高寒矮生嵩草草甸主要植物物候特征对养分和水分添加的响应

植物物候特征对环境条件的季节和年际变化具有较强的指示作用, 因此研究植物物候特征对环境条件变化的响应, 对理解植物和环境之间的相互作用关系、植物的适应机制和生存策略, 以及应对全球变化都具有重要的意义。该研究基于2009-2011年高寒矮生嵩草(Kobresia humilis)草甸养分水分控制实验的植物物候观测数据资料, 采用巢式方差分析、物候指数和聚类分析方法, 开展了高寒矮生嵩草草甸主要植物物候特征对养分和水分添加的响应研究。结果表明: (1)养分添加处理之间植物返青期和枯黄期均无显著差异, 但养分添加中氮磷处理对主要物种作用较明显, 使莎草科、禾本科、杂类草主要代表植物的返青期和枯黄期推迟。(2)增雪处理效应明显, 主要优势物种无论是何种养分添加, 在增雪处理后均表现出花期物候提前的趋势(p < 0.01), 同时增雪处理使杂类草植物返青期显著提前(p < 0.05)。增水处理对植物的作用效果并不一致, 其中垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)和双柱头藨草(Scirpus distigmaticus)的枯黄期显著推迟(p < 0.05), 而杂类草枯黄期提前。(3)养分添加后, 不同物种的物候特征表现出显著差异(p < 0.01), 例如雪白委陵菜(Potentilla nivea)枯黄期显著推迟(p < 0.05), 而双柱头藨草的枯黄期显著提前(p < 0.05), 但物种对养分添加响应的差异以植物类群为单位, 禾本科植物表现为返青期推迟, 而莎草科植物表现为返青期提前。(4)矮生嵩草草甸主要植物营养生长期与果后营养期持续天数之间呈负相关关系, 主要植物物候特征经聚类分析可以分为3个类群, 3个类群经氮磷钾、钾和氮钾三个养分添加处理后植物物候特征变化较大。研究表明, 高寒矮生嵩草草甸植物物候特征在物种水平响应和水分添加后的响应表现出较大差异, 而对养分添加的响应不显著。     

青藏高原那曲高山嵩草草甸植物物候对增温的异步响应

植物物候对气候变暖的响应是全球气候变化研究的重要内容。目前,高海拔生态系统植物物候对气候变暖响应的研究仍然较少。该研究依托西藏那曲高寒草地生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站布设的梯度增温实验,分别于2015、2017、2018和2021年对模拟增温下优势物种高山嵩草(Kobresia pygmaea)和钉柱委陵菜(Potentilla saundersiana)返青期、现蕾期和开花期等表征植物物候的指标进行了观测,以期揭示增温下藏北高寒草甸植物物候变化机制。结果表明:随着温度升高,高寒草甸中优势植物物候具有不同的变化趋势。高山嵩草返青、现蕾和开花物候期的推迟幅度与温度升高幅度呈正相关关系;钉柱委陵菜返青、现蕾和开花时间随着温度上升表现为先提前后推迟;这表明高寒草甸植物物候对增温产生异步响应。此外,长期增温下的藏北高寒草甸优势种的物候变化均显示出了延迟效应。结构方程归因分析发现,空气温度升高促使高山嵩草返青时间推迟;低水平增温可以促进钉柱委陵菜物候提前,而随着温度继续升高其物候响应发生逆转,土壤水分在决定物候对气候变暖响应的幅度和方向上具有关键作用。该研究结果揭示了藏北高寒草甸优势植物物候响...     

青海海北地区矮嵩草草甸生物量和能量的分配

 此项研究工作于1980年在海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站进行。本文研究了青藏高原地区分布面积广、草质优良,在畜牧业生产中有重要意义的矮嵩草草甸的生物量和它的能量分配关系,测定了地上,地下生物量和不同物候期主要植物类群的热值含量。研究结果表明：矮嵩草草甸生物量的季节动态较为明显,地上生物量随生长季节的水热条件和植物的生长发育阶段而变化,9月初地上生物量达到峰值(296.66g／m2),此后生物量逐渐减少,到枯黄前而停止;地下根系生物量在返青期较高,生长旺盛期最低,枯黄期最高,这同植物生长发育阶段的物质运转有关。矮嵩草草甸主要植物类群的热值以生长旺盛期最高,枯黄期次之,返青期较低;各类草的热值,以莎草类最高,禾草类次之,杂类草最低。矮嵩草草甸总初级生产量为909.49g／m2·年,其中地上为296.66g／m2·年,地下为596.67g／m2·年,枯枝落叶为16.16g／m2·年。群落在不同生长期所固定的太阳能数值不一,以枯黄前所固定的太阳能为最多,生长期整个群落的光能利用率为0.295%。     

高寒草甸地区常见植物热值的初步研究

本文研究了高寒草甸地区29种植物热值和矮嵩草等4种优势植物不同物候期的热值。结果表明,高寒草甸地区植物热值较高和热值随物候期而变化。进而分析了影响植物热值的原因。     

长江源区高山嵩草物候与生物量动态及其对气候变化的响应

利用青藏高原腹地江河源头的曲麻莱县气象站1994～2004年观测的高寒嵩草草甸优势种高山嵩草的生育期、高度、产量等指标与同期气象资料,通过定量分析研究较长时段的物候及生物量变化特征,以揭示其对气候变化的响应.结果表明:(1)高山嵩草返青期和开花期的变化总体均呈"W"形,在区域气候变暖背景下,植物物候表现为返青期提前,开花期和枯黄期推迟,整个生长季延长.(2)高山嵩草的生物量变化在10年间呈明显的波动趋势,各月最高生物量均出现在1999年,最低生物量出现在1994年.(3)高山嵩草物候期与生长季各月气温呈显著的正相关关系(P<0.001),与月降水量呈弱正相关关系(P>0.05);月均气温成为本区草本植物发芽生长的先决条件,且6～8月气温与植物萌动的相关性最大.(4)生长季6～8月高山嵩草生物量鲜重和干重均与月均气温呈显著正相关,鲜重仅与月降水量呈显著正相关关系,在青藏高原的高寒区,温度比降水对植物产量的影响更大.     

青海湖流域草地植被动态变化趋势下的物候时空特征

植被物候不仅直接受气候变化的影响,还反作用于气候变化。因此,明确植被物候变化的驱动机制对于进一步研究气候变化与物候的相互作用具有重要的意义。选取位于青藏高原东北部的青海湖流域,利用MODIS 16d增强植被指数(EVI)合成数据,来分析草地物候时空格局特征以及不同EVImax变化趋势下草地物候期(返青期、枯黄期及生长季)的变化趋势。研究得到以下结果:(1)在气候变化和人类活动等因素的共同作用下,青海湖流域的EVImax变化呈现多元化趋势,EVImax增加、不变、降低趋势并存;(2)1990—2012年期间,流域内温度上升、降水量增加趋势显著,温度上升速率为0.42—0.83℃/10a,降水量增加速率为43.20—44.68 mm/10a。刚察、天峻气象站草地返青期在2001—2012年期间呈现延迟趋势,枯黄期变化趋势不显著,生长季呈现缩短趋势;(3)流域内草地返青从4月下旬持续到6月上旬,枯黄期从8月中旬持续到10月上旬,青海湖东岸、南岸、布哈河入湖口区域以及流域西部山坡和平坦的谷底地区牧草最早进入返青期,返青空间格局呈现由湖岸向四周高海拔地区延伸趋势,草地枯黄空间格局与返青期相反;(4)不同EVImax变化趋势下,草地返青期、枯黄期、生长季变化趋势表现出差异。草地EVImax降低趋势下,牧草返青期呈现提前趋势,枯黄期延迟,生长季延长;EVImax增加趋势下,牧草返青期延迟,枯黄期变化不明显,生长季缩短;EVImax不变区、农田的返青与枯黄期变化趋势并不明显,但是农田生长季缩短趋势较明显。     

藏北高原植被物候时空动态变化的遥感监测研究

利用遥感数据提取的植被物候格局及时空变化特征能很好地反映区域尺度上植被对全球变化的响应。目前关于青藏高原地区植被物候的少量报道基本上是基于物候站点的观测记录展开分析的。该文基于非对称高斯拟合算法重建了藏北高原2001-2010年的MODIS EVI (增强型植被指数)时间序列影像, 然后利用动态阈值法提取整个藏北高原2001-2010年植被覆盖的重要物候信息, 包括植被返青期、枯黄期与生长季长度, 分析了植被物候10年间平均状况的空间分异特征以及年际变化情况, 并结合站点观测记录分析了气温和降水对植被物候变化的影响, 结果表明: (1)藏北高原植被返青期在空间上表现出从东南到西北逐渐推迟的水平地带性与东南高山峡谷区的垂直地带性相结合的特征, 近60%区域的植被返青期提前, 特别是高山地区; (2)植被枯黄期的年际变化不太明显, 大部分地区都表现为自然的年际波动; (3)生长季长度的时空变化特征由植被返青期和枯黄期二者决定, 但主要受返青期提前影响, 大部分地区生长季长度延长; (4)研究区内不同气候区划植被物候的年际变化以那曲高山谷地亚寒带半湿润区和青南高原亚寒带半干旱区的植被返青期提前和生长季延长程度最为明显; (5)基于气象台站数据分析气候变化对物候的影响发现, 返青期提前及生长季延长主要受气温升高的影响, 与降水的关系尚不明确。     

克氏针茅物候对气候变暖和水分变化的响应及其光合生理生态机制

物候对气候变化具有重要指示作用,然而现有研究主要关注植物物候变化与环境因子的关系,对于物候变化的生理生态机制研究较为缺乏。基于内蒙古自治区克氏针茅草原红外线辐射增温与控水相结合的原位模拟试验资料,探究了克氏针茅物候变化的光合生理生态机制及其对水热环境因子的响应。研究结果表明：(1)增温使克氏针茅返青期和抽穗期提前2.8 d和7.8 d、枯黄期推迟6.8 d;水热协同作用主要影响抽穗期,增温增水(气候暖湿化)较增温减水(气候暖干化)提前7.4 d。(2)增温增水使得克氏针茅返青期和抽穗期的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率显著高于增温减水,而对水分利用效率的影响则相反(P<0.05),增温增水与增温减水对克氏针茅枯黄期的光合生理生态特征影响无显著差异。(3)净光合速率是影响克氏针茅物候变化的决策因子,温度是影响克氏针茅植物返青期和枯黄期的限制因子,水分则是影响克氏针茅植物抽穗期的限制因子。研究发现克氏针茅物候与其光合生理生态特征和环境因子密切相关,研究结果可为植物物候模型发展和物候机理研究提供理论支撑。     

矮嵩草草甸植物蒸腾强度的初步研究

 此项研究工作于1986年5—9月植物生长季节内,在海北高寒草甸生态系统定位站进行。用钴纸法测定了矮嵩草等10种植物的蒸腾强度、垂穗披碱草等3种植物的蒸腾日进程和不同植被覆盖地段的蒸腾—蒸发量,在测定时记录了气温、湿度等有关气象资料,以便分析。研究结果表明：1．矮嵩草等10种植物的蒸腾强度随植物种和所处的物候期而变化,植物生长早期蒸腾强度较低,进入生殖阶段,蒸腾强度明显提高。2．垂穗披碱草等3种植物蒸腾强度日进程呈明显的单峰型曲线,在中午或午后出现峰值,没有午休现象。这同气孔一直开着有关,是矮嵩草草甸植物蒸腾的特征之一。 3．不同植被覆盖地段的蒸腾—蒸发表明,有植被覆盖的地段的蒸腾—蒸发量较裸地的蒸发量为高。     

藏嵩草和矮嵩草种群空间分布格局对水分的响应

植物种群对土壤水分响应的异质性是其格局形成和演变的环境基础。采用草地群落学调查与点格局分析方法,按湿地中心向边缘土壤水分依次递减的规律设置5个样地,分析了不同水分梯度下祁连山北坡高寒湿地主要植物藏嵩草(Kobresia tibetica)和矮嵩草(K.humilis)种群的空间分布类型及种间关联关系。结果表明:随土壤水分减少,藏嵩草种群盖度、植株高度、地上生物量持续降低,矮嵩草的生物学特征呈现先增大再减小的变化趋势;藏嵩草种群在土壤水分递减过程中小尺度上空间分布类型变化为聚集—均匀—聚集,矮嵩草种群在小尺度上由聚集分布逐渐转为均匀分布;随着土壤水分降低,藏嵩草和矮嵩草种群小尺度上的空间关联性逐渐表现为:显著正关联—关联性不显著—显著负关联。高寒湿地中藏嵩草与矮嵩草种群生物学特征、空间格局的规律性变化,反映了植物种间关系对生境异质性的适应性。     

Foreign exploration for Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and associated natural enemies on avocado (Persea americana Miller)

Scirtothrips perseae Nakahara was discovered attacking avocados in California, USA, in 1996. Host plant surveys in California indicated that S. perseae has a highly restricted host range with larvae being found only on avocados, while adults were collected from 11 different plant species. As part of a management program for this pest, a “classical” biological control program was initiated and foreign exploration was conducted to delineate the home range of S. perseae, to survey for associated natural enemies and inventory other species of phytophagous thrips on avocados grown in Mexico, Guatemala, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, and Brazil. Foreign exploration efforts indicate that S. perseae occurs on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1500 m) from Uruapan in Mexico south to areas around Guatemala City in Guatemala. In Costa Rica, S. perseae is replaced by an undescribed congener as the dominant phytophagous thrips on avocados grown at high altitudes (>1300 m). No species of Scirtothrips were found on avocados in the Dominican Republic, Trinidad, or Brazil. In total, 2136 phytophagous thrips were collected and identified, representing over 47 identified species from at least 19 genera. The significance of these species records is discussed. Of collected material 4% were potential thrips biological control agents. Natural enemies were dominated by six genera of predatory thrips (Aeolothrips, Aleurodothrips, Franklinothrips, Leptothrips, Scolothrips, and Karnyothrips). One genus each of parasitoid (Ceranisus) and predatory mite (Balaustium) were found. Based on the results of our sampling techniques, prospects for the importation of thrips natural enemies for use in a “classical” biological control program in California against S. perseae are not promising.     

Phylogeny of cardinalfishes (Teleostei: Gobiiformes: Apogonidae) and the evolution of visceral bioluminescence

The cardinalfishes (Apogonidae) are a diverse clade of small, mostly reef-dwelling fishes, for which a variety of morphological data have not yielded a consistent phylogeny. We use DNA sequence to hypothesize phylogenetic relationships within Apogonidae and among apogonids and other acanthomorph families, to examine patterns of evolution including the distribution of a visceral bioluminescence system. In conformance with previous studies, Apogonidae is placed in a clade with Pempheridae, Kurtidae, Leiognathidae, and Gobioidei. The apogonid genus Pseudamia is recovered outside the remainder of the family, not as sister to the superficially similar genus Gymnapogon. Species sampled from the Caribbean and Western Atlantic (Phaeoptyx, Astrapogon, and some Apogon species) form a clade, as do the larger-bodied Glossamia and Cheilodipterus. Incidence of visceral bioluminescence is found scattered throughout the phylogeny, independently for each group in which it is present. Examination of the fine structure of the visceral bioluminescence system through histology shows that light organs exhibit a range of morphologies, with some composed of complex masses of tubules (Siphamia, Pempheris, Parapriacanthus) and others lacking tubules but containing chambers formed by folds of the visceral epithelium (Acropoma, Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia). Light organs in Siphamia, Acropoma, Pempheris and Parapriacanthus are distinct from but connected to the gut; those in Archamia, Jaydia, and Rhabdamia are simply portions of the intestinal tract, and are little differentiated from the surrounding tissues. The presence or absence of symbiotic luminescent bacteria does not correlate with light organ structure; the tubular light organs of Siphamia and chambered tubes of Acropoma house bacteria, those in Pempheridae and the other Apogonidae do not.     

Biological control of three floating water weeds,<Emphasis Type="Italic">Eichhornia crassipes,Pistia stratiotes</Emphasis>, and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salviniamolesta</Emphasis> in the Republic of Congo

Since 1999, four specific weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) were released in the Republic of Congo against three exotic floating water weeds: Neochetina eichhorniae Warner and N. bruchi Hustache against water hyacinth, Neohydronomus affinis Hustache against water lettuce, and Cyrtobagous salviniae Calder and Sands against water fern. Recoveries of exotic weevils were made from all 24 release sites except one, and all four species have established and spread (up to 800 km for water hyacinth weevils). Within a few years of releases, control of water fern and water lettuce was such that fishing and navigation could be resumed, while reductions of water hyacinth populations were only beginning.     

A molecular phylogeny of Hebeloma species from Europe

In order to widen the scope of existing phylogenies of the ectomycorrhizal agaric genus Hebeloma a total of 53 new rDNA ITS sequences from that genus was generated, augmented by sequences retrieved from GenBank, and analysed using Bayesian, strict consensus and neighbour joining methods. The lignicolous Hebelomina neerlandica, Gymnopilus penetrans, and two species of Galerina served as outgroup taxa. Anamika indica, as well as representatives of the genera Hymenogaster and Naucoria, were included to test the monophyly of Hebeloma, which is confirmed by the results. Hebeloma, Naucoria, Hymenogaster and Anamika indica cluster in a strongly supported monophyletic hebelomatoid clade. All trees largely reflect the current infrageneric classification within Hebeloma, and divide the genus into mostly well-supported monophyletic groups surrounding H. crustuliniforme, H. velutipes, H. sacchariolens, H. sinapizans, and H. radicosum, with H. sarcophyllum being shown at an independent position; however this is not well supported. The section Indusiata divides with strong support into three groups, the position of the pleurocystidiate Hebeloma cistophilum suggests the possible existence of a third subsection within sect. Indusiata. Subsection Sacchariolentia is raised to the rank of section.     

Taxonomic status of the species of the green algal genusNeochloris

Komárek has recently reviewed the various species assigned to the green algal genusNeochloris Starr (Chlorococcales, Chlorococcaceae) and removed those with uninucleate vegetative cells to a new genus,Ettlia. Watanabe & Floyd, unaware ofKomárek's work, also reviewed the species ofNeochloris and distributed them among three genera—Neochloris, Chlorococcopsis gen. nov., andParietochloris gen. nov.—on the basis of details of the covering of the zoospore and the arrangement of the basal bodies of the flagellar apparatus. This paper reconciles these two treatments and makes additional recommendations at the ranks of genus, family, order, and class.     

Die GattungKarschia — Bindeglied zwischen bitunicaten Ascomyceten und lecanoralen Flechtenpilzen?

The genusKarschia, in the earlier sense, including saprophytes and parasites on lichens, has been thought to be a non-lichenized parallel genus of the lichen genusBuellia. Modern workers included it on the one hand inBuellia, on the other hand combined it with bitunicate ascomycetes. It is now proved thatKarschia is heterogeneous and contains but superficially similar members both of the genusBuellia of theLecanorales and of typical or masked bitunicateAscomycetes. Therefore, it can not be regarded as a link betweenLecanorales andDothideales. The type species ofKarschia belongs to theDothideales.

     

Demographic characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus)

Synopsis In a fourteen month study (May 1976 – June 1977) I examined the following characteristics of an intertidal bay goby (Lepidogobius lepidus) in Morro Bay, California, U.S.A.: annual and seasonal patterns of abundance, age composition and growth rates, survivorship and mortality patterns, and the reproductive cycle for female gobies. Fishes were collected with the aid of quinaldine and otoliths and ovaries removed. Age and growth rates were estimated from otolith annuli using a back calculation formula and a Brody-Bertalanffy growth curve. Mortality rates were derived using the methods of Heincke (1913), Robson & Chapman (1960), mean age, and a catch curve (Ricker 1975). A gonad index was used to describe the annual reproductive cycle. Results indicated that abundance fluctuated seasonally and that these fluctuations appeared to be caused by reproductive emigrations. Bay gobies reached an age of 7+ and a standard length of 87 mm. Growth was relatively constant (6 mm yr⁻¹) until age 5, at which point it began to decline. The mean rates of survivorship, mortality, and instantaneous mortality were 0.75, 0.25, and 0.29 respectively. Mortality rates for individual age classes ranged from 0.13 to 0.51 and increased with age. This stock appears to reproduce mainly during the winter.     

Systematic significance of mature embryo of bamboos

The mature embryo of seven species belonging to five genera of Indian bamboos is described. In all these the basic pattern of embryo organisation is same: the scutellar and coleoptilar bundles are not separated by an internode, the epiblast is absent, the lower portion of the scutellum and the coleorhiza are separated by a cleft and the margins of embryonic leaves overlap. The features unique to fleshy fruited bamboos are: presence of a massive scutellum, the juxtaposition of plumule and radicle and the occurrence of a bud in the axil of the coleoptile. The fleshy fruit bearing bamboos should be classified into one group, the tribeMelocanneae. Evidence is provided to recognise additional groups in the subfamilyBambusoideae.