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1.
基于混合生命周期评价(Hybrid life cycle assessment,HLCA)提出一种改进生态效率模型,系统评价卫生填埋、卫生填埋⁃填埋气利用、焚烧发电、堆肥+卫生填埋和堆肥+焚烧发电5种我国典型生活垃圾处理情景的生态效率,并探究可持续性包含的环境、经济和社会多维权衡关系。结果表明,具有最大生态效率的生活垃圾处理情景因可持续性维度选取不同而异,如考虑人体健康损害影响,焚烧发电情景具有最大经济生态效率,而卫生填埋⁃填埋气利用情景具有最大社会生态效率。生活垃圾处理系统的可持续性评价维度之间具有显著的权衡关系,忽略某些影响类型可能带来问题转移。5种生活垃圾处理情景的环境影响各异,非焚烧情景气候变化影响和焚烧情景人体毒性影响突出。机器设备和燃料使用对资源消耗影响贡献最大,而生活垃圾处理过程对经济效益和其他环境影响贡献最大。本文提出的改进生态效率模型可以定量评价生活垃圾管理系统生态效率及权衡关系,为有效制定生活垃圾管理政策提供全面的信息支持。 相似文献
2.
结合城市生活垃圾管理系统特征,系统归纳基于生命周期评价(Life cycle assessment,LCA)方法的城市生活垃圾管理模型的发展现状,并对LCA方法在城市生活垃圾管理中的实践以及在我国开展城市生活垃圾管理LCA研究的应用前景进行评述。分析表明,LCA是城市生活垃圾管理领域的重要工具之一,基于LCA方法的城市生活垃圾管理模型在全生命周期环境影响评价与识别、处置工艺选择与改进、可持续生活垃圾管理决策支持等方面具有十分重要的应用价值。中国在本地化生活垃圾管理系统LCA模型开发、清单数据库和评价指标体系构建以及与其他研究方法集成等方面面临挑战。 相似文献
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环境足迹的核算与整合框架——基于生命周期评价的视角 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
环境足迹及其与生命周期评价(LCA)的关系是工业生态学关注的新热点。从探讨环境足迹与LCA的关系入手,以碳足迹、水足迹、土地足迹和材料足迹为例,分别对每一项足迹指标两个版本的核算方法进行了比较。根据清单加和过程的特点,将所有足迹指标划分为基于权重因子和基于特征因子两类,总结了两者的适用性和局限性。在此基础上提出了一个环境足迹核算与整合的统一框架。该框架基于LCA视角建立,但对系统边界和清单数据的要求相对灵活,因而也适用于生命周期不甚明确的情形。研究在一定程度上揭示了足迹指标的方法学实质,同时也为环境影响综合评估提供了一条规范化的途径。 相似文献
5.
餐厨垃圾产生量大、成分复杂、具有"危害性"和"资源性"的双重属性,随着垃圾分类工作的推进,将餐厨垃圾作为一种生物资源回收其中的资源和能源的研究受到了越来越多的关注。本文介绍了餐厨垃圾的成分特性及预分选方法,对餐厨垃圾厌氧消化、好氧堆肥、生物饲料、昆虫养殖、热处理技术及生物炼制生产高附加值化学品等主要的资源化利用途径进行了分析,并对餐厨垃圾收集及资源化过程中产生的恶臭气体、废水污染问题及处理方法进行了介绍。最后指出餐厨垃圾厌氧消化、昆虫养殖、好氧堆肥及生物饲料技术工业化利用过程中的设备运行的稳定性及其废水和臭气的控制问题仍需进一步的研究。餐厨垃圾热处理过程如何进一步降低能耗及开发高附加值的功能炭材料是未来的重要发展方向,餐厨垃圾生物炼制生产高附加值化学品是实现餐厨垃圾高值化利用的有效途径,也是替代传统化工路线生产化学品的重要路径。总之,采用多技术耦合是实现餐厨垃圾"减量化、无害化、资源化"的有效手段,也是发展我国循环经济发展的必然要求。 相似文献
6.
城市生活垃圾代谢的研究进展 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
城市代谢是导致城市发展、能量生产和废物排放的社会、经济和技术过程的总和。生活垃圾管理系统是一类典型的、具备社会、经济、自然要素的复杂系统,它不仅同管理体制、技术水平和居民素质有关,也贯穿生产、消费、流通、还原过程,更和水体、土壤、大气、生物、矿产等自然环境紧密联系。综述了近年来基于城市生态系统代谢思路,在生活垃圾碳、重金属、营养元素和能量的城市代谢等方面的研究进展,分析了未来该领域研究需重点关注的方向。生活垃圾在城市生态系统中的能量流动、物质循环、代谢效率等方面的研究,可为生活垃圾管理系统的评价、规划、工程、管理研究提供科学基础。 相似文献
7.
基于能值分析法的矿区循环经济系统生态效率分析 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
从系统的角度界定了循环经济和矿区循环经济的内涵,提出了煤炭矿区循环经济系统的基本框架,并以能值分析法为基础构建了矿区循环经济系统生态效率评价指标体系与方法。运用所构建的评价指标体系与方法对山东某矿区进行了研究,得出该矿区循环经济系统2007—2011年5年间的能值效率变化趋势图和生态效率指数趋势图,研究结果与该矿区的实际发展趋势基本一致。表明运用能值分析法所建立的评价指标体系具有较强的有效性,并且对煤炭矿区发展循环经济、提高生态效率具有重要指导意义和参考价值。 相似文献
8.
随着城市生活垃圾产生量不断增长,其对环境的危害逐步扩大。城市生活垃圾在收集、运输、处置过程中垃圾所含有的和产生的有害成分会对大气、土壤、水体造成污染。解决垃圾问题的目标是使垃圾减容、减量、资源化、能源化和无害化。目前在我国乃至世界范围内广泛使用的城市生活垃圾处理方式主要有卫生填埋、焚烧和堆肥三种。 相似文献
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城市绿地在施工建设以及后续的管理养护工作中所产生的生态环境负面影响往往被人们忽视。本研究以天津市城市绿地为对象,通过实地调研收集数据,采用生命周期评价方法,分析比较了城市绿地乔木层、灌木层以及草本层在建设阶段和管养阶段各环节的生命周期环境影响。结果表明:在50年生命周期内,单位面积乔木层、灌木层和草本层的环境影响综合指数分别为5.51×103、8.75×103和1.60×103。城市绿地最主要环境影响类型是淡水毒性和土壤毒性,分别占总环境影响的73.12%和26.65%。病虫害防治为城市绿地环境影响的主要贡献环节,贡献率高达99.33%。与农林业相比,城市绿地的管养环境影响指数处于中高水平。因此,城市绿地所造成的生态环境负面影响不可忽视。研究结果可以为城市建设低碳生态型绿地以及科学化管养提供参考依据。 相似文献
11.
Goal and Scope The potential environmental impacts associated with two landfill technologies for the treatment of municipal solid waste (MSW),
the engineered landfill and the bioreactor landfill, were assessed using the life cycle assessment (LCA) tool. The system
boundaries were expanded to include an external energy production function since the landfill gas collected from the bioreactor
landfill can be energetically valorized into either electricity or heat; the functional unit was then defined as the stabilization
of 600 000 tonnes of MSW and the production of 2.56x108 MJ of electricity and 7.81x108 MJ of heat.
Methods Only the life cycle stages that presented differences between the two compared options were considered in the study. The four
life cycle stages considered in the study cover the landfill cell construction, the daily and closure operations, the leachate
and landfill gas associated emissions and the external energy production. The temporal boundary corresponded to the stabilization
of the waste and was represented by the time to produce 95% of the calculated landfill gas volume. The potential impacts were
evaluated using the EDIP97 method, stopping after the characterization step.
Results and Discussion The inventory phase of the LCA showed that the engineered landfill uses 26% more natural resources and generates 81% more
solid wastes throughout its life cycle than the bioreactor landfill. The evaluated impacts, essentially associated with the
external energy production and the landfill gas related emissions, are on average 91% higher for the engineered landfill,
since for this option 1) no energy is recovered from the landfill gas and 2) more landfill gas is released untreated after
the end of the post-closure monitoring period. The valorization of the landfill gas to electricity or heat showed similar
environmental profiles (1% more raw materials and 7% more solid waste for the heat option but 13% more impacts for the electricity
option).
Conclusion and Recommendations The methodological choices made during this study, e.g. simplification of the systems by the exclusion of the identical life
cycle stages, limit the use of the results to the comparison of the two considered options. The validity of this comparison
could however be improved if the systems were placed in the larger context of municipal solid waste management and include
activities such as recycling, composting and incineration. 相似文献
12.
Eco-efficiency analysis by basf: the method 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Peter Saling Andreas Kicherer Brigitte Dittrich-Krämer Rolf Wittlinger Winfried Zombik Isabell Schmidt Wolfgang Schrott Silke Schmidt 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2002,7(4):203-218
Intention, Goal, Scope, Background BASF has developed the tool of eco-efficiency analysis to address not only strategic issues, but also issues posed by the
marketplace, politics and research. It was a goal to develop a tool for decision-making processes which is useful for a lot
of applications in chemistry and other industries. Objectives. The objectives were the development of a common tool, which
is usable in a simple way by LCA-experts and understandable by a lot of people without any experience in this field. The results
should be shown in such a way that complex studies are understandable in one view.
Methods The method belongs to the rules of ISO 14040 ff. Beyond these life cycle aspect costs, calculations are added and summarized
together with the ecological results to establish an eco-efficiency portfolio.
Results and Discussion The results of the studies are shown in a simple way, the eco-efficiency portfolio. Therefore, ecological data are summarized
in a special way as described in this paper. It could be shown that the weighting factors, which are used in our method, have
a negligible impact on the results. In most cases, the input data have an important impact on the results of the study. Conclusions.
It could be shown that the newly developed eco-efficiency analysis is a new tool, which is usable for a lot of problems in
decision-making processes. It is a tool which compares different alternatives of a defined customer benefit over the whole
life cycle.
Recommendations and Outlook This new method can be a helpful tool in different fields of the evaluation of product or process alternatives. It can be
used in research and development as well as in the optimization of customer processes and products. It is an analytical tool
for getting more sustainable processes and products in the future 相似文献
13.
Andreas Ciroth Marcel Hagelüken Guido W. Sonnemann Francesc Castells Günter Fleischer 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2002,7(5):295-300
Goal and Background Geographical and technological differences in Life Cycle Inventory data are an important source for uncertainty in the result
of Life Cycle Assessments. Knowledge on their impact on the result of an LCA is scarce, and also knowledge on how to manage
them in an LCA case study.
Objective Goal of this paper is to explore these differences for municipal solid waste incinerator plants, and to develop recommendations
for managing technological and geographical differences.
Methodology The paper provides a definition of technological and geographical differences, and analyses their possible impacts. In a case
study, the differences are caused intentionally in ‘games’, by virtually transplanting incineration plants to a different
location and by changing parameters such as the composition of the waste input incinerated. The games are performed by using
a modular model for municipal solid waste incinerator plants. In each case, an LCA including an Impact Assessment is calculated
to trace the impact of these changes, and the results are compared.
Conclusions The conclusions of the paper are two-fold: (1) reduce the differences in inventory data where their impact on the result is
high; where it is possible reducing them to a great extent, and the effort for performing the change acceptable; in the case
of incineration plants: Adapt the flue gas treatment, especially a possible DeNOx step, to the real conditions; (2) make use
of modular process models that allow adapting plant parameters to better meet real conditions, but be aware of possible modelling
errors. The paper invites the scientific community to validate the model used for a waste incinerator plant, and suggest putting
up similar models for other processes, preferably those of similar relevance for Life Cycle Inventories. 相似文献
14.
Life cycle assessment of municipal waste water systems 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Anne-Marie Tillman Mikael Svingby Henrik Lundström 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》1998,3(3):145-157
Life Cycle Assessment was applied to municipal planning in a study of waste water systems in Bergsjön, a Göteborg suburb, and Hamburgsund, a coastal village. Existing waste water treatment consists of mechanical, biological and chemical treatment. The heat in the waste water from Bergsjön is recovered for the district heating system. One alternative studied encompassed pretreatment, anaerobic digestion or drying of the solid fraction and treatment of the liquid fraction in sand filter beds. In another alternative, urine, faeces and grey water would separately be conducted out of the buildings. The urine would be used as fertilizer, whereas faeces would be digested or dried, before used in agriculture. The grey water would be treated in filter beds. Changes in the waste water system would affect surrounding technical systems (drinking water production, district heating and fertilizer production). This was approached through system enlargement. For Hamburgsund, both alternatives showed lower environmental impact than the existing system, and the urine separation system the lowest. Bergsjön results were more difficult to interpret. Energy consumption was lowest for the existing system, whereas air emissions were lower for the alternatives. Water emissions increased for some parameters and decreased for others. Phosphorous recovery was high for all three alternatives, whereas there was virtually no nitrogen recovery until urine separation was introduced. 相似文献
15.
Chalita Liamsanguan Shabbir H. Gheewala 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2007,12(7):529-536
Background, Aims and Scope During the combustion of municipal solid waste (MSW), energy is produced which can be utilized to generate electricity. However,
electricity production from incineration has to be evaluated from the point view of the environmental performance. In this
study, environmental impacts of electricity production from waste incineration plant in Thailand are compared with those from
Thai conventional power plants.
Methods The evaluation is based on a life cycle perspective using life cycle assessment (LCA) as the evaluation tool. Since MSW incineration
provides two services, viz., waste management and electricity production, the conventional power production system is expanded
to include landfilling without energy recovery, which is the most commonly used waste management system in Thailand, to provide
the equivalent function of waste management.
Results The study shows that the incineration performs better than conventional power plants vis-à-vis global warming and photochemical
ozone formation, but not for acidification and nutrient enrichment.
Discussion There are some aspects which may influence this result. If landfilling with gas collection and flaring systems is included
in the analysis along with conventional power production instead of landfilling without energy recovery, the expanded system
could become more favorable than the incineration in the global warming point of view. In addition, if the installation of
deNOx process is employed in the MSW incineration process, nitrogen dioxide can be reduced with a consequent reduction of acidification
and nutrient enrichment potentials. However, the conventional power plants still have lower acidification and nutrient enrichment
potentials.
Conclusions The study shows that incineration could not play the major role for electricity production, but in addition to being a waste
management option, could be considered as a complement to conventional power production. To promote incineration as a benign
waste management option, appropriate deNOx and dioxin removal processes should be provided. Separation of high moisture content waste fractions from the waste to be
incinerated and improvement of the operation efficiency of the incineration plant must be considered to improve the environmental
performance of MSW incineration.
Recommendations This study provides an overall picture and impacts, and hence, can support a decision-making process for implementation of
MSW incineration. The results obtained in this study could provide valuable information to implement incineration. But it
should be noted that the results show the characteristics only from some viewpoints.
Outlook Further analysis is required to evaluate the electricity production of the incineration plant from other environmental aspects
such as toxicity and land-use. 相似文献
16.
农业生命周期评价研究进展 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
作为评价产品系统全链条环境影响的有效工具,生命周期评价(LCA)方法已广泛用于工业领域。农业领域也面临着高强度的资源和环境压力,LCA在农业领域的应用应运而生。旨在综述已有农业LCA研究的基础上,鉴别农业LCA应用存在的问题,并为农业LCA未来的发展提出建议。目前农业LCA存在系统边界和功能单位界定不明晰、缺少区域清单数据库、生命周期环境影响评价模型(LCIA)不能准确反映农业系统环境影响、结果解释存在误区等方面的问题。为了科学准确地衡量农业系统的环境影响,促进农业系统的可持续发展,文章认为农业LCA应该从以下几个方面加强研究,即科学界定评价的参照系、系统边界的扩大及功能单位的合理选取、区域异质性数据库构建与LCIA模型开发、基于组织农业LCA的开发以及对于利益相关者行为的研究。 相似文献
17.
The world in the 21st century is facing a dual crisis of increasing waste and global climate change. Substituting fossil fuels with waste biomass‐derived cellulosic ethanol is a promising strategy to simultaneously meet part of our energy needs, mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and manage municipal solid waste (MSW). However, the global potential of MSW as an energy source is as yet unquantified. Here, we report increasing trends of MSW generation, and waste biomass‐derived cellulosic ethanol potentials in relation to socio‐economic development across 173 countries, and show that globally, up to 82.9 billion litres of waste paper‐derived cellulosic ethanol can be produced worldwide, replacing 5.36% of gasoline consumption, with accompanying GHG emissions savings of between 29.2% and 86.1%. 相似文献
18.
Erasmo Cadena Joan Colón Adriana Artola Antoni Sánchez Xavier Font 《The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment》2009,14(5):401-410
Background, aim, and scope Composting is a viable technology to treat the organic fraction of municipal solid waste (OFMSW) because it stabilizes biodegradable
organic matter and contributes to reduce the quantity of municipal solid waste to be incinerated or land-filled. However,
the composting process generates environmental impacts such as atmospheric emissions and resources consumption that should
be studied. This work presents the inventory data and the study of the environmental impact of two real composting plants
using different technologies, tunnels (CT) and confined windrows (CCW).
Materials and methods Inventory data of the two composting facilities studied were obtained from field measurements and from plant managers. Next,
life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology was used to calculate the environmental impacts. Composting facilities were located
in Catalonia (Spain) and were evaluated during 2007. Both studied plants treat source separated organic fraction of municipal
solid waste. In both installations the analysis includes environmental impact from fuel, water, and electricity consumption
and the main gaseous emissions from the composting process itself (ammonia and volatile organic compounds).
Results and discussion Inventory analysis permitted the calculation of different ratios corresponding to resources consumption or plant performance
and process yield with respect to 1 t of OFMSW. Among them, it can be highlighted that in both studied plants total energy
consumption necessary to treat the OFMSW and transform it into compost was between 130 and 160 kWh/t OFMSW. Environmental
impact was evaluated in terms of global warming potential (around 60 kg CO2/t OFMSW for both plants), acidification potential (7.13 and 3.69 kg SO2 eq/t OFMSW for CT and CCW plant respectively), photochemical oxidation potential (0.1 and 3.11 kg C2H4 eq/t OFMSW for CT and CCW plant, respectively), eutrophication (1.51 and 0.77 kg /t OFMSW for CT and CCW plant, respectively), human toxicity (around 15 kg 1,4-DB eq/t OFMSW for both plants) and ozone layer
depletion (1.66 × 10−5 and 2.77 × 10−5 kg CFC−11 eq/t OFMSW for CT and CCW plant, respectively).
Conclusions This work reflects that the life cycle perspective is a useful tool to analyze a composting process since it permits the comparison
among different technologies. According to our results total energy consumption required for composting OFMSW is dependent
on the technology used (ranging from 130 to 160 kWh/t OFMSW) as water consumption is (from 0.02 to 0.33 m3 of water/t OFMSW). Gaseous emissions from the composting process represent the main contribution to eutrophication, acidification
and photochemical oxidation potentials, while those contributions related to energy consumption are the principal responsible
for global warming.
Recommendations and perspectives This work provides the evaluation of environmental impacts of two composting technologies that can be useful for its application
to composting plants with similar characteristics. In addition, this study can also be part of future works to compare composting
with other OFMSW treatments from a LCA perspective. Likewise, the results can be used for the elaboration of a greenhouse
gasses emissions inventory in Catalonia and Spain. 相似文献