海岸带的景观生态特征及其管理

本文依据海岸带的生态学特征,利用景观生态学的原理、方法及控制论和热力学理论来指导海岸带的规划、保护和管理,对改善海岸带的质量,提高其社会效益和经济效益起到明显的效果。     

山地景观生态学研究进展

山地环境对全球变化的高度敏感性及其在陆地淡水资源与生物资源方面的巨大影响,推动山地景观生态学迅猛发展。在系统分析2000年以来山地景观生态学文献计量基础上,针对山地景观生态学主要学科方向与科学问题,以山地垂直带谱结构分布模式与形成机制,山地景观生态功能的分布格局与驱动因素,山地景观生态结构与格局对全球变化的响应等三大领域为重点,综述了自2000年以来的主要研究进展和取得的新认识,归纳了每个领域现阶段存在的主要前沿问题。围绕上述山地景观生态学重点领域,提出了山地景观生态学未来重点发展的6个研究方向:全球山地环境变化综合观测网络与方法、山地多维景观生态格局与时空变化规律及其驱动机制、整合景观生态学方法的林线动态与机制研究、山地生物生产力和物种多样性变化与模拟、景观生态水碳耦合循环变化与影响、山地垂直带谱结构理论与模式等,为进一步推动山地景观生态学发展、准确理解山地环境对全球变化的响应规律及其影响提供理论参考。     

欧洲景观条约与景观生态学研究

1　性质和由来近十多年来 ,欧洲土地利用变化迅速 ,西北欧农业利用加剧和过度发展 ,南欧则出现农业毁弃和贫瘠化 ,城市化与日益增长的交通设施建设都使原有的景观受到威胁 ,其自然特性与社会文化特性发生退化。出于提高生活质量的考虑 ,欧洲人普遍关心景观的保护和管理 ,他们认识到景观在文化、生态、环境以及社会领域具有重大作用 ,构成了有利于经济活动的一种资源 ,景观的管理和保护可以创造就业机会。景观有助于地方文化的构成 ,同时它也是自然与文化遗产的基本组成部分 ,有利于欧洲特色的巩固及人们的欢乐与健康。景观是任何地方人们生…     

景观生态学在近海资源环境中的应用——论海洋景观生态学的发展

长期以来,景观生态学研究主要集中于陆地景观生态研究,并在土地利用、植被退化等方面取得了长足的进展,而在海洋领域涉足颇少.论述了景观生态学在海洋赤潮景观、海洋溢油景观、海域使用景观、滨海湿地景观、海岛景观和海洋环境污染景观等方面的应用前景,并就海洋景观生态学发展几点认识进行了深入探讨,如海洋景观的均质性与异质性、海洋景观格局与生态过程的关系、边缘效应与海岸带、海洋景观评价与评估、海洋景观模型等,目的是为景观生态学在海洋资源环境中的应用、海洋景观生态学的发展探索新的方向.     

快速城市化阶段上海海岸带景观格局的时空动态

海岸带景观动态是海岸带综合管理的重要方面.本文利用多时相遥感影像解译的土地利用数据研究了1994-2005年快速城市化阶段上海海岸带的景观动态变化特征.结果表明:人类干扰导致了海岸带景观的破碎化程度增加,斑块隔离程度加大,景观多样性增大;海岸带基质景观(即农田)的面积持续减少,优势度明显降低,破碎化加大,反映城市化的人工景观类型(如工业用地、交通用地、公共设施用地、居住用地)面积不断增加,成为第二大景观类型,其他用地(主要是在建用地)的面积不断增加,显示出海岸带仍在经历快速城市化过程;导致海岸带景观变化的驱动力主要是国家政策、地方政府的决策、上海市的快速城市化,以及沿海大型开发项目(如浦东国际机场、洋山国际深水港、上海化学工业区等).在分析海岸带城市化带来的生态环境后果的基础上,建议实施综合海岸带管理以实现海岸带的可持续发展.

Abstract：

Coastal zone's landscape dynamics is recognized as one of the important aspects of in-tegrated coastal management. In this paper, the land use datasets derived from time series aerial images were employed to study the coastal landscape dynamics of Shanghai from 1994 to 2005, the period of rapid urbanization. During this period, human disturbances caused landscape frag-mentation and isolation, and increased landscape diversity. The area of main landscape (agricul-tural land) continued to decrease, its dominance declined, and became more fragmentation; while the areas of artificial landscapes reflecting urbanization (e.g.,lands for industry, traffic, public facility, and residence) increased, becoming the second dominant landscape type. The increasing area of other land uses (mainly constructing sites) implied that this coastal zone was still undergoing rapid urbanization. Central government policies, local government decision-mak-ing, rapid urbanization of Shanghai, and coastal big-scale development programs such as Pudong International Airport, Yangshan International Harbor, and Shanghai Chemical Industry Park were the main driving forces for these coastal landscape changes. Based on the analysis of the ecologi-cal consequences of this rapid urbanization, some suggestions for integrated management were made to promote the sustainable development of Shanghai coastal zone.     

高速发展的景观生态学

景观生态学是生态学中一门年轻的分支学科,它的理论与方法和传统生态学有着本质的区别,它注重人类活动对景观格局与过程的影响.景观生态学为综合解决资源与环境问题提供了新的理论和方法,因而近年来受到高度重视.从景观生态学的理论框架、一般原理、研究方法和实际应用四个方面进行论述.     

景观生态学中的文化研究

景观生态学中的文化研究李团胜（中国科学院沈阳应用生态研究所,１１００１５）ＲｅｓｅａｒｃｈｏｎＣｕｌｔｕｒｅｉｎＬａｎｄｓｃａｐｅＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ．ＬｉＴｕａｎｓｈｅｎｇ（ＩｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｏｆＡｐｐｌｉｅｄＥｃｏｌｏｇｙ,Ａ－ｃａｄｅｍｉａＳｉｎｉｃ...     

景观生态学:两栖动物生态学研究的新途径

全球两栖动物正以远超过自然灭绝的高速率灭绝,这与生境丧失和景观破碎化有着直接关系。生境丧失导致两栖动物的生存空间减少,使局部种群消失,而景观破碎化则导致两栖动物种群之间的隔离度增加,不利于动物的繁殖和扩散。但两者往往是同时出现,相互作用。复合种群、景观连接度、景观遗传学及景观模型模拟等理论和方法的发展,为在生境丧失与破碎化景观下两栖动物的种群结构、组成和动态变化研究提供了理论基础和技术方法。同时景观生态学中特别重视研究的尺度,生境破碎化是发生在景观尺度下的生境变化过程,因此对生境破碎化的影响应该从现有的主要集中在斑块尺度和斑块-景观尺度转变到景观尺度上来。     

道路生态学中的景观生态问题

道路具有重要的景观生态影响,是道路生态学研究的热点问题之一。本文综述了道路生态学的研究历程和概况,从基础理论研究、道路对生物和理化环境的影响、道路与景观格局以及道路与土地利用/覆盖变化4个方面论述了目前道路生态学中景观生态问题的主要研究内容,并根据现有的研究成果概括了该领域的主要研究方法,即生物调查、道路缓冲区/影响区分析、叠图分析和综合分析。提出中国道路生态学中景观生态问题研究存在的主要问题,并对该领域未来的研究热点进行了展望。     

基于景观生态学原理的生态网络构建方法比较与评价

构建良好的生态网络是国土空间生态修复的重要内容,对保障区域生态安全,提高景观连通性、保护生物多样性具有重要意义。基于景观生态学原理,遵循“生态源地识别-综合阻力面构建-生态网络生成”基本模式构建区域生态网络是相关研究的主流做法。但该模式内部各环节所依赖的理论基础差异较大,相应的细化思路方法多元,考虑到尺度特征和景观的空间异质性,综合评估不同方法组合下研究结果的差异对深化原理认知和有效指导实践都具有重要意义。考虑到采用景观生态学原理构建生态网络中各环节技术方法的差异性,选取生态源地识别的4种方法、综合阻力面构建的2种方法以及生态网络生成的2种方法,分别基于最小累积阻力模型和电路理论对比两个视角,通过方法组合形成相应的生态网络并进行对比分析。研究结果表明：(1)由于原理差异,各环节下不同方法的分析结果具有显著差异,主要表现在生态源地的数量、面积和空间分布;阻力面高阻力值分布状况;以及生态廊道、生态节点的数量与格局特征等方面;(2)在基于最小累积阻力模型原理的对比方案中,构建包含Harary指数、整体连通性指数、可能连通性指数、成本比、网络密度、效能鲁棒性和廊道密度7个指标的评价体系,对该方...     

区域生态建设与景观生态学的使命

区域和景观尺度上的生态建设是指一定地域、跨生态系统、适用于特定景观类型的生态建设,即实行科学的生态系统管理和优化环境的建设工程．近年来国家实施了一系列重大的生态工程项目,如天然林保护工程、部分地区退耕还林还草、内陆河流域的生态调水等,取得了显著的效果．加强区域生态建设,维护国土安全已成为国家的战略需求．依据不同类型区的特点应实行不同的生态建设战略,如生态敏感区、脆弱区和高人口密度的生态压力区,可分别实施以生态安全保障、生态负荷调整和生态秩序重建为重点的生态建设战略,调控人类活动,实行有序开发,统筹人与自然的和谐发展．面对转型期的国家需求,我国景观生态学的发展迎来了挑战与机遇并存的重要契机．研究的关键议题包括：景观生态安全格局;土地利用与生态过程;人类活动胁迫下的景观变化;区域开发人类活动生态影响的定量评价;区域生态安全评价与预警;景观生态建设的模式设计与优化组合．     

Source-sink landscape theory and its ecological significance

Exploring the relatiouships between landscape pattern and ecological processes is the key topic of landscape ecology,for which,a large number of indices as well as landscape pattern analysis model were developed.However,one problem faced by landscape ecologists is that it is hard to link the landscape indices with a specific ecological process.Linking landscape pattern and ecological processes has become a challenge for landscape ecologists."Source" and "sink" are common concepts used in air pollution research,by which the movement direction and pattern of different pollutants in air can be clearly identified.In fact,for any ecological process,the research can be considered as a balance between the source and the sink in space.Thus,the concepts of "source" and "sink" could be implemented to the research of landscape pattern and ecological processes.In this paper,a theory of sourcesink landscape was proposed,which include:(1) In the research of landscape pattern and ecological process,all landscape types can be divided into two groups,"source"landscape and "sink" landscape."Source" landscape contributes positively to the ecological process,while "sink" landscape is unhelpful to the ecological process.(2) Both landscapes are recognized with regard to the specific ecological process."Source" landscape in a target ecological process may change into a "sink"landscape as in another ecological process.Therefore,the ecological process should be determined before "source"or "sink" landscape were defined.(3) The key point to distinguish "source" landscape from "sink" landscape is to quantify the effect of landscape on ecological process.The positive effect is made by "source" landscape,and the negative effect by "sink" landscape.(4) For the same ecological process,the contribution of "source" landscapes may vary,and it is the same to the "sink"landscapes.It is required to determine the weight of each landscape type on ecological processes.(5) The sourcesink principle can be applied to non-point source pollution control,biologic diversity protection,urban heat island effect mitigation,etc.However,the landscape evaluation models need to be calibrated respectively,because different ecological processes correspond with different source-sink landscapes and evaluation models for the different study areas.This theory is helpful to further study landscape pattern and ecological process,and offers a basis for new landscape index design.     

“源”“汇”景观理论及其生态学意义

格局与过程的关系是景观生态学研究中的核心内容.景观格局指数是定量分析景观格局与生态过程的主要方法,但由于许多景观格局指数难以将格局与过程有机融合在一起而陷入困境,探讨景观格局分析中有效表征生态过程的理论与方法,对于景观生态学的发展具有积极意义.基于大气污染中的“源”“汇”理论,在已有研究基础上,提出了“源”“汇”景观的概念和理论.认为根据不同景观类型的功能,可以将他们划分为“源”“汇”两种景观类型,从而将过程的内涵融于景观格局分析中.该理论认为：（1）在格局与过程研究中,异质景观可以分为“源”“汇”景观两种类型,其中“源”景观是指那些能促进过程发展的景观类型,“汇”景观是那些能阻止或延缓过程发展的景观类型;（2）“源”“汇”景观的性质是相对的,对于某一过程的“源”景观,可能是另一过程的“汇”景观,“源”“汇”景观的分析必须针对特定的过程;（3）“源”“汇”景观区分的关键在于判断景观类型在生态过程演变中所起的作用,是正向推动作用还是负向滞缓作用;（4）不同类型“源”（或者“汇”）景观对于同一种生态过程的贡献是不同的,在分析景观格局对生态过程的影响时需要考虑这种作用的差异;（5）“源”“汇”景观理论可以应用于非点源污染、生物多样性保护、城市热岛效应等不同领域.“源”“汇”景观理论提出的主要目的是探究不同景观类型在空间上的动态平衡对生态过程影响,从而找到适合一个地区的景观空间格局.这一理论的提出有助于推动景观格局与生态过程研究的深入,希望以此为基础,通过大量的实证研究,丰富和完善“源”、“汇”景观的理论和方法.     

Source-sink landscape theory and its ecological significance

Exploring the relationships between landscape pattern and ecological processes is the key topic of landscape ecology, for which, a large number of indices as well as landscape pattern analysis model were developed. However, one problem faced by landscape ecologists is that it is hard to link the landscape indices with a specific ecological process. Linking landscape pattern and ecological processes has become a challenge for landscape ecologists. “Source” and “sink” are common concepts used in air pollution research, by which the movement direction and pattern of different pollutants in air can be clearly identified. In fact, for any ecological process, the research can be considered as a balance between the source and the sink in space. Thus, the concepts of “source” and “sink” could be implemented to the research of landscape pattern and ecological processes. In this paper, a theory of sourcesink landscape was proposed, which include: (1) In the research of landscape pattern and ecological process, all landscape types can be divided into two groups, “source” landscape and “sink” landscape. “Source” landscape contributes positively to the ecological process, while “sink” landscape is unhelpful to the ecological process. (2) Both landscapes are recognized with regard to the specific ecological process. “Source” landscape in a target ecological process may change into a “sink” landscape as in another ecological process. Therefore, the ecological process should be determined before “source” or “sink” landscape were defined. (3) The key point to distinguish “source” landscape from “sink” landscape is to quantify the effect of landscape on ecological process. The positive effect is made by “source” landscape, and the negative effect by “sink” landscape. (4) For the same ecological process, the contribution of “source” landscapes may vary, and it is the same to the “sink” landscapes. It is required to determine the weight of each landscape type on ecological processes. (5) The sourcesink principle can be applied to non-point source pollution control, biologic diversity protection, urban heat island effect mitigation, etc. However, the landscape evaluation models need to be calibrated respectively, because different ecological processes correspond with different source-sink landscapes and evaluation models for the different study areas. This theory is helpful to further study landscape pattern and ecological process, and offers a basis for new landscape index design. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2006, 26(5): 1444–1449 [译自: 生态学报]     

粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态修复工程中的景感生态学应用分析

海岸带作为沿海地区的特有资源,不仅承担着生态保障、生产发展的功能,也是居民生活、休闲、娱乐的重要空间。景感生态学强调将人的物理感知、心理认知以及社会经济可持续发展理念融入到生态环境的规划、建设与管理中,对当前粤港澳大湾区海岸带生态修复工程具有指导意义。以粤港澳大湾区海岸带的18个生态受损点及修复工程为例,通过文献调研和实地踏查,开展其对居民的视觉、听觉、嗅觉、味觉、触觉等物理感知,以及心理认知等景感内涵方面的作用,总结了海岸带景感营造的实现思路与方法。研究认为将景感生态学理论与方法应用于海岸带生态修复工程规划、设计和建设全过程,有助于细化生态修复各层级具体目标,全面提升生态系统服务和提高生态产品质量,提升周边居民的满意度和幸福感。     

1990-2020年江苏省海岸带景观生态状况指数跨尺度时空特征

江苏海岸带生态系统在复杂的外界干扰下产生了不同程度的空间响应和退化特征,特别是近几十年景观格局发生了显著的时空演变,亟待开展多尺度下涵盖景观组成、布局和功能的景观生态综合评估研究.本研究分析了1990-2020年江苏省海岸带大空间尺度下景观生态状况指数(LECI)的时空分布状况,评估了14个县级行政区的景观生态情况,并...