北京东灵山暖温带落叶阔叶林地形和林分结构对林下草本植物物种多样性的影响

森林群落林下草本植物物种多样性丰富,然而大多数森林物种多样性研究集中在乔木层,对林下草本植物物种多样性及其影响因子的研究较少。本研究基于北京东灵山20 ha森林动态监测样地450个1 m×1 m的草本样方调查数据,选择物种丰富度指数(R)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H′)、Simpson优势度指数(D)和Pielou均匀度指数(E)作为草本植物物种多样性数据指标,分析了林下草本植物物种多样性与地形和林分结构的相关关系;并采用Pearson相关性分析、回归分析、冗余分析(RDA)及层次分割的方法,探讨了地形因子和林分因子对草本植物物种多样性的影响。结果表明:(1)林下草本植物的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数与坡向呈显著负相关(P <0.05),随坡向增大(由阳坡转向阴坡)而呈下降趋势; 4个多样性指数与海拔、坡度和凹凸度均无显著相关性。(2)物种丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数随林分密度和林地物种丰富度的增大呈下降的趋势,但随平均胸径的增大呈上升的趋势;各物种多样性指数均与胸径变异系数无显著相关性。(3)层次分割结果表明,环境因子对林下草本植...     

林分因子对张北杨树人工林林下草本层物种多样性的影响

研究人工林林分因子对林下草本层物种多样性的影响,对于人工林的抚育及合理经营有着重要意义。本研究调查了张北杨树人工林的林分死亡率、平均树高、平均枝下高、平均胸径、平均冠幅及林分密度等6个林分因子及林下草本层的群落特征,并计算出物种多样性指数,探究张北杨树人工林林分结构和林下物种多样性随林分因子的变化特征。结果表明:研究区林下草本层共发现维管植物44种,隶属于17科38属,其中以菊科(Compositae)、豆科(Leguminosae)、禾本科(Gramineae)植物最多;林下草本层物种水分生态类型主要以旱生类植物为主,合计25种,占总种数的56.82%,植物生活型谱中以地面芽植物为主,共27种,占总种数61.36%;物种丰富度指数、Shannon指数和Pielou均匀度指数在各样地内存在显著差异,且物种丰富度指数变异系数最大,Simpson指数在各样地之间不存在显著差异,变异系数最小;各样地之间的林分因子均存在显著差异,其中林分死亡率的变异程度最高,平均胸径的变异程度最低;影响林下草本层物种丰富度指数的主要林分因子有林分死亡率、平均枝下高、平均胸径和林分密度,影响Shannon指数的主要林分因子有林分死亡率、平均树高、平均胸径和林分密度,各林分因子对Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数的影响均无显著差异。适当调控林分密度,保持树种针阔混交,将有利于张北杨树人工林林下草本物种多样性的维持。     

林分密度对杉木人工林林下植被和土壤性质的影响

以杉木人工林为研究对象,探究4种林分密度（A：650株/hm²;B：1100株/hm²;C：1250株/hm²;CK：1650株/hm²）林下物种多样性、生物量以及土壤理化性质及其之间的相关性。结果表明：（1）灌木层Shannon-Wiener指数、Patrick丰富度指数及草本层中Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Patrick丰富度指数随林分密度的增加均呈现出双峰型变化趋势,在密度A和C处均出现峰值;灌木层Simpson指数、Pielou均匀度指数随林分密度升高而降低,且灌、草层4种多样性指数最小值均出现在密度CK处。（2）草本层生物量比灌木层高。草本层总生物量（地上+地下）随密度的增大而减少,凋落物的量则随密度的增大而增大。（3）土壤养分含量和林下植物多样性指数随林分密度增大的变化趋势大致相同,且有机质含量在密度A取得最大值。（4）灌木层Shannon-Wiener指数、Patrick丰富度指数与全氮、水解氮、有效磷、有机质呈显著正相关;草本层植被物种多样性与土壤理化性质无显著相关性。（5）各指数与灌木层生物量的相关性较强。综上所述,密度A （650株/hm²）能够促进杉木林林下植被发育,增加林下植被物种多样性、生物量和有机质,可提升维持地力的能力,有利于杉木林稳定持续发展。     

海拔和林分密度对热带雨林林下植物多样性的影响

海拔和林分密度是影响生物多样性的重要因子,但目前对热带雨林中海拔和林分密度复合影响林下植物多样性的效应及路径研究仍不足。本研究在海南热带雨林中基于海拔和林分密度设置了32个样地,调查了各样地植物特征,分析了海拔和林分密度对林下植物多样性(物种丰富度、Shannon多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和物种均匀度)的影响,探索了两者直接或间接通过林分上层植物多样性和环境因子(郁闭度、凋落物、土壤C/N、土壤N/P和土壤pH)的影响路径。结果表明：海拔升高对林下物种丰富度、Simpson优势度和均匀度影响不大,但显著降低林下Shannon多样性,其主要通过改变林分上层Shannon多样性和郁闭度发挥间接调节效应;与之相比,林分密度增加显著降低林下物种丰富度,其既可通过增加郁闭度和土壤N/P产生间接影响,还可产生直接负效应。本研究证实了热带雨林中海拔和林分密度变化对林下植物多样性影响的不同,明确了郁闭度是两者复合调控林下植物多样性的重要因子,加深了林下植物多样性形成机制的认识。     

祁连山东部森林林分结构和环境因素对草本物种多样性的影响

林下草本物种多样性在维持西北干旱与半干旱地区的生态系统服务功能方面起着重要作用,探究其相关影响因素,可为祁连山东部地区的人工生态公益林的可持续经营提供理论基础。选取位于祁连山东部地区的针叶纯林、阔叶纯林、针叶混交林、针阔混交林(人工林)为研究对象,在相关性分析的基础上构建草本物种多样性的多因素参数预测模型和结构方程非参效应模型,探究多重因素(林分空间结构、林分非空间结构、环境因子)间的关系以及对林下草本物种多样性的影响程度。结果表明:(1)针阔混交林中林下草本的科、属、种数量最多。(2)平均胸径、平均树高、角尺度、混交度、大小比、坡度与草本物种多样性呈显著性相关(P<0.05)。(3)平均胸径是影响林下草本Simpson多样性指数的关键因子;坡度是影响林下草本Shannon-Wiener多样性指数的关键因子;角尺度、混交度是影响Pielou均匀性指数的关键因子;平均胸径、平均树高是影响物种丰富度的关键因子。(4)结构方程非参效应模型显示林分结构是影响草本物种多样性的关键因子(P<0.001),环境因子是影响草本物种多样性的重要因子(P<0.05)。因此,在后续森林植被恢复措施中,应当着重考虑林分的空间结构,形成随机分布的异龄复层混交林,以增加光合利用效率并遵循生态位互补理论,从而提高草本多样性。     

我国南方4种常见人工林林下植物多样性特征及影响因素

为了解长期植被恢复的成熟人工林林下植物组成与多样性特征及其影响因素,基于广东鹤山生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站的南亚热带人工林生态系统,对环境相似(坡度、坡向、海拔)、30 a生4种类型人工林(桉树混交林、马占相思纯林、乡土混交林、针叶混交林)进行调查研究,分析林下植物组成和物种多样性(Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数、Pielou指数)特征。结果表明,人工林林下植物类型丰富,均可形成乔-灌-草垂直结构;4种林型林下植物组成既有相似性,也有差异性,桉树混交林与针叶混交林、马占相思纯林与乡土混交林的灌木层组成相似;桉树混交林与马占相思纯林、乡土混交林与针叶混交林的草本层组成相似,而桉树混交林与针叶混交林的草本层组成极不相似。林分类型影响林下植物多样性,马占相思纯林林下灌草多样性显著低于其他3种混交林(P<0.05),灌木物种数、个体数最少;针叶混交林林下物种丰富度最高。林分郁闭度与林下植物多样性呈正相关(P<0.001),林下植物分布与土壤养分含量相关,桉树混交林、马占相思纯林林下植物多样性与不同形态氮含量相关,有效磷、全磷影响乡土混交林林下物种的分布,针叶混交林受土壤酸碱度、全钾的影响较为明显。在4种人工林林下植物群落中,乡土混交林多样性,均匀度最高,优势度最低,具有更佳的保育和维持林下生物多样性功能。因此,乡土树种混交林更适用于生态公益林构建或对一些针叶林及外来树种纯林进行林分改造。     

天目山保护区森林群落植物多样性对毛竹入侵的响应及动态变化

为探讨毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)入侵对周围森林群落的影响,作者于2005-2011年在天目山自然保护区进行了7年长期定位观测实验,研究了毛竹入侵地森林群落的植物物种多样性变化.结果表明:毛竹入侵对周围森林群落植物物种多样性产生了不利影响:毛竹林乔木层和灌木层植物的Simpson指数小于针阔混交林和毛竹-针阔混交林,而草本层的Simpson指数则大于针阔混交林和毛竹-针阔混交林.植物物种丰富度、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数随时间发生了较大变化:毛竹入侵的森林群落其乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数显著降低(P＜0.05),草本层的物种丰富度显著提高(P＜0.05),Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数未表现出明显的变化.毛竹-针阔混交林去除毛竹后,乔木层和灌木层物种丰富度和Simpson指数增加,草本层物种丰富度、Simpson指数和Pielou均匀度指数明显下降.可见,毛竹入侵使森林群落植物多样性发生实质性的变化,对自然保护区植物群落造成了重大影响.由此可见,要使保护区物种多样性得到保护,除进行科学的管理外,还需要控制毛竹蔓延.     

利用异速生长关系和地统计方法估算武夷山南麓毛竹林生物量

澄清毛竹(Phyllostachys edulis)生物量与胸径之间的异速生长关系及毛竹林生物量密度与叶面积指数之间的关系有助于准确估算毛竹林生物量。本文结合异速生长关系和地统计方法对中尺度毛竹林生物量进行估算。利用收获法在武夷山南麓毛竹林分布区砍伐103棵标准竹,并用冠层分析仪获取毛竹林叶面积指数,建立毛竹生物量与胸径、林分生物量密度与叶面积指数的异速生长关系;再利用地统计方法对黄坑镇毛竹林生物量的空间分布进行模拟。结果表明:武夷山南麓毛竹单株生物量与胸径之间存在明显的幂函数关系(R~2=0.585,P=0.002);毛竹林生物量密度与叶面积指数间也存在着显著的幂函数关系(R~2=0.525,P=0.002);利用建立的异速生长方程和地统计方法对黄坑镇毛竹林地上生物量的模拟结果表明,黄坑镇毛竹林平均地上生物量密度为53.49 t·hm~(-2),全镇毛竹林地上生物量约为0.62 Tg。     

不同密度巨桉人工林林下植物多样性及根际土壤化感物质

为探究巨桉人工林林下植物多样性的影响因素,选择四川省丹棱县4和8年生不同密度(1200、1600和2000株·hm^-2)巨桉人工林为对象,研究林下植物多样性和根际土壤酚类化感物质。结果表明: 共发现植物45种,隶属于33科44属;随林龄增加和林分密度降低,巨桉人工林林下植物种类增加且重要值分布更为均匀;各林分植物生活型以高位芽植物为主。4年生林地灌木Shannon指数和Margalef指数在1600株·hm^-2下显著升高,4年生林地除Margalef指数外其余草本多样性指数及8年生林地草本Pielou指数随林分密度降低均显著升高;灌木Shannon指数及Margalef指数在1200株·hm^-2下8年生林地显著高于4年生林地。根际土壤中鉴定出5种酚类化感物质,4年生林地根际土壤中水杨酸浓度在1600株·hm^-2下显著降低,5,7-二羟基黄酮浓度随林分密度降低而显著降低;水杨酸浓度在8年生林地根际土壤中随林分密度降低显著升高;水杨酸浓度在2000株·hm^-2下4年生林地显著高于8年生林地,在1600株·hm^-2下相反;5,7-二羟基黄酮浓度在1200株·hm^-2下8年生林地显著高于4年生林地。冗余分析(RDA)结果表明,土壤pH、容重、有机质、全磷、全氮及化感物质是林下植物多样性的主要环境影响因子。适度延长轮伐期、调节林分密度以改善林内微环境、缓冲巨桉的化感作用,可促进林下植被发育。     

陕北黄土区生态修复过程中植物群落物种多样性变化

根据18块典型样地的植被调查数据,采用时空互代和对比分析法,从演替时间、生态修复模式和坡向3个方面研究了陕西省吴起县生态修复过程中植物群落物种多样性特征.结果表明：在25年自然演替序列中,退耕封育群落依次经历了猪毛菜、猪毛蒿、达乌里胡枝子、铁杆蒿和白羊草5种类型,建群种表现为1年生向多年生、低级向高级的演替趋势.其间,物种种类、Margalef指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数均呈二次函数变化,说明黄土区退化生态系统在消除外界压力后,通过自然恢复可达到高级、稳定状态,但速度缓慢.地形条件和恢复年限一致时,4种主要修复模式形成的群落中,草本层的Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数表现为退耕封育＞退耕还草＞退耕还林＞荒山造林,Simpson指数则相反.与退耕封育模式相比,退耕还草和退耕还林模式在相同恢复期内形成的草本群落,虽然多样性指数较低,但更接近自然演替后期阶段,说明人工修复模式能加快演替进程.在相同恢复年限内,阴坡退耕封育群落的Margalef指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou指数明显大于阳坡,且群落类型更接近演替后期阶段,说明阳坡生态修复的本底条件更差,植被自然演替速率更缓慢.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Host plants of someRhinanthoideae (Scrophulariaceae) of eastern North America

Twenty three species in 11 genera were examined in the field to determine hosts. OnlyStriga asiatica andSeymeria cassioides have a narrow host range being restricted to grasses and pines, respectively. These are the only species which cause pronounced and sometimes serious host damage. The other species attach to a great diversity of hosts.     

Apoptotic Regulation of Caspase Activity

Intracellular cysteine aspartate-specific proteases (caspases) play both signaling and effector roles in realizing the program of cell death. Caspases function as proteolytic cascades unique for each cell type and signal triggering apoptosis. All parts of the proteolytic cascades are duplicated and controlled by feedback signals. Amplification cycles between pairs of caspases (the third and the sixth, the ninth and the third, the twelfth and the sixth, and others) help multiply the initial apoptotic signal. The presence of physiological inhibitors of apoptosis that directly interact with caspases creates a multilevel regulatory network of apoptosis in cell. The caspase proteolytic cascades are also regulated by sphingolipid secondary messengers, among them ceramide, sphingosine, and their phosphates. Moreover, an association of the caspase signaling with ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis is shown in cells. In particular, the use of extracellular activators and inhibitors of caspases allows irreversible activation of apoptosis in tumor cells or the prevention of apoptosis in cortical neurons under neurodegenerative diseases.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Analysis of twin of eyeless regulation during early embryogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster

The Drosophila Pax6 homolog twin of eyeless (toy) is so far the first zygotically expressed gene involved in eye morphogenesis in Drosophila. The study of its expression during embryogenesis is therefore informative of the initial events of eye development in Drosophila. We have analyzed how the initial expression domain of toy at cellular blastoderm is regulated. We show that the three maternal patterning systems active in the cephalic region (the anterior, terminal and dorsal-ventral systems) cooperate with zygotically activated gap genes to shape the initial expression domain of toy. Whereas Bicoid, Dorsal and Torso signaling synergistically act as activators, Hunchback, Knirps and Decapentaplegic act as repressors.     

New species of Peruvian Orchidaceae III

Sixteen new species are proposed in the generaAckermania, Dressleria, Epidendrum, Maxillaria, Oncidium, Rodriguezia, Sigmatostalix, andTrigonidium. All new species are illustrated.Maxillaria vittariifolia L. O. Williams is newly recorded for Peru. A key is provided forTrigonidium of Peru.Trigonidium loretoense Schltr. andT. peruvianum Schltr. are lectotypified.     

Interaction of Synthetic Analogues of Natural Chalcones and Flavones with Guanidine

The reaction of chalcones and flavones with guanidine in ethanol results in 2-(2-aminopyrimidinyl-4)-phenols.     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.