生态特征密切相关。群落内优势物种的水平分布表现为均匀分布和群聚分布两种方式。     

水生空心莲子草入侵群落数量分类及其物种分布的环境解释

生境异质性在不同生态层次上影响物种分布与扩散,进而可能影响外来植物的入侵态势。该研究通过在中国21°N～31°N范围内设置23个10m×10m的样地,利用双向聚类(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析(DCA)等数量生态学方法,研究水生型空心莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides)入侵群落的结构特征并划分其群丛类型,并采用冗余分析法(RDA)分析空心莲子草种群特征、群落物种分布与环境因子(经度、纬度、海拔、氨态氮、硝态氮、电导率、溶解氧)的关系,以期为生物入侵防治及本土生物多样性保护提供参考。结果显示:(1)23个样地共记录植物48种,隶属于21科42属,空心莲子草优势地位显著,主要伴生种为双穗雀稗(Paspalum paspaloides)、李氏禾(Leersia hexandra)和水蓼(Polygonum hydropiper)。(2)23个样地群落可划分为6组群丛类型,其中空心莲子草+双穗雀稗+水芹(Oenanthe javanica)是最主要的类型。(3)48种植物可划分为4类功能群,分别为先锋种型、优势伴生种型、次要伴生种型和逃避型,功能群的DCA分异性高于群丛类型。(4)群落物种分布状况主要由氨态氮和电导率决定,而物种丰富度及空心莲子草种群特征则受到电导率、经度、海拔和溶解氧等多个环境变量的影响;水生空心莲子草的入侵重要值取决于其无性分枝数和种群盖度。研究表明,水生空心莲子草入侵群落的结构相对简单,应加大对其入侵监测力度并维持较高的生境异质性,以延缓水域生态系统的生物入侵进程。     

Impact of three aquatic invasive species on native plants and macroinvertebrates in temperate ponds

Biological plant invasions pose a serious threat to native biodiversity and have received much attention, especially in terrestrial habitats. In freshwater ecosystems impacts of invasive plant species are less studied. We hypothesized an impact on organisms from the water column and from the sediment. We then assessed the impact of three aquatic invasive species on the plants and macroinvertebrates: Hydrocotyle ranunculoides, Ludwigia grandiflora and Myriophyllum aquaticum. Our research on 32 ponds in Belgium indicated that the reduction in the native plant species richness was a common pattern to invasion. However, the magnitude of impacts were species specific. A strong negative relationship to invasive species cover was found, with submerged vegetation the most vulnerable to the invasion. Invertebrate richness, diversity and abundance were measured in sediments of invaded and uninvaded ponds along a gradient of H. ranunculoides, L. grandiflora, and M. aquaticum species cover. We found a strong negative relationship between invasive species cover and invertebrate abundance, probably due to unsuitable conditions of the detritus for invertebrate colonization. Taxonomic compositions of aquatic invertebrate assemblages in invaded ponds differed from uninvaded ponds. Sensitive benthos, such as mayflies were completely absent in invaded ponds. The introduction of H. ranunculoides, L. grandiflora, and M. aquaticum in Belgian ponds has caused significant ecological alterations in the aquatic vegetation and the detritus community of ponds.     

Impacts of Myriophyllum aquaticum invasion in a Mediterranean wetland on plant and macro-arthropod communities

The invasion by alien macrophytes in aquatic ecosystems may produce a strong alteration of the native aquatic vegetation leading to heavy impacts for both plant and faunal native diversity. Myriophyllum aquaticum is an aquatic plant native of Southern America, invasive in several part of the world. We studied the effects of M. aquaticum invasion on plant and macro-arthropod communities in the canals around a protected wetland in the Mediterranean basin. We sampled plant and macro-arthropod communities in 10 transects in invaded and non-invaded tracts of the canals. We assessed the differences in plant and macro-arthropod species richness, diversity, taxonomic diversity and species composition between invaded and non-invaded habitats by means of univariate and multivariate analyses. Our study shows a significant loss of plant diversity between non-invaded to invaded sites, leading to communities numerically and taxonomically impoverished and highly divergent in the species composition. We also detected significant differences in arthropod species composition between invaded and non-invaded transects. Some taxa such as mosquitoes and malacostraca were more frequent in the M. aquaticum-dominated stands. Furthermore, the study shows a positive relation between invaded habitats and juvenile individuals of the invasive alien crayfish Procambarus clarkii.     

Soil characteristics of Rocky Mountain National Park grasslands invaded by Melilotus officinalis and M. alba

Aim Invasion of nitrogen‐fixing non‐native plant species may alter soil resources and impact native plant communities. Altered soils may be the driving mechanism that provides a suitable environment to facilitate future invasions and decrease native biodiversity. We hypothesized that Melilotus invasion would increase nitrogen availability and produce soil microclimate and biochemical changes, which could in turn alter plant species composition in a montane grassland community. Location Our research addressed the effects of white and yellow sweet clover (Melilotus officinalis and M. alba) invasion on soil characteristics and nitrogen processes in the montane grasslands in Rocky Mountain National Park. Methods We sampled soil in replicate sites of Melilotus‐invaded and control (non‐invaded) patches within disturbed areas in montane grassland habitats. Soil composites were analysed for available nitrogen, net nitrogen mineralization, moisture, carbon/nitrogen (C : N ratio), texture, organic matter and pH. Data were recorded at three sample dates during the growing seasons of 1998 and 1999. Results Contrary to our expectations, we observed lower nitrogen availability and mineralization in invaded patches, and differences in soil moisture content and soil C : N. Soil C : N ratios were higher in invaded plots, in spite of the fact that Melilotus had the lowest C : N ratios of other plant tissue analysed in this study. Main conclusions These findings provide land managers of natural areas with a better perspective on the possibilities of nitrogen‐fixing species impact on soil nutrient levels.     

Nurse effect of the native cushion plant Azorella monantha on the invasive non-native Taraxacum officinale in the high-Andes of central Chile

Positive interactions among native plant species are common in alpine habitats, particularly those where one species (nurse plant) generates microclimatic conditions that are more benign than the surrounding environment, facilitating the establishment of other species. Nonetheless, these microclimatic conditions could facilitate the establishment of non-native species as well. A conspicuous component of the alien alpine flora of the central Chilean Andes is the perennial herb Taraxacum officinale agg. (dandelion). In contrast to other alien species that are restricted to human-disturbed sites, T. officinale is frequently observed growing within native plant communities dominated by cushion plants. In this study we evaluated if T. officinale is positively associated with the cushion plant Azorella monantha. Via seedling survival experiments and gas-exchange measurements we also assessed the patterns of facilitation between cushions and dandelions, and explore the potential mechanisms of invasion by dandelions. T. officinale grows spatially positively associated with cushions of A. monantha. Survival of seedlings, as well as their net-photosynthetic rates and stomatal conductance, were higher within cushions than in open areas away from them, suggesting that the microclimatic modifications generated by this native cushion facilitates the establishment and performance of a non-native invasive species. Our results, as well as other recent studies, highlight the role of native communities in facilitating rather than constraining non-native plant invasions, particularly in stressful habitats such as alpine environments.     

Phosphorus and nitrogen allocation in Allium ursinum on an alluvial floodplain (Eastern France). Is there an effect of flooding history?

The change in phosphorus and nitrogen content in a common geophyte spring species, Allium ursinum, is studied in alluvial forests in relation to three flooding histories related to river regulation: (1) annually flooded, (2) unflooded for 30 years, and (3) unflooded for 200 years. Flood suppression leads to a reduction of available P soil content as well as decreasing the biomass and the amount of phosphorus in plants, but has no significant effect on N plant content. Plant N:P ratio increases with the suppression of floods and is primarily driven by soil N:P ratios, in turn markedly linked to the total nitrogen in the soil. We highlighted a lower nutrient accumulation in leaves during plant growth in unflooded forests. Overall, our results suggest that P was the main limiting factor in unflooded forests while nitrogen was the main limiting factor in annually flooded forests. Flood suppression strongly affects the morphology and nutrient uptake by Allium ursinum and thus nutrient cycling in riverine forests.     

Invasion of an exotic forb impacts reproductive success and site fidelity of a migratory songbird

Although exotic plant invasions threaten natural systems worldwide, we know little about the specific ecological impacts of invaders, including the magnitude of effects and underlying mechanisms. Exotic plants are likely to impact higher trophic levels when they overrun native plant communities, affecting habitat quality for breeding songbirds by altering food availability and/or nest predation levels. We studied chipping sparrows (Spizella passerina) breeding in savannas that were either dominated by native vegetation or invaded by spotted knapweed (Centaurea maculosa), an exotic forb that substantially reduces diversity and abundance of native herbaceous plant species. Chipping sparrows primarily nest in trees but forage on the ground, consuming seeds and arthropods. We found that predation rates did not differ between nests at knapweed and native sites. However, initiation of first nests was delayed at knapweed versus native sites, an effect frequently associated with low food availability. Our seasonal fecundity model indicated that breeding delays could translate to diminished fecundity, including dramatic declines in the incidence of double brooding. Site fidelity of breeding adults was also substantially reduced in knapweed compared to native habitats, as measured by return rates and shifts in territory locations between years. Declines in reproductive success and site fidelity were greater for yearling versus older birds, and knapweed invasion appeared to exacerbate differences between age classes. In addition, grasshoppers, which represent an important prey resource, were substantially reduced in knapweed versus native habitats. Our results strongly suggest that knapweed invasion can impact chipping sparrow populations by reducing food availability. Food chain effects may be an important mechanism by which strong plant invaders impact songbirds and other consumers.     

Does detritus quality predict the effect of native and non‐native plants on the performance of larval amphibians?

1. The lack of consistent differences between the traits of native and non‐native plant species makes it difficult to make general predictions about the ecological impact of invasive plants; however, the increasing number of non‐native plants in many habitats makes the assessment of the impact of each individual species impracticable. General knowledge about how specific plant traits are linked to their effects on communities or ecosystems may be more useful for predicting the effect of plant invasions. Specifically, we hypothesised that higher carbon‐to‐nitrogen ratio (C:N) and percent lignin in plant detritus would reduce the rate of development and total mass at metamorphosis of tadpoles, resulting in lower metamorph production (total fresh biomass) and amphibian species richness. 2. To test these hypotheses, we raised five species of tadpoles in mesocosms containing senescent leaves of three common native and three common non‐native wetland plants that varied in C:N ratio and % lignin. 3. Leaf mass loss, total metamorph production and the number of species that metamorphosed declined as a function of increasing C:N ratio of plant leaves. Plant lignin content was not related to the production of metamorphs or the number of species that metamorphosed. The percentage of wood frog (Lithobates sylvaticus) and American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) tadpoles reaching metamorphosis declined as a function of increasing plant C:N ratio. Mean time to metamorphosis increased and mean mass at metamorphosis declined as a function of increasing plant C:N ratio. Tadpole performance and metamorph diversity and production (biomass) were similar between native and non‐native plant species with similar C:N ratio in leaves. Percent lignin was not a significant predictor of tadpole performance. 4. Our results show that the impact of a plant invasion on tadpole performance could depend on differences between the quality of the detritus produced by the invading species and that of the native species it replaces. We suggest that plant community changes that lead to dominance by more recalcitrant plant species (those with higher leaf C:N ratio) may negatively affect amphibian populations.     

豚草入侵对新疆伊犁河谷林下本地草本植物群落结构的影响

为探究外来入侵植物豚草（Ambrosia artemisiifolia）对本地植物群落结构的影响,结合区内林下草本植物调查和室内分析方法,分析了豚草不同入侵压力下（无入侵、轻度入侵、中度入侵、重度入侵）本地草本植物丰富度、盖度等特征,探讨了地形、气候、土壤、光照、人口密度等外部因素与豚草种群特征、本地植物群落结构之间的关系。结果表明：豚草种群盖度与其高度、密度、生物量显著正相关。与对照相比,轻度入侵下本土草本植物Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数显著增加,丰富度、盖度未出现显著差异。随着豚草入侵程度加剧,本地草本植物物种丰富度、盖度极显著降低,样方Shannon-Wiener多样性指数先升高再降低,本土草本植物Pielou均匀度指数差异不显著。冗余分析（RDA）表明,土壤全氮、与道路距离、土壤全磷、郁闭度对研究区植物群落结构影响最大,土壤全氮含量随豚草盖度和生物量增加而减少,距道路越近或光照越强,豚草盖度和生物量越高。增强伊犁河谷地区交通往来货物豚草检验检疫力度、增加林内植被郁闭度或是抑制区内豚草入侵的有效手段。     

不同生境鱼腥草形态特征及主要有效成分含量差异分析

以不同生境中的鱼腥草为研究对象,分析其形态特征及主要有效成分含量的差异。该文测定了不同生境下主要环境因子指标及鱼腥草的叶长、叶宽、株高、基径、生物量和含水量,用高效液相色谱法测定其各部分主要有效成分金丝桃苷、槲皮苷含量,并对测量结果进行单因素方差分析和相关性分析。结果表明:环境因子会对鱼腥草的形态建成及有效成分积累造成不同影响,适宜的光照强度有利于鱼腥草对有效成分的累积;鱼腥草中有效成分的含量表现出叶茎根的规律。适宜的遮阴处理,既可避免强光照对鱼腥草生长的抑制,又可显著提高有效成分的含量,从而整体增加对鱼腥草有效成分的收益。     

外来植物火炬树(Rhus typhina L.)入侵对不同林型土壤性质的影响

生物入侵在世界范围内广泛发生,严重威胁当地生物多样性和生态系统稳定性。植物与土壤之间的相互作用在决定植物的竞争力以及分布格局中起着重要作用,是影响外来植物入侵力和生态系统可入侵性的一个重要方面。目前,有关研究已成为植被生态学与入侵生态学的研究热点。引自北美的外来植物火炬树(Rhus typhina L.)已成为我国北方主要的入侵木本植物之一。比较了火炬树单优林型、火炬树+刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)混交林、火炬树+麻栎(Quercus acutissima Carruth.)混交林、火炬树+银白杨(Populus alba L.)混交林4种不同林型的土壤微生物群落结构、土壤酶活性和土壤养分含量特征。结果表明:火炬树单优林土壤细菌、放线菌数量明显高于各混交林型,而真菌数量无显著差异;土壤酶活性方面,火炬树单优林脲酶、过氧化氢酶活性高,土壤磷酸酶活性低;火炬树的入侵显著提高了土壤全碳、全氮、全磷和硝态氮含量,同时明显降低了土壤铵态氮含量。硝态氮含量的增高可能与火炬树入侵造成土壤微生物群落组成变化、土壤硝化速率高有关;而火炬树入侵降低了土壤铵态氮含量,说明该物种可能更易于吸收利用铵态氮。以上研究结果表明,火炬树可以改变土壤生态系统的微生物群落组成和土壤酶活性并影响土壤相关营养元素循环,从而可能使其在与当地植物的竞争中获得优势,为自身的入侵创造有利条件。