小兴安岭西南部森林对洪水径流的影响

小兴安岭西南部森林对洪水径流的影响张庆费周晓峰，王传宽（华东师范大学环境科学系上海２０００６２）（东北林业大学林学系哈尔滨１５００４０）ＩｎｆｌｕｅｎｃｅｏｆＦｏｒｅｓｔｏｎＦｌｏｏｄＲｕｎｏｆｆａｔｔｈｅＳｏｕｔｈｗｅｘｔｅｒｎＰａｒｔｏｆＸｉａｏ...     

大兴安岭北部森林景观对气候变化的响应

将森林景观模型LANDIS和林窗模型LINKAGES相结合,模拟气候变化对大兴安岭森林景观的影响,并比较分析了气候变化对森林景观的直接影响与通过火干扰改变所产生的影响.结果表明:维持当前气候和火干扰情景的条件下,森林景观保持动态平衡,兴安落叶松占据优势树种地位,未来气候情景下,兴安落叶松和偃松的分布面积降低,白桦、山杨、甜杨和钻天柳等阔叶树以及樟子松的分布面积增加,森林景观的破碎化和多样性增加;气候变化对森林景观的影响具有时滞性和长期性,气候变暖有利于大部分树种(兴安落叶松除外)的生长,火干扰增加使山杨、甜杨和钻天柳等分布面积增加,使兴安落叶松、樟子松和偃松的分布面积明显降低;火干扰增加对森林景观的影响几乎与气候变化的直接影响同等重要,其加剧了气候变化对森林组成、森林景观破碎化和森林景观多样性的直接影响.     

大兴安岭北部地区原始林火干扰历史的研究

在大兴安岭阿龙山林业局的一个集水区,通过样地法（９６个样地）,调查了大量的火疤木,研究了景观水平上的火状况。结果表明,由１８２５至１９９３年间样区共发生１４次火灾,火烧种类主要是地表火,但也有少量树冠火;火烧强度主要为弱度火;火场面积通常很大;火烧平均间隔期为３７ａ,火烧轮回期的约３０ａ。这些指标对大于大兴安岭北部林区有一定的代表意义。大兴安岭北部林区的火状况主要决定于兴安落叶松的抗火特性和森林群     

气候变化对中国大兴安岭森林演替动态的影响

应用森林生长演替动态模型-FAREAST,在气候变化背景下对大兴安岭漠河林区森林的演替动态进行了模拟。模拟选择了目前气候情景、增暖情景、温度和降水都增加情景3种气候情景,并考虑了气候变化引起的火干扰变化对森林演替的影响。结果表明:维持目前气候不变,兴安落叶松(Larix gmelini)将继续作为绝对优势树种,樟子松(Pinussylvestris var.mongolica)、桦树(Betula)、杨树(Populus)伴生其中;气候发生变化,东北森林带将有北移的趋势,大兴安岭将可能以温带针阔混交林为主,森林群落中出现红松(P.koraiensis)、蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)、椴树(Tilia)等树种;火干扰影响森林生物量及森林的物种组成和结构。     

黄土高原森林植被对流域径流的调节作用

对黄土高原腹地子午岭典型森林流域与非森林流域年径流变化的对比分析结果表明,森林流域径流年内分配比非森林流域相对均匀,汛期（6～9月）总径流量减少了8.9mm（葫芦河比蒲河）和7.1mm（合水川比东川）,枯季径流与汛期降水及枯水季节降水的回归分析可见,森林植被能将雨季蓄积的部分降水转化为地下径流,增大枯水季节的径流量,但由于黄土区土层深度,植被蒸腾耗水强烈,森林植被对枯水期河川径流的调节作用十分有限,森林植被对10～12月径流总的补枯效应仅为1.69mm（葫芦河比蒲河）和0.5mm（合水川比东川）,对1～4月径流无调节作用,说明森林植被拦蓄的大部分降雨被植物吸收利用,消耗于蒸腾,从而揭示了森林植被对河川径流的削洪补枯效应及其机理。     

火干扰对大兴安岭北部原始林下层植物多样性的影响

在景观尺度自然火干扰历史研究的基础上,采用1个物种丰富度指数（物种数 S）、2个均匀度指数（Pielou均匀度指数Eh＇和Alatalo均匀度指数E）、3个物种多样性指数（Shannon-Wiener指数H＇,Hill多样性指数N1和N2）共6个？多样性指数,研究了长期火干扰与最近一次火干扰对大兴安岭北部原始林下木层、草本层及下层总体的植物多样性的影响.研究结果表明,本区下层植物的物种数、均匀度指数和多样性指数都以下木层显著大于草本层,因而下木层对下层植物总体生物多样性的贡献最大,也是主要影响因子.火干扰对下木层、草本层和下层总体的物种丰富度和物种多样性有显著影响,而对均匀度的影响不显著.长期的火干扰影响下,下木层、草本层和下层总体的物种数、各类均匀度指数和物种多样性指数都呈现如下格局：高频类＞中频类＞低频类,低强类＞中强类＞高强类.最近一次火干扰影响下,各个生物多样性指数都表现为一致的趋势：低强类＞中强类＞高强类;短期类＞长期类＞中期类.下层植物多样性与火干扰的关系是长期适应的结果.     

大兴安岭北部林区景观格局变化及其影响分析

人为干扰影响着景观格局变化的速率和方向 ,这在景观格局变化过程中的作用越来越大 ,同时景观格局的变化也对人类活动产生了重大影响。通过对大兴安岭北部林区的景观多样性指数、优势度指数等一系列景观指数来研究该地区森林景观格局的变化 ,简要分析了格局变化产生的影响。结果表明 ,大兴安岭森林景观中 ,人为干扰使森林景观短时期内多样性增加、森林的优势度降低 ;景观向破碎化趋势发展 ;景观格局的变化对环境和人类活动产生了重大影响 ,森林向不可持续方向发展 ,因此应该进行合理的人类活动使森林可持续发展。     

森林干扰度评价

干扰普遍存在于森林生态系统,是森林群落演替的驱动力之一。干扰对森林生态系统的影响程度,决定于干扰的频率、强度、空间范围等,过度频繁或不合理的干扰,可能导致森林生态系统的毁灭。森林对干扰的响应表现在多方面,其内在联系十分复杂,因此,很难用森林中某个现象或某几个现象反映森林生态系统对干扰的响应。为了准确、科学地评价现有森林生态系统对干扰的响应程度,本文提出应用森林干扰度（REFD）评价现有森林受干扰的程度。森林干扰度是由于干扰的存在造成森林生态系统结构与功能的改变程度,仅反映干扰后现有森林与目标森林（地带性顶极植被或原有森林等）的距离程度（差距）,不反映干扰的种类、强度、性质等因素;在对森林干扰度内涵进行详细分析的基础上,确定了评价森林干扰度的原则及不同尺度条件下森林干扰度的评价指标。     

落叶松毛虫对大兴安岭呼中林区森林的景观长期影响模拟

应用空间直观景观模型(LANDIS)模拟了落叶松毛虫对呼中林区森林景观的长期影响,利用统计软件APACK计算了落叶松毛虫、代表性树种的分布面积以及反映物种分布格局的聚集度指数和森林斑块的平均面积,模拟了300年(1990—2290年)内有无落叶松毛虫干扰预案下大兴安岭呼中林区森林景观的动态变化.结果表明:研究区落叶松毛虫的分布面积呈先增加后降低的趋势;在落叶松毛虫干扰预案下,落叶松在模拟前150年的分布面积、平均斑块面积均低于无干扰预案,聚集度指数在前190年低于无干扰预案;干扰预案下白桦的分布面积和平均斑块面积百分比均高于无干扰预案,聚集度指数只在模拟的80～190年高于无干扰预案;樟子松的分布面积、聚集度指数和平均斑块面积在干扰预案下略低于无干扰预案.落叶松毛虫在一定程度上导致森林景观的破碎化.     

考虑森林植被影响的小流域降雨径流模型

在一个面积为834km2的森林流域上,采用覆盖率和林木蓄积量作为森林植被影响降雨径流的两个量化指标,并划分了两个等级:(1)森林覆盖率≥60%且蓄积量≥5000 m3/km2;(2)森林覆盖率＜60%且蓄积量＜5000 m3/km2.在构造的模型中,根据森林植被的两个量化指标,分别选取了不同的参数.在产流量计算中,该模型采用了蓄满产流模拟技术,土壤蓄水量计算采用了二层模式,流域蓄水容量-面积分配曲线采用了指数函数形式,即a=1-eKP.在汇流计算中,采用了分水源的演算方法,其中地表水汇流采用了等流时线法与线性水库调蓄相结合的技术,地下水汇流采用了简化三角形法.经过对模拟计算结果进行比较,表明该模型不仅具有较好的精度,而且还能大致反映出两种不同森林植被条件对涵养水源、调节洪水的不同作用效果.该模型具有较强的实用性,能够为森林水文功能的深化研究起到借鉴作用.     

人为干扰对闽北森林群落物种多样性的影响

本文从群落及其组成结构等方面分析了闽北长期封禁保护的森林（ｃｏｎｓｅｒｖｅｄｆｏｒｅｓｔ,ＣＦ）和人为干扰后的退化森林（ｄｅｇｒａｄｅｄｆｏｒｅｓｔ,ＤＦ）群落物种多样性,结果认为,ＤＦ群落的植物物种丰富度和ＳｈａｎｎｏｎＷｉｅｎｅｒ指数与ＣＦ群落相近或略高,但ＤＦ群落植物种类组成和层次结构的物种多样性发生明显变化,群落物种种群基础已改变,稀有种和渐危种缺乏,这正是ＤＦ与ＣＦ群落物种多样性的本质差异。     

不同经营模式对川西亚高山天然次生林林地水文效应的影响

天然次生林是川西亚高山林区经历大规模砍伐后形成的主要森林类型之一,是我国西南林区水源涵养林的重要组成部分。以不同经营模式(抚育经营、清林+补植经营以及封育经营)的川西亚高山次生桦木林和桦木、岷江冷杉混交林为研究对象,通过样方取样法获取和分析了林地苔藓、枯落物和土壤的水文指标。结果表明,与封山育林经营相比,抚育经营下的两种林型的苔藓最大持水率均显著升高(F=8.147,P=0.010;F=15.525,P=0.006)、桦木林的蓄积量显著降低(F=4.979,P=0.022),而苔藓最大持水量变化不显著;混交林则均无显著变化。在清林+补植经营下,混交林苔藓水文效应变化不显著(F=2.280,P=0.183),而桦木林虽然苔藓最大持水率无显著变化(F=4.072,P=0.098),但蓄积量的显著降低(F=3.536,P=0.044)导致了其最大持水量的降低(F=3.782,P=0.042)。两种经营方式基本上促进了天然林的枯落物最大持水率、降低了林下枯落物蓄积量;其中抚育经营效果更显著,但两种经营方式下枯落物最大持水量变化不显著。两种经营方式下,桦木林和混交林的林下土壤容重均降低(F=10.715,P0.01;F=5.148,P0.05),同时桦木林土壤最大持水量增加(F=4.499,P0.05),其中抚育经营的影响程度都更显著。从4年来的短期效应来看,两种经营方式均对天然林的林地持水能力具有促进作用,抚育经营较清林+补植经营更显著,但这仅是短期的结果,两种经营方式对于退化天然林水文以及其他生态功能恢复的长期影响还有待于进一步的观测研究。     

Unraveling the drivers of intensifying forest disturbance regimes in Europe

Natural disturbances like wildfire, windthrow and insect outbreaks are critical drivers of composition, structure and functioning of forest ecosystems. They are strongly climate‐sensitive, and are thus likely to be distinctly affected by climatic changes. Observations across Europe show that in recent decades, forest disturbance regimes have intensified markedly, resulting in a strong increase in damage from wind, bark beetles and wildfires. Climate change is frequently hypothesized as the main driving force behind this intensification, but changes in forest structure and composition associated with management activities such as promoting conifers and increasing standing timber volume (i.e. ‘forest change’) also strongly influence susceptibility to disturbances. Here, we show that from 1958 to 2001, forest change contributed in the same order of magnitude as climate change to the increase in disturbance damage in Europe's forests. Climate change was the main driver of the increase in area burnt, while changes in forest extent, structure and composition particularly affected the variation in wind and bark beetle damage. For all three disturbance agents, damage was most severe when conducive weather conditions and increased forest susceptibility coincided. We conclude that a continuing trend towards more disturbance‐prone conditions is likely for large parts of Europe's forests, and can have strong detrimental effects on forest carbon storage and other ecosystem services. Understanding the interacting drivers of natural disturbance regimes is thus a prerequisite for climate change mitigation and adaptation in forest ecosystem management.     

Effects of forest clear-cutting and soil disturbance on the biology of small forest brooks

As a part of the larger Nurmes research project, we studied the effects of clear-cutting and soil disturbance (ditching, ploughing, mounding) on the biology of small forest brooks. After these forestry activities, incoming light, temperature, and nutrient content of the water increased significantly. Mean algal biomass peaked during the first summer after clear-cutting. During the first year following soil disturbance, algal biomass initially decreased because of turbidity, but began to rise again as suspended solids in the water decreased in the summer months. Species composition changed, too; after clear-cutting, Cryptomonas and Chlamydomonas species increased their densities (48% of the algal biomass) and following soil disturbance, the species numbers and densities of Conjugatophyceae (52% of the algal biomass) were higher than before. Canonical correspondence analysis suggested that increased nutrient levels and acidity were the main factors behind the changes in the flora following clear-cutting. The most important effect of soil disturbance was the increased water temperature. Effects of forest clear-cutting on algal productivity in the brooks remain evident at least for three years and those of soil disturbance for an even longer period. Restricted clear-cutting, with a protective zone left uncut around the brooks, appears to reduce the effects.     

塔里木荒漠河岸林干扰状况与林隙特征

对塔里木河中游荒漠河岸林林隙基本特征和干扰状况进行了研究。结果表明：形成的林隙形状近似于椭圆形,椭圆长短轴比率在扩展林隙(EG)和冠空隙(CG)有所不同,平均分别为1.52和2.31;林隙密度约为62.5个?hm-2, EG和CG在塔里木荒漠河岸林景观中的面积比例分别为69.52%和29.03%,干扰频率分别为1.45%?a-1和0.61%?a-1,林隙干扰返回间隔期约为164a。林隙大小结构表现出以小林隙为主的偏正态分布,EG大小40—200m2,CG大小0—80m2。林隙形成速率为1.30个?hm-2a-1,20—30a前形成的林隙最多。林隙形成方式由树木折干 枯立形成的最为普遍,占形成木总数95.73%。林隙大多由2—5株形成木形成, 而由4株形成木创造的林隙最多,平均每个林隙拥有形成木4.1株。林隙形成木主要为森林建群种,林隙形成木分布最多的径级在5—25cm,高度在4—8m,每株形成木所能形成的EG面积为27.12m2, CG面积为11.32m2。边缘木的径级结构呈正态分布,而高度结构呈偏左的正态分布,平均每个林隙拥有8.375株边缘木,林隙边缘木平均胸径比形成木平均胸径高73.1%,表明荒漠河岸林林隙干扰十分频繁,地下水位的持续下降是林隙形成的驱动力。     

The effects of disturbance on forest butterflies using two methods of sampling in Trinidad

The butterfly assemblages of pairs of forest habitats, differing in disturbance level, within the Victoria Mayaro reserve of South-East Trinidad, are described using walk-and-count transects and canopy and understorey fruit traps. The concurrent use of these two butterfly censusing techniques, revealed major but conflicting differences in species accumulation rates under different disturbance conditions. The disturbed evergreen habitat had the significantly highest accumulation rate from walk-and-count data but the significantly lowest from fruit trap data. This reflects the specificity of much of the fruit-feeding guild for closed canopy forest. Disturbed habitats were found to lack a distinct canopy fauna. These results are discussed in light of the intermediate disturbance hypothesis. Within a region of forest, butterflies were found to be more characteristic of a disturbance level than of a particular forest type, lending weight to the belief that butterfly faunas can be used as bioindicators of forest disturbance. Several restricted geographic range species were not adversely affected by forest disturbance, at these levels of disturbance. The butterfly censuses in this study suggest that the optimal strategy for safeguarding butterfly species richness under natural forest management regimes would be to maintain a mosaic of habitats that included areas of undisturbed primary forest and a network of other forest patches, that varied in management regime and level of disturbance.     

Fire regimes and forest changes in mid and upper montane forests of the southern Cascades, Lassen Volcanic National Park, California, U.S.A.

Aim Spatial and temporal variation in fire regime parameters and forest structure were assessed. Location A 2630‐ha area of mid‐ and upper montane forest in Lassen Volcanic National Park (LVNP). Methods Two hypotheses were tested concerned with fire‐vegetation relationships in southern Cascades forests: (1) fire regime parameters (return interval, season of burn, fire size, rotation period) vary by forest dominant, elevation and slope aspect; and (2) fire exclusion since 1905 has caused forest structural and compositional changes in both mid‐ and upper montane forests. The implications of the study for national park management are also discussed. Results Fire regime parameters varied by forest compositional group and elevation in LVNP. Median composite and point fire return intervals were shorter in low elevation Jeffrey pine (Pinus jeffreyi) (JP) (4–6 years, 16 years) and Jeffrey pine–white fir (Abies concolor) (JP‐WF) (5–10 years, 22 years) and longer in high elevation red fir (Abies magnifica)— western white pine (Pinus monticola) (RF‐WWP) forests (9–27 years, 70 years). Median fire return intervals were also shorter on east‐facing (6–9 years, 16.3 years) and longer on south‐ (11 years, 32.5 years) and west‐facing slopes (22–28 years, 54‐years) in all forests and in each forest composition group. Spatial patterns in fire rotation length were the same as those for fire return intervals. More growing season fires also occurred in JP (33.1%) and JP‐WF (17.5%) than in RF‐WWP (1.1%) forests. A dramatic decline in fire frequency occurred in all forests after 1905. Conclusions Changes in forest structure and composition occurred in both mid‐ and upper montane forests due to twentieth‐century fire exclusion. Forest density increased in JP and JP‐WF forests and white fir increased in JP‐WF forests and is now replacing Jeffrey pine. Forest density only increased in some RF‐WWP stands, but not others. Resource managers restoring fire to these now denser forests need to burn larger areas if fire is going to play its pre‐settlement role in montane forest dynamics.     

Ecological and biogeographical effects of forest disturbance on tropical butterflies of Sumba, Indonesia

ABSTRACT. Butterfly assemblages within lowland monsoon forest were compared at four sites on Sumba, Indonesia that differed in terms of protection and exhibited associated differences in levels of human disturbance. A numerical method employing principal components analysis was devised for describing forest structure at each site. The first principal component (PRIN1) grouped attributes tending towards dense forest with closely-spaced trees, a closed canopy and a poorly developed field layer, with trees that tended to be large with the point of inversion in the upper half of the trunk. The highest values for PRIN1 were recorded within protected forest, and PRIN1 values were considered to be a useful index of forest disturbance at each site. Species diversity of butterflies was highest in unprotected secondary forest, but was not affected by lower levels of disturbance. Those species occurring at highest density in secondary forest generally had wide geographical distributions, whereas those species occurring at highest density in undisturbed primary forest had restricted ranges of distribution, in most cases with a separate subspecies on Sumba. Overall, an index of biogeographical distinctiveness decreased with increasing disturbance, and this supports the hypothesis that the most characteristic species of undisturbed climax forest have the smallest geographical ranges of distribution. Species abundance data for butterflies fitted a log-normal distribution at all but the most disturbed site. These results indicate that the pattern of proportional abundance of tropical butterfly species may be used as an ‘instantaneous’ indicator of forest disturbance, and that changes in the structure of tropical forests in S.E. Asia resulting from human disturbance, even within partially-protected forest, may result in the presence of butterfly assemblages of higher species diversity but of lower biogeographical distinctiveness, and therefore of lower value in terms of the conservation of global biodiversity.