根际促生菌提高植物抗盐碱性的研究进展

土壤盐碱化已成为限制作物生长及产量的主要因素之一,严重制约农业的发展。提高作物的抗盐碱性,为提高我国农业持续高效发展奠定基础。从根际促生菌研究现状入手,介绍耐盐碱根际促生菌(Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria,PGPR)的多样性。综述根际促生菌诱导植物建立抵抗或忍耐盐碱胁迫的机制,主要是通过产生植物激素、1-氨基-环丙烷-1-羧酸(ACC)脱氨酶、抗氧化防御物质、渗透调节物质、胞外多糖及挥发性化合物等生理活性物质,改变植物生理及物质代谢水平;另外,一些PGPR通过调节植物盐碱抗性相关基因及蛋白的表达,增强植物抗盐碱能力。通过对耐盐碱根际促生菌及其与植物互作进行展望,为大规模利用根际促生菌缓解盐碱土壤中植物的盐胁迫损伤、增加产量提供重要参考。     

盐胁迫对植物叶绿素荧光影响的研究进展

盐胁迫是制约植物生长发育的主要非生物胁迫之一, 研究植物的耐盐机理对开发和有效利用盐碱地有重要的意义。叶绿素荧光动力技术作为研究植物光合生理状况及植物与逆境胁迫关系的理想方法, 可表明外界胁迫环境对植物光合器官的伤害程度。通过总结性阐述盐胁迫对植物叶绿素荧光的影响, 分别从盐分类型、植物类型、光照强度以及盐旱交互作用等方面分析了植物叶绿素荧光对盐胁迫的响应, 进而反映盐胁迫对植物光合能力的影响程度, 并提出增强植物抗盐性的途径, 包括施加外源物质、利用转基因技术、真菌的协同效应和培育耐盐品种。最后对叶绿素荧光动力技术在抗盐胁迫的运用前景进行了展望, 提出了当前研究需要解决的问题, 旨在为提高植物耐盐能力提供一定的理论依据。     

内生真菌提高禾草抗盐碱性研究进展

盐碱会导致植株生长缓慢甚至抑制其正常发育,如何降低高盐和高p H对植物的不利影响,已成为农业持续发展的重大课题。近年来,内生和共生真菌对宿主植物在抗盐碱方面的有益作用也引起了研究人员的广泛兴趣。本综述评述了内生真菌对宿主禾草植物抗盐碱性影响的研究成果,首先评述了内生真菌对宿主禾草在盐碱胁迫下种子萌发和生长发育影响:表现在提高种子发芽率;促进胚芽和胚根生长;提高宿主禾草的分蘖数、叶片数、株高、生物量、根冠比、成熟花序长度、种子数和种子产量。但也有感染内生真菌对宿主在盐胁迫下无促进作用的。其次,评述了内生真菌在减少禾草盐碱胁迫的原初盐害方面作用:表现为影响膜透性、提高光合作用、增加水分利用效率、改变营养代谢和离子毒害、影响植物激素代谢。最后综述了内生真菌在减少禾草次生盐害方面作用,内生真菌具有促进禾草分泌抗氧化剂、增加抗氧化酶活性、调节有机渗透物质的作用。系统的归纳了内生真菌与宿主禾草抗盐碱性相关研究成果,提出未来可能的研究问题和方向为后期的科研提供参考。     

内生真菌提高禾草抗盐碱性研究进展

盐碱会导致植株生长缓慢,甚至抑制其正常发育,如何降低高盐和高p H对植物的不利影响,已成为农业持续发展的重大课题。近年来,内生和共生真菌对宿主植物在抗盐碱方面的有益作用也引起了研究人员的广泛关注。综述了内生真菌对宿主禾草植物抗盐碱性影响的研究成果,首先评述了内生真菌对宿主禾草在盐碱胁迫下种子萌发和生长发育影响表现在:提高种子发芽率;促进胚芽和胚根生长;提高宿主禾草的分蘖数、叶片数、株高、生物量、根冠比、成熟花序长度、种子数和种子产量。但也有感染内生真菌对宿主在盐胁迫下无促进作用的。其次,评述了内生真菌在减少禾草盐碱胁迫的原初盐害方面作用表现为:影响膜透性、提高光合作用、增加水分利用效率、改变营养代谢和离子毒害、影响植物激素代谢。最后综述了内生真菌在减少禾草次生盐害方面作用,内生真菌具有促进禾草分泌抗氧化剂、增加抗氧化酶活性、调节有机渗透物质的作用。系统的归纳了内生真菌与宿主禾草抗盐碱性相关研究成果,提出未来可能的研究问题和方向为后期的科研提供参考。     

盐胁迫下植物Na~+调节机制的研究进展

盐胁迫是限制农作物生产的主要非生物因素之一。土壤中过量的可溶性盐(主要指Na~+)可使植物受到渗透胁迫、离子胁迫和氧化胁迫等次生胁迫。在高盐环境下,植物通过Na~+外排或胞内区隔化等策略来降低胞内Na~+浓度,进而重建或维持植物体内的离子稳态平衡。主要综述了盐胁迫下植物细胞维持Na~+离子动态平衡的主要途径和调控机制的最新进展。对盐胁迫下离子动态平衡过程的深入了解将有助于创制更高耐逆性的作物品种,实现农业的可持续发展。     

植物响应盐胁迫组学研究进展

盐胁迫对植物生长的影响主要表现在离子毒害、渗透胁迫以及次级氧化胁迫等,植物遭受盐胁迫时迅速启动相关基因,进行转录调控,进而合成相应蛋白质来控制代谢物合成和离子转运以调节渗透平衡。随着现代分子生物学迅速发展,对植物耐盐机理研究也深入到了转录组、蛋白质组、代谢组及离子组等水平,"组学"研究为耐盐基因鉴定及标志性代谢物的挖掘等提供了有力手段。该文对近年来国内外有关转录组学、蛋白质组学、代谢组学、离子组学的主要研究方法及在盐胁迫中的应用研究进展进行综述,以揭示植物耐盐机理,为优良耐盐碱植物的筛选与培育提供支持。     

棉花的抗盐性及提高抗盐性的途径

棉花是较耐盐碱的作物,本文阐述了盐胁迫对棉花生长发育的影响,棉花的抗盐机理和提高棉花抗盐性的途径。     

2012年第2期《遗传》封面说明

盐碱胁迫是影响植物生长、发育的重要环境限制因素,严重影响作物的产量和品质。应用分子生物学和基因工程技术手段培育耐盐碱的作物品种,为开发利用盐碱地资源、增加耕地面积,展示了美好的前景。而挖掘盐碱胁迫相关的新基因,阐明其调控植物耐盐碱的分子机理,是实现上述目标的重要前提条件。本研究从前期的野生大豆(Glycine soja     

WRKY转录因子参与植物抗盐性调控的研究进展

盐胁迫是影响植物生长发育重要的环境因子之一,为了适应及抵御盐胁迫危害的逆境,作物自身会通过一系列变化来适应环境而作出相关性应激性改变,如宏观形态学、生理学改变、微观分子生物学变化等。转录调控是细胞内部调控网络中最重要的一个环节,WRKY转录因子响应并参与多种植物的生物和非生物胁迫。本综述从盐胁迫下作物形态结构的变化、盐胁迫对作物生理代谢的影响以及WRKY转录因子参与作物抗盐调控网络等方面文献,来汇总分析近年来拟南芥、水稻及其他种类植物应对胁迫的响应机制以及WRKY转录因子的功能,为提高园艺作物抗盐性生理作用及分子机制提供帮助,同时为作物抗盐栽培提供新思路。     

植物抗盐胁迫研究进展

盐胁迫严重制约了农业生产,解析盐胁迫机理受到关注。随着抑制消减杂交和基因表达序列分析等大规模表达基因鉴定技术在抗盐研究中的应用,盐碱胁迫下功能基因的获得量迅速增加。综述了近年来在酵母、拟南芥、水稻等生物上利用基因芯片等方法进行抗盐机理研究取得的成果,并介绍了结合系统生物学的方法进行抗盐研究取得的进展,以及植物抗盐胁迫研究的发展前景。     

Ectopic Expression of a Bacterium NhaD-type Na~+/H~+ Antiporter Leads to Increased Tolerance to Combined Salt/Alkali Stresses

AaNhaD,a gene isolated from the soda lake alkaliphile Alkalimonas amylolytica,encodes a Na+/H+ antiporter crucial for the bacterium’s resistance to salt/alkali stresses.However,it remains unknown whether this type of bacterial gene may be able to increase the tolerance of flowering plants to salt/alkali stresses.To investigate the use of extremophile genetic resources in higher plants,transgenic tobacco BY-2 cells and plants harboring AaNhaD were generated and their stress tolerance was evaluated.Ectopic expression of AaNhaD enhanced the salt tolerance of the transgenic BY-2 cells in a pH-dependent manner.Compared to wild-type controls,the transgenic cells exhibited increased Na+concentrations and pH levels in the vacuoles.Subcellular localization analysis indicated that AaNhaD-GFP fusion proteins were primarily localized in the tonoplasts.Similar to the transgenic BY-2 cells,AaNhaD-overexpressing tobacco plants displayed enhanced stress tolerance when grown in saline-alkali soil.These results indicate that AaNhaD functions as a pH-dependent tonoplast Na+/H+antiporter in plant cells,thus presenting a new avenue for the genetic improvement of salinity/alkalinity tolerance.     

Nitrogen fixation persists under conditions of salt stress in transgenic Medicago truncatula plants expressing a cyanobacterial flavodoxin

Several recent studies have demonstrated that the expression of a cyanobacterial flavodoxin in plants can provide tolerance to a wide range of environmental stresses. Indeed, this strategy has been proposed as a potentially powerful biotechnological tool to generate multiple‐tolerant crops. To determine whether flavodoxin expression specifically increased tolerance to salt stress and whether it might also preserve legume nitrogen fixation under saline conditions, the flavodoxin gene was introduced into the model legume Medicago truncatula. Expression of flavodoxin did not confer saline tolerance to the whole plant, although the sensitive nitrogen‐fixing activity was maintained under salt stress in flavodoxin‐expressing plants. Our results indicate that flavodoxin induced small but significant changes in the enzymatic activities involved in the nodule redox balance that might be responsible for the positive effect on nitrogen fixation. Expression of flavodoxin can be regarded as a potential tool to improve legume symbiotic performance under salt stress, and possibly other environmental stresses.     

植物种子萌发期耐盐碱性提高技术研究进展

种子萌发是种胚从生命活动相对静止恢复到生理活跃状态的生长发育过程,最易受到外部环境影响,其中盐碱胁迫是最严重的生态限制因素之一。中国盐碱地面积大、分布广,总面积约1亿hm^2,占全国土地面积的10%,盐碱逆境下种子萌发受阻已成为我国盐碱地植物天然更新和农林业生产的首要障碍因子。目前,已知植物种子萌发期耐盐碱性提高技术主要有物理方法、化学调控、生物途径和育种技术4个方面,其中物理方法包括种子引发、低温、超声波、微波、电场等物理因素处理;化学调控包括无机、有机外源物质调控;生物途径包括植物促生细菌和真菌共生;育种技术包括耐盐性鉴定筛选和转基因技术。综述了植物种子萌发期耐盐碱性提高技术研究进展,简述了这些技术的特点及不足,并提出了进一步开展工作的建议,旨在为解决我国盐碱地植物种子萌发受阻难题、实现盐碱地低成本规模化的生物修复和盐碱地区农林业生产提供参考。     

Overexpression of Arabidopsis thaliana LTL1, a salt-induced gene encoding a GDSL-motif lipase, increases salt tolerance in yeast and transgenic plants

Genes involved in the mechanisms of plant responses to salt stress may be used as biotechnological tools for the genetic improvement of salt tolerance in crop plants. This would help alleviate the increasing problem of salinization of lands cultivated under irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions. We have isolated a novel halotolerance gene from Arabidopsis thaliana, A. thaliana Li-tolerant lipase 1 (AtLTL1), on the basis of the phenotype of tolerance to LiCl conferred by its expression in yeast. AtLTL1 encodes a putative lipase of the GDSL-motif family, which includes bacterial and a very large number of plant proteins. In Arabidopsis, AtLTL1 expression is rapidly induced by LiCl or NaCl, but not by other abiotic stresses. Overexpression of AtLTL1 increases salt tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants, compared to non-transformed controls, allowing germination of seeds in the presence of toxic concentrations of LiCl and NaCl, and stimulating vegetative growth, flowering and seed set in the presence of NaCl. These results clearly point to a role of AtLTL1 in the mechanisms of salt tolerance. In addition, we show that AtLTL1 expression is also activated, although only transiently, by salicylic acid (SA), suggesting that the lipase could also be involved in defence reactions against pathogens.     

Deciphering the regulatory mechanisms of abiotic stress tolerance in plants by genomic approaches

Environmental constraints that include abiotic stress factors such as salt, drought, cold and extreme temperatures severely limit crop productivity. Improvement of crop plants with traits that confer tolerance to these stresses was practiced using traditional and modern breeding methods. Molecular breeding and genetic engineering contributed substantially to our understanding of the complexity of stress response. Mechanisms that operate signal perception, transduction and downstream regulatory factors are now being examined and an understanding of cellular pathways involved in abiotic stress responses provide valuable information on such responses. This review presents genomic-assisted methods which have helped to reveal complex regulatory networks controlling abiotic stress tolerance mechanisms by high-throughput expression profiling and gene inactivation techniques. Further, an account of stress-inducible regulatory genes which have been transferred into crop plants to enhance stress tolerance is discussed as possible modes of integrating information gained from functional genomics into knowledge-based breeding programs. In addition, we envision an integrative genomic and breeding approach to reveal developmental programs that enhance yield stability and improve grain quality under unfavorable environmental conditions of abiotic stresses.     

核黄素参与水稻非生物胁迫响应的分析

为探究核黄素在水稻非生物胁迫响应中的作用,以粳稻Kitaake和籼稻T98B为试验材料,考察了核黄素对2种材料的盐、高温、渗透、碱和氧化胁迫响应的影响,重点测定了盐和高温胁迫下水稻体内核黄素合成基因的表达和相关生理指标。结果表明,(1)施加外源核黄素有效提高了2种水稻材料的盐和高温胁迫耐受性,降低了渗透胁迫耐受性,而其氧化和碱胁迫耐受性不受影响。(2)逆境胁迫均不同程度地促进了核黄素在2种水稻材料中的积累,尤其在盐和高温胁迫下促进效果最明显。(3)盐和高温胁迫均诱导了核黄素合成酶基因的表达,促进了核黄素的生物合成,改善了水稻的胁迫耐受性。研究表明,非生物逆境胁迫能促进核黄素在水稻体内的合成和积累,外源核黄素也能明显提高水稻对盐和高温胁迫的耐受性,但却降低了其对渗透胁迫的耐受性。     

亚麻响应盐、碱胁迫的生理特征

利用中性盐NaCl、Na₂SO₄和碱性盐NaHCO₃、Na₂CO₃混合模拟不同强度的盐、碱胁迫条件, 对亚麻(Linum usitatissimum)进行14天胁迫处理, 测定其地上部分和根生长速率、光合特征、离子平衡及有机渗透调节物质积累, 以探讨亚麻对盐、碱两种胁迫的生理响应特点。研究表明: 亚麻生长对盐、碱胁迫的响应存在差异, 在相同盐浓度下, 碱胁迫对亚麻的伤害大于盐胁迫。碱胁迫使地上部分中Na⁺浓度急剧增高, 造成叶绿体破坏、光合色素含量下降, 光合能力及碳同化能力也急剧下降。亚麻中Na⁺含量随着胁迫强度的增加而升高, 而K⁺含量呈下降趋势, 碱胁迫下的变化明显大于盐胁迫。因此, 碱胁迫导致Na⁺过度积累可能是碱胁迫对植物伤害大于盐胁迫的最主要原因。碱胁迫下Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺在根中下降明显, 可见高pH值阻碍根对Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺的吸收。Fe²⁺和Zn²⁺对渗透调节的影响不大, 因为它们的离子含量较低。盐胁迫促进阴离子(Cl^-、H₂PO₄^-和SO₄^2-)的积累来平衡大量涌入的Na⁺, 但是碱胁迫明显减少无机阴离子含量, 可能造成严重营养胁迫(如P和S不足)。亚麻在盐胁迫下积累大量可溶性糖来平衡大量的Na⁺, 但碱胁迫下积累大量有机酸来维持细胞内离子平衡和pH值稳定, 碱胁迫大量积累的有机酸也可能被分泌到根外调节根外的pH值, 这说明亚麻对两种不同胁迫的响应方式不同。研究证明高pH值会直接影响植物根系的生长发育, 影响植物矿质元素的吸收, 阻碍离子稳态重建, 有机酸代谢是亚麻碱胁迫下的关键适应机制。     

Eco-physiological responses of linseed (Linum usitatissimum) to salt and alkali stresses

AimsEffects of salt and alkali stresses (NaCl-Na₂SO₄ and NaHCO₃-Na₂CO₃) were compared on growth, photosynthesis characters, ionic balance and osmotic adjustment of linseed (Linum usitatissimum), to elucidate the mechanisms of salt and alkali stress (high pH value) damage to plants, and their physiological adaptive mechanisms to the stresses. MethodsThe experiment was carried out in an artificial greenhouse. Plants grew at approximately 700 mmol·m^-2·s^-1 photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) in greenhouse under photoperiod of 15 h in light and 9 h in dark. In each plastic pot (17 cm diameter) which contained 2.5 kg of washed sand, 20 linseed seeds were sown. The seedlings were exposed to stresses lasting 14 days after 2 months.Important findingsThe inhibitory effects of alkali stress on linseed growth were more remarkable than those of salt stress, indicating that alkali and salt represent two distinct forms of stress. The alkali stress increased the Na⁺ content in shoots, damaged the photosynthetic system, and highly reduced the net photosynthetic rate and C assimilation capacity. Under salinity stress, the Na⁺ content increased, the K⁺ content decreased with increasing stress. Greater changes were observed under alkali than under salt stress. Alkali stress caused the massive influx of Na⁺, which probably explained that the harmful of alkali stress on plants was stronger than that of salt stress. Under alkali stress, Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ decreased in roots, showing that high pH value around roots hindered the absorption of them. Fe²⁺ and Zn²⁺ had little effects on the osmotic adjustment, mainly because of they had a low ion content. Under salt stress, anion increased in order to balance the sharp increase of Na⁺. However, alkali stress made severe deficit of negative charge, broke the intracellular ionic balance and pH homeostasis, and caused a series of strain response. Our results showed that linseed enhanced the synthesis of soluble sugars to balance massive influx of Na⁺ under salt stress, but linseed enhanced the synthesis of organic acids to compensate for the shortage of inorganic anions, which might be a key pathway for the pH adjustment. In conclusion, the alkali stress (high pH value) clearly inhibited the growth, element absorption, ion homeostasis reconstruction of plants. Organic acid concentration is possibly a key adaptive factor for linseed to maintain intracellular ion balance and regulate high pH value under alkali stress.     

Comparative effects of osmotic-, salt- and alkali stress on growth,photosynthesis, and osmotic adjustment of cotton plants

In this study, cotton seedlings were subjected to osmotic-, salt- and alkali stresses. The growth, photosynthesis, inorganic ions, and organic acids in the stressed seedlings were measured, to compare the mechanisms by which plants adapt to these stresses and attempt to probe the mechanisms by which plants adapt to high pH stress. Our results indicated that, at high stress intensity, both osmotic and alkali stresses showed a stronger injurious effect on growth and photosynthesis than salt stress. Cotton accumulated large amount of Na+ under salt and alkali stresses, but not under osmotic stress. In addition, the reductions of K⁺, NO₃ ⁻, and H₂PO₄ ⁻ under osmotic stress were much greater than those under salt stress with increasing stress intensity. The lack of inorganic ions limited water uptake and was the main reason for the higher injury from osmotic-compared to salt stress on cotton. Compared with salt- and alkali stresses, the most dramatic response to osmotic stress was the accumulation of soluble sugars as the main organic osmolytes. In addition, we found that organic acid metabolism adjustment may play different roles under different types of stress. Under alkali stress, organic acids might play an important role in maintaining ion balance of cotton; however, under osmotic stress, malate might play an important osmotic role.     

Induction of abiotic stress tolerance in plants by endophytic microbes

Endophytes are micro‐organisms including bacteria and fungi that survive within healthy plant tissues and promote plant growth under stress. This review focuses on the potential of endophytic microbes that induce abiotic stress tolerance in plants. How endophytes promote plant growth under stressful conditions, like drought and heat, high salinity and poor nutrient availability will be discussed. The molecular mechanisms for increasing stress tolerance in plants by endophytes include induction of plant stress genes as well as biomolecules like reactive oxygen species scavengers. This review may help in the development of biotechnological applications of endophytic microbes in plant growth promotion and crop improvement under abiotic stress conditions.

Significance and Impact of the Study

Increasing human populations demand more crop yield for food security while crop production is adversely affected by abiotic stresses like drought, salinity and high temperature. Development of stress tolerance in plants is a strategy to cope with the negative effects of adverse environmental conditions. Endophytes are well recognized for plant growth promotion and production of natural compounds. The property of endophytes to induce stress tolerance in plants can be applied to increase crop yields. With this review, we intend to promote application of endophytes in biotechnology and genetic engineering for the development of stress‐tolerant plants.