永定河沿河沙地杨树人工林生态系统呼吸特征

杨树是世界上广泛采用的人工造林树种之一,也是中国人工林面积最大的树种。研究杨树人工林生态系统呼吸(Re)及其分量土壤呼吸(Rs)的时间动态格局以及强度特征,分析两者对环境因子的响应是提高人工林生态系统净生产力和促进固碳减排等人工林经营管理中考虑的首要问题。采用开路式涡度相关系统、Licor-8150土壤呼吸测定系统以及小气候测定系统连续测定了位于北京大兴区永定河沿河沙地杨树人工林的生态系统呼吸、土壤呼吸和小气候特征。研究结果表明:(1)2007-2009年该生态系统的Re年总量分别为946.68、863.58、817.30gCm^-2a^-1,其中Rs年总量分别为642.11、629.29,609.05gCm^-2a^-1, Rs年总量约占Re年总量的70%;(2)Re和Rs月总量一般在7或者8月份达到最大值,Rs的变化趋势与土壤5cm温度(Ts5)相一致;(3)Ts5是Re和Rs两者的显著影响因子,但Re与空气相对湿度(RH)的相关性最显著。此外,Rs更容易受到Ts5和0-20cm土壤平均体积含水量(vwc)两者耦合效应的限制。     

不同土壤水分条件下杨树人工林水分利用效率对环境因子的响应

运用涡度相关(Eddy covariance,EC)开路系统和微气象观测系统,于2007年对位于北京市大兴区永定河沙地杨树(Populus euramertcana)人工林与大气间碳、水和能量交换进行了连续测定.通过分析总生态系统生产力(GEP)、蒸发散(ET)以及水分利用效率(WUE=GEP/ET)随相对土壤含水量(REW)的变化趋势,探讨杨树人工林不同土壤水分条件下水分利用效率对气象因子以及下垫面因素的响应,为杨树人工林经营管理提供理论依据.研究结果表明:当REW＜0.1时,GEP和ET受到严重水分胁迫的影响维持在较低水平,环境因子对GEP、ET和WUE的影响较小;当0.1＜REW＜0.4时,GEP和ET随着土壤体积含水量(VWC)的增加而增大,WUE随VWC的增大而减小;REW＞0.4时,气象因子是影响碳固定和水分损耗的主要原因,由于ET对气象因子变化的响应较GEP更为敏感,因此,WUE随空气饱和水汽压差(VPD)的增大而减小.沙地土壤保水能力较差,不能保证土壤水分被植物有效利用,因此当VWC处于5.2%-8.8％(0.1＜REW＜0.4)范围时,碳固定与水分消耗达到最高效率.研究表明杨树人工林WUE随降水变化而变化,未来气候变化和变异有可能影响杨树林耗水和生产力之间的关系.     

永定河沿河沙地杨树人工林蒸腾耗水特征及其环境响应

杨树是我国北方最常见的人工造林树种之一。一直以来在干旱、半干旱地区,速生杨树用材林和生态防护林的耗水问题备受关注。研究不同生长发育阶段杨树人工林蒸腾耗水及其对各环境因子的响应对于实现杨树人工林可持续经营具有重要价值。采用树干液流法结合微气象观测系统和土壤水分观测,在2010—2011年对位于北京南郊大兴林场、林龄为13a的杨树人工林林分蒸腾耗水和环境因子进行了同步观测,以期能够探究该林分的蒸腾耗水及其对环境因子的响应。结果表明,树干液流密度(Js)日变化呈明显的单峰曲线,单株样木耗水量随着胸径的增加而增大。在半小时尺度上,单株树木Js与浄辐射(Rn)、饱和水气压差(VPD)存在时滞,这种时滞现象随土壤水分条件不同而变化。林分蒸腾耗水总量在2010和2011年生长季内分别为113.7 mm和174.8 mm,占同期降雨的30.2%和36.9%,与该杨树人工林前期研究相比,随着林龄的增长2010—2011年的蒸腾量呈减小趋势。日尺度上,该人工林蒸腾耗水与净辐射(Rn)、饱和水汽压差(VPD)和土壤体积含水率(SWC)显著相关,在不同土壤水分条件下Rn与林分蒸腾的相关关系发生变化,而VPD过高会对林分蒸腾产生抑制。林分月蒸腾和年总蒸腾主要取决于同期降雨量,因此,降雨年际差异较大时,蒸腾的年际变化也相应较大。     

大气气溶胶对北京杨树人工林生态系统生产力的影响

大气气溶胶可以影响到达地面的太阳辐射,进而影响植物光合作用和生态系统生产力,乃至区域上的碳收支。为探究北京地区气溶胶对杨树人工林生态系统生产力的影响,利用2006—2009年北京大气气溶胶数据结合北京大兴杨树人工林涡度相关系统监测的辐射、碳通量等数据,分析了气溶胶对散射辐射、光能利用效率(LUE)、生态系统初级生产力(GPP)的影响,并利用通径分析方法探究了气溶胶和生态环境因子对GPP的直接和间接影响。结果表明,北京市气溶胶光学厚度(AOD)具有明显的季节变化特征：春、夏两季大于秋、冬季,夏季气溶胶光化学厚度最大。大气气溶胶显著影响了地表辐射组分以及温度、湿度环境因子,随着AOD从0增大到3,总辐射减小了43.63%,散射辐射增加132.26%,散射辐射比例增大了2.55倍,而相对湿度增大48.52%,日温差增大3℃左右。当生态系统受水分胁迫时,气溶胶对生态系统生产力无显著影响,当生态系统处于非水分胁迫时,杨树人工林生态系统光能利用效率和生产力随着气溶胶浓度增大先增大后减小,当AOD为1.0—1.6时,GPP维持在较高的水平,当AOD>2.5时,GPP显著减小且小于背景气溶胶(A...     

农田光能利用效率研究进展

光能利用率(RUE)是作物生长模型的主要参数之一.RUE被广泛应用于基于遥感的净初级生产力估算.受环境条件影响,作物生长季内RUE并非常数.RUE估算不准将给净初级生产力的模拟计算带来很大误差.本文分析了农田RUE的测定方法和变化特征.讨论了辐射、温度、饱和差、植物叶片氮含量和作物种类对RUE的影响,分析了目前RUE研究中存在的问题,提出在作物模型中用RUE作参数时必须考虑作物生长发育所引起的RUE变化.今后应加强作物生物量和截获辐射间关系的机理研究.利用涡度相关技术等微气象方法研究短时间尺度上RUE的变化将成为未来研究的热点.     

生态系统水分利用效率研究进展

水分利用效率(WUE)是反映生态系统水碳循环相互关系的重要指标,开展生态系统水平WUE的时空变异性的研究有助于预测气候变化对生态系统水碳过程的影响.目前不同研究常常基于不同的算法估算生态系统WUE,一方面不同算法因包含了不同复杂程度的水过程而有着不同的内涵,另一方面各种算法又因包含了相同的核心过程而有着密切的联系.长期以来人们通过传统的生物量动态调查和生态系统水文过程的测定来估算生态系统的WUE,但该方法大大限制了在短时间尺度上对生态系统WUE进行分析,近年来发展起来的以涡度相关为代表的新技术的应用使得研究生态系统WUE在多个时空尺度上的变异特征取得了突破性的进展.生态系统WUE的主要影响因子与叶片尺度相似,主要有空气饱和水气压差(VPD)、土壤水分、大气CO2浓度、Ci/Ca等,另外,生态系统水分平衡特征也有着重要影响.比较分析表明,森林与草地生态系统WUE的日变化和季节变化存在显著的差异,同时森林和农田生态系统的WUE整体高于草地、荒漠和冻原.当前生态系统WUE的研究尚处于初始阶段,许多工作仍需深入开展,其中,多时间尺度以及生态系统间WUE的时空变异特征及机理的对比研究可能是未来工作的热点.     

鼎湖山森林群落的光能利用效率

本文研究了鼎湖山自然保护区,亚热带季风常绿阔叶林和针叶阔叶混交林的光能利用效率。根据群落的垂直结构和成层现象,应用红外线CO_2气体分析法,分层测定了主要植物22种58株的光合速率.计算了群落的生产力;用量子传感器分层测定了两个群落的光合有效辐射,并计算其光能利用效率。结果表明:阔叶林总生产力的光能利用效率为14.28%,混交林为12.01%,说明了不同森林类型对光能资源的利用效率。     

鼎湖山亚热带季风常绿阔叶林的生物量和光能利用效率

报道鼎湖山自然保护区黄果厚壳桂群落的生物量、生产力和光能利用效率。根据群落的种类成分和结构特征,分层选主要树种,用样本收获法和红外线ＣＯ２气体分析法,测定了群落的生物量、光合速率和呼吸速率,计算了群落的生产力和光能利用效率．结果表明,群落的生物量为２０８ｔ·ｈｍ－２;总生产力为１２８７０４ｋＪ·ｍ－３·ａ－１,净生产力为３０４５１ｋＪ·ｍ－２·ａ－１;由总生产力计算光合有效辐射能的吸收利用率为９,６６％,净生产力的利用率为２．２８６％,并与厚壳桂群落作比较,阐明了南亚热带森林群落的生产潜力．     

辽西樟子松人工林净生态系统碳交换

樟子松是三北地区造林的主要树种之一,研究樟子松人工林净生态系统碳交换(NEE)及其影响要素对理解我国人工林碳平衡有重要意义。本研究以辽西樟子松人工林为对象,采用涡度相关系统及其配套设备于2020年对樟子松人工林NEE和环境要素进行了原位连续观测。结果表明: 在0.5 h尺度上,1—12月夜间为碳源,白天为碳汇,且受干旱影响5—8月下午碳吸收受到明显抑制。在日尺度上,受干旱影响,控制夜间NEE季节动态的主要要素为土壤温度和土壤湿度,控制白天NEE季节动态的主要要素为土壤湿度和饱和水汽压差;土壤干旱时降水可促进夜间和白天NEE,并导致光合呼吸参数升高。在月尺度上,白天NEE与表观量子利用效率和最大光合速率均呈显著负相关,当空气温度小于5 ℃时,10 ℃生态系统呼吸和生态系统呼吸温度敏感性随空气温度降低而呈线性增加。2020年辽西樟子松人工林NEE积累量为-145.17 g C·m^-2,表现为弱碳汇。     

北京八达岭林场人工林净碳交换及其环境影响因子

2011年11月-2012年10月,采用涡度相关法对北京市八达岭林场4年生针阔混交人工林的碳交换特征进行了连续观测.结果表明： 观测期间,该森林生态系统在7、8月为碳汇,其余月份均为碳源,净碳释放量与吸收量分别在4月和7月达到最大.生态系统净生产力为(-256±21) g C·m^-2·a^-1,其中生态系统呼吸为(950±36) g C·m^-2·a^-1,总初级生产力为(694±17) g C·m^-2·a^-1.生态系统呼吸与10 cm深度土壤温度呈较好的指数关系,其温度敏感性系数(Q₁₀)为2.2.在5-9月,白天生态系统净碳交换对光合有效辐射的响应符合直角双曲线方程,表观量子效率呈明显的季节变化(0.0219～0.0506 μmol CO₂·μmol^-1),生态系统最大光合速率和白天平均生态系统呼吸强度与光合有效辐射和温度的季节变化趋势相似.此外,7、8月饱和水汽压差与土壤含水量对白天生态系统净碳交换有显著的影响.
     

A cross-biome comparison of daily light use efficiency for gross primary production

Vegetation light use efficiency is a key physiological parameter at the canopy scale, and at the daily time step is a component of remote sensing algorithms for scaling gross primary production (GPP) and net primary production (NPP) over regional to global domains. For the purposes of calibrating and validating the light use efficiency ( ε _g) algorithms, the components of ε _g– absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and ecosystem GPP – must be measured in a variety of environments. Micrometeorological and mass flux measurements at eddy covariance flux towers can be used to estimate APAR and GPP, and the emerging network of flux tower sites offers the opportunity to investigate spatial and temporal patterns in ε _g at the daily time step. In this study, we examined the relationship of daily GPP to APAR, and relationships of ε _g to climatic variables, at four micrometeorological flux tower sites – an agricultural field, a tallgrass prairie, a deciduous forest, and a boreal forest. The relationship of GPP to APAR was close to linear at the tallgrass prairie site but more nearly hyperbolic at the other sites. The sites differed in the mean and range of daily ε _g, with higher values associated with the agricultural field than the boreal forest. ε_g decreased with increasing APAR at all sites, a function of mid‐day saturation of GPP and higher ε _g under overcast conditions. ε _g was generally not well correlated with vapor pressure deficit or maximum daily temperature. At the agricultural site, a ε _g decline towards the end of the growing season was associated with a decrease in foliar nitrogen concentration. At the tallgrass prairie site, a decline in ε _g in August was associated with soil drought. These results support inclusion of parameters for cloudiness and the phenological status of the vegetation, as well as use of biome‐specific parameterization, in operational ε _g algorithms.     

散射辐射对亚热带人工针叶林光能利用率的影响

地表接受的太阳辐射中散射辐射的改变是影响森林生态系统光能利用率(Light Use Efficiency,LUE)的重要因素。以千烟洲亚热带人工针叶林为研究对象,利用30 min通量和常规气象观测数据,以晴空指数(kt)和地表接受的散射辐射(S_f)占太阳总辐射(S_0)的比值(S_f/S_0)为指标,分析了2003—2012年生长旺季(6—8月)散射辐射变化对千烟洲亚热带人工针叶林光能利用率的影响,并利用改进的光响应曲线模型分析了散射辐射变化对植被光合特性的影响。研究结果表明:2003—2012年生长旺季中,kt在0.6—0.7范围内的LUE比kt在0.4—0.5范围内的LUE平均减少了44.66%;S_f/S_0在70%—85%之间的LUE比S_f/S_0在55%—70%之间的LUE平均提高了22.24%。由此可以看出,与晴朗天空相比,多云及气溶胶增加导致的散射辐射增加可使该生态系统的LUE提高。并且,未受到高温干旱影响的2005、2006、2008、2009、2010及2012年散射辐射下该生态系统的初始量子效率αf比直接辐射下的αr平均增加了0.63 g CO2/mol;而10年间所有年份散射辐射下的光饱和时的潜在最大光合作用速率比直接辐射下平均提高了0.81 mg CO_2m~(-2)s~(-1),说明散射辐射可使该生态系统植被光合能力提高。     

Patterns and controls of the variability of radiation use efficiency and primary productivity across terrestrial ecosystems

Aim The controls of gross radiation use efficiency (RUE), the ratio between gross primary productivity (GPP) and the radiation intercepted by terrestrial vegetation, and its spatial and temporal variation are not yet fully understood. Our objectives were to analyse and synthesize the spatial variability of GPP and the spatial and temporal variability of RUE and its climatic controls for a wide range of vegetation types. Location A global range of sites from tundra to rain forest. Methods We analysed a global dataset on photosynthetic uptake and climatic variables from 35 eddy covariance (EC) flux sites spanning between 100 and 2200 mm mean annual rainfall and between ?13 and 26°C mean annual temperature. RUE was calculated from the data provided by EC flux sites and remote sensing (MODIS). Results Rainfall and actual evapotranspiration (AET) positively influenced the spatial variation of annual GPP, whereas temperature only influenced the GPP of forests. Annual and maximum RUE were also positively controlled primarily by annual rainfall. The main control parameters of the growth season variation of gross RUE varied for each ecosystem type. Overall, the ratio between actual and potential evapotranspiration and a surrogate for the energy balance explained a greater proportion of the seasonal variation of RUE than the vapour pressure deficit (VPD), AET and precipitation. Temperature was important for determining the intra‐annual variability of the RUE at the coldest energy‐limited sites. Main conclusions Our analysis supports the idea that the annual functioning of vegetation that is adapted to its local environment is more constrained by water availability than by temperature. The spatial variability of annual and maximum RUE can be largely explained by annual precipitation, more than by vegetation type. The intra‐annual variation of RUE was mainly linked to the energy balance and water availability along the climatic gradient. Furthermore, we showed that intra‐annual variation of gross RUE is only weakly influenced by VPD and temperature, contrary to what is frequently assumed. Our results provide a better understanding of the spatial and temporal controls of the RUE and thus could lead to a better estimation of ecosystem carbon fixation and better modelling.     

Carbon dynamics and environmental controls of a hilly tea plantation in Southeast China

Tea plantations are widely distributed and continuously expanding across subtropical China in recent years. However, carbon flux exchanges from tea plantation ecosystems are poorly understood at the ecosystem level. In this study, we use the eddy covariance technique to quantify the magnitude and temporal variations of the net ecosystem exchange (NEE) in tea plantation in Southeast China over four years (2014–2017). The result showed that the tea plantation was a net carbon sink, with an annual NEE that ranged from ?182.40 to ?301.51 g C/m², which was a much lower carbon sequestration potential than other ecosystems in subtropical China. Photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) explained the highest proportion of the variation in NEE and gross primary productivity (GPP) (for NEE: F = 389.89, p < .01; for GPP: F = 1,018.04, p < .01), and air temperature (T_a) explained the highest proportion of the variation in ecosystem respiration (RE) (F = 13,141.81, p < .01). The strong pruning activity in April not only reduced the carbon absorption capacity but also provided many plant residues for respiration, which switched the tea plantation to a carbon source from April to June. Suppression of NEE at higher air temperatures was due to the decrease in GPP more than the decrease in RE, which indicated that future global warming may transform this subtropical tea plantation from a carbon sink to carbon source.     

遥感GPP模型在中亚干旱区4个典型生态系统的适用性评价

总初级生产力(GPP)是全球生态系统碳循环的重要组成部分,对全球气候变化有重要影响。目前有多种遥感模型可以模拟总初级生产力,比较不同遥感模型在中亚干旱区上的适用性对推进全球干旱区碳收支估算具有重要意义。基于涡度协相关技术观测的四个地面站数据验证MOD17、VODCA2、VPM、TG、SANIRv五种模型的模拟精度。结果表明：(1)基于光能利用率理论的MOD17、VPM模型模拟咸海荒漠植被和阜康荒漠植被GPP的精度最高(R²分别为0.52和0.80),但在模拟草地、农田生态系统生产力时存在较明显的低估(RE>20%);基于植被指数的遥感模型TG模型、SANIRv模型模拟巴尔喀什湖草地生态系统和乌兰乌苏农田生态系统GPP的精度最高(R²分别为0.91和0.81),同时模拟值与实测值的相对误差也较低;基于微波的VODCA2模型模拟各生态系统生产力的效果最差。(2)水分亏缺是限制植被GPP的主要因素,因此是否合理考虑水分胁迫是影响GPP模型在中亚干旱区适用性的重要因素。研究揭示了遥感GPP模型在中亚干旱区的应用潜力,为推进全球植被碳通量的准确估...     

Dynamics and regulations of ecosystem light use efficiency in a broad-leaved Korean pine mixed forest,Changbai Mountain

Aims Ecosystem light use efficiency (LUE) reflects the ability of CO₂ uptake and light utilization via photosynthesis, which is a key parameter in ecosystem models to evaluate ecosystem productivity. The objectives of this study were to: (1) compare the differences of LUE derived from different methods; (2) elucidate the seasonal dynamics of LUE and its regulatory factors; and (3) evaluate the maximum LUE (LUE_max) and its variability based on eddy-covariance (EC) flux.Methods Using the flux data from an EC tower during 2003-2005 at a broad-leaved Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis) mixed forest, Changbai Mountain, two types of LUE indicators were generated from: 1) the apparent quantum yield (ε) estimated with rectangular hyperbolic curve, and 2) the ecological light use efficiency (LUE_eco) calculated as the ratio between gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and photosynthetically-active radiation (Q).Important findings The seasonal variation of ε and LUE_eco appeared a unimodal pattern within a year, with the variations significantly dominated by soil surface temperature and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). A positive correlation between GEP and LUE was found for both ε and LUE_eco, with the effect of Q on LUE relatively weak. The increase in diffusion radiation appeared favorable for enhanced LUE. Generally, there was a significant positive relationship between ε and LUE_eco, while ε was higher than LUE_eco, especially during the mid-season. The annual maximum value of ε and LUE_eco was (0.087 ± 0.003) and (0.040 ± 0.002) μmol CO₂·μmol photon^-1 over the three years, respectively. The interannual variability of LUE_max for ε and LUE_eco was 4.17% and 4.25%, respectively, with a maximum difference of >8%, likely resulted from considerable uncertainty in model simulations. Our results indicated that the inversion and optimization of maximum LUE should be taken seriously in the application of LUE models.