云丘山地区灌木群落优势种数量关系

以68个灌木样方的重要值矩阵和2×2列联表为基础,结合实地调查,应用方差比率法、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数及Spearman秩相关系数法,对云丘山地区灌木群落的20个优势种、190个种对的关联性进行了定量研究。方差比率法结果表明,20个优势种总体间关联为显著正相关,云丘山地区的灌木群落处于较稳定的状态;χ2检验、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相个关系数结果表明,大部分种对的种间关联未达到显著程度,种间联结较为松散,群落结构及其种类组成将逐渐趋于完善和稳定;根据这20个优势种对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素辅助以PCA排序,可将它们划分为两种生态种组。以上结果揭示了该地区主要优势物种与环境的相互关系。     

鹫峰国家森林公园低效人工林林下植物种间关联

种间关系能够反映植物群落的结构和功能、演替的类型和阶段以及群落的稳定程度,对保护生物多样性和促进植被恢复具有重要意义。为探明鹫峰国家森林公园低效人工林林下主要物种的种间关系,以样地中出现频度较高的植物为研究对象,在2×2联列表的基础上,通过χ2检验、种间联结系数AC和Spearman秩相关系数检验进行种间联结性分析。研究结果表明:灌木层在χ2检验中表现为显著(P0.05)和极显著(P0.01)的种对共有11个,在Spearman秩相关系数检验中共有23个;草木层在χ2检验中表现为显著(P0.05)和极显著(P0.01)的种对共有15个,在Spearman秩相关系数检验中共有27个;灌草两层大多数种对联结程度不显著。灌木层正关联种对数与负关联基本持平,草本层正负种对关联比接近1∶2;灌草两层皆处在动态变化之中。林下植被种间关系是上层乔木影响、群落演替进程、物种生态习性以及群落环境条件等因素共同作用的结果。根据PCA排序可把灌草两层主要植物分别划分为4个生态种组。     

山西五鹿山自然保护区辽东栎群落木本植物种间数量关系

基于2×2联列表,应用方差比率法、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数及Spearman秩相关系数检验等数量分析方法对山西五鹿山自然保护区辽东栎群落的27个优势种,共351个种对间的关联性进行定量研究。方差分析表明,27个优势种群的总体种间关联性呈不显著关联,种的分布相对独立。χ2检验结果有154个种对呈正相关,188个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.82;Pearson相关系数检验有124个种对呈正相关,226个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.55;Spearman秩相关系数检验有151个种对呈正相关,200个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.76;与χ2检验相比,Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验具有较高的灵敏度。351个种对中,绝大多数种对的联结关系未达到显著水平,说明五鹿山自然保护区辽东栎群落具有明显的次生性。根据这27个优势种群对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素辅助以PCA排序,可将它们划分为3种生态种组。     

九连山常绿阔叶林乔木优势种群的种间关联性分析

九连山国家级自然保护区分布着原生的典型常绿阔叶林, 且已形成不同的优势群落, 目前尚不清楚群落乔木层中优势物种之间的作用关系。采用2×2联列表, 通过方差分析, χ²检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验, 对九连山常绿阔叶林乔木层中重要值较高的28个优势种群、378个种对间的关联性进行定量研究。方差分析表明: 28个优势种群的总体种间关联性呈显著的正关联, 反映该群落处于较稳定的顶极阶段。不同检验结果表明: χ²检验结果有140个种对呈正相关, 238个种对呈负相关, 正负关联比为0.588; Pearson相关系数检验有104个种对呈正相关, 274个种对呈负相关, 正负关联比为0.380; Spearman秩相关系数检验有144个种对呈正相关, 234个种对呈负相关, 正负关联比为0.615; 与Pearson相关系数检验方法相比, Spearman秩相关系数检验具有较高的灵敏度。378个种对中, 绝大多数种对的联结关系未达到显著水平, 种对间的独立性相对较强, 这种种间联结的松散性可能与群落目前的发展阶段及物种本身的生态学特性有关, 各群落正处于稳定的顶极阶段。根据28个优势种群对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素, 可将它们划分为阳生植物和阴生植物两大生态种组。     

山西太岳山稀有濒危植物脱皮榆群落种间关联

研究区域石膏山位于太岳山国家森林公园的北端,是中国脱皮榆较为集中的分布区。基于2×2联列表,通过方差分析、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相关系数检验,对太岳山脱皮榆群落优势种的种间关联性进行研究。方差分析表明:脱皮榆群落的乔木层灌木层总体关联性均呈不显著相关,反映出该地区物种间虽存在一定的联系,但仍然存在独立的分布格局。不同检验结果表明:乔木层、灌木层绝大多数种对的联结关系未达到显著水平,种对间的独立性相对较强,这种种间联结的松散性可能与群落目前的发展阶段及物种本身的生态学特性有关,各群落正处于朝稳定方向发展的阶段。     

北京地区刺五加(Acanthopanax senticosus)群落优势种种间关联性分析

为了探讨北京地区刺五加(Acanthopanax senticosus)群落的物种组成、群落结构和种间关联性,在典型抽样法调查的基础上,基于2×2列联表,采用方差比率法、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验等数量分析方法,对北京百花山和雾灵山自然保护区刺五加群落中的27个优势物种、351个种对间的种间关联性进行了研究。结果显示,刺五加群落中27个优势物种总体呈极显著正关联,表明该群落处于相对稳定的演替阶段;χ2检验表明,正关联种对有191对,负关联种对有160对,正、负关联种对比值为1.19;Pearson相关检验发现,正关联的种对有112对,负关联的种对有239对,正、负关联种对比值为0.47;Spearman秩相关检验结果显示,正关联的种对有170对,负关联的种对有181对,正、负关联种对比值为0.94。将优势物种对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素相结合进行PCA排序发现,27个优势物种可被划分为4个生态种组。本研究结果表明北京地区刺五加群落物种组成相对稳定且群落结构正处于发展阶段。     

珍稀濒危植物江南油杉群落乔木层主要树种种间关联性分析

基于2×2列联表,采用方差比率法(R_v)、x²检验、Pearson相关系数检验和Spearman秩相关系数检验等方法,对福建君子峰国家级自然保护区江南油杉(Keteleeria fortunei var. cyclolepis)群落乔木层主要树种进行种间关联性分析,并通过主成分分析(PCA)划分生态种组。结果表明,21种主要树种总体表现为不显著负关联,且江南油杉与其他物种多呈不显著相关。210个种对中,正相关的有110对,负相关的有81对,不相关的有19对,正负比1.36。绝大多数种对间呈不显著相关,显著率仅为0.48%,物种间相互独立。Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验结果具有一致性,负相关种对数大于正相关种对数,绝大多数种对不显著,显著率分别为6.19%和7.14%。与x²检验相比,Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数检验方式更加灵敏。运用PCA二维排序可将主要树种划分为4个生态种组,同一生态种组内物种的生态习性和资源需求相似,多呈正相关,种对间相互依赖共存;不同生态种组间物种多呈负...     

山西牛奶子群落优势种种间关联性研究

基于2×2联列表,应用方差比率法、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数及Spearman秩相关系数检验等数量分析方法对山西牛奶子群落的25个优势种,共300个种对间的关联性进行分析研究。结果表明,25个优势种群的总体种间关联性呈不显著关联,种的分布相对独立。χ2检验结果有121个种对呈正相关,155个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.78;Pearson相关系数检验有111个种对呈正相关,189个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.59;Spearman秩相关系数检验有128个种对呈正相关,172个种对呈负相关,正负关联比为0.74;Spearman秩相关系数比Pearson相关系数的检验方法灵敏度更高。山西牛奶子群落总体上呈不显著负关联,表明其处于演替过程的初期。     

山西五鹿山自然保护区木贼麻黄群落优势种的种间关联性分析

为了探讨山西五鹿山自然保护区木贼麻黄群落的物种组成、群落结构和种间关联性,该研究基于2×2联列表,采用方差比率法、χ2检验、Pearson相关系数及Spearman秩相关系数检验等数量分析方法,对山西五鹿山自然保护区木贼麻黄群落中25个优势种、300个种对间进行了种间关联性分析。结果显示:(1)木贼麻黄群落优势种群间总体上呈正关联,表明该群落处于稳定的演替阶段。(2)χ2检验结果表明,正关联种对数有141对,负关联种对数有132对,正负关联比为1.07;Pearson相关系数检验中,正关联种对数有128对,负关联种对数有151对,正负关联比为0.85;Spearman秩相关系数检验中,正关联种对数有129对,负关联种对数有134对,正负关联比为0.96。(3)根据研究区25个优势种群对环境的适应方式和主导生态因素并结合PCA排序,可将25个优势种群划分为4个生态种组。研究表明,山西五鹿山自然保护区木贼麻黄群落物种组成相对稳定且群落结构处于发展阶段。     

桂林岩溶石山青冈群落灌木层主要物种生态位与种间联结

基于样方调查,采用生态位测定、方差比率法、χ²检验、Pearson相关检验和Spearman秩相关检验等方法对桂林岩溶石山青冈群落灌木层主要物种的生态位与种间联结进行研究。结果表明:(1)青冈的生态位宽度最大,占绝对竞争优势;重要值较大(小)的物种,其生态位宽度一般较大(小),但两者顺序并非完全一致。(2)主要物种间的生态位相似性较小,各物种对资源利用的相似程度不高;一般生态位宽度较大的物种,其生态位相似性也越大。(3)生态位宽度较大的物种间产生生态位重叠的概率较大,但生态位重叠程度并不一定大;生态位宽度与生态位重叠有一定的联系,但并不存在绝对的正相关关系;生态位相似性和生态位重叠程度的变化趋势基本吻合。(4)灌木层主要物种的总体联结性表现为显著正联结,表明该群落处于相对稳定的演替阶段。(5)χ²检验、Pearson相关检验和Spearman秩相关检验结果的显著率均较低,种间联结性不强。(6)物种间的Pearson相关系数、Spearman秩相关系数与相应的生态位相似性和生态位重叠程度之间均呈显著正相关,表现为种间正(负)联结越强,生态位相似...     

Mycena auricoma,a new species ofMycena sectionRadiatae from Japan,andMycena spinosissima,a new record in Japan

Two lignicolous species ofMycena (Agaricales, Basidiomycetes) are described and illustrated from eastern, Japan:Mycena auricoma sp. nov., forming ephemeral coprinoid basidiomata and belonging to sectionRadiatae, was found on a dead fallen twig ofQuercus serrata. It appears to close to a Malaysian species,“Trogia” crinipelliformis. Mycena spinosissima in sectionSacchariferae, new to Japan, was collected from dead bark ofAphananthe aspera, a dead fallen inflorescence ofCryptomeria japonica, and a dead fallen twig ofQuercus serrata.     

The effect of a predatory leech,Nephelopsis obscura,on mortality,growth, and production of chironomid larvae in a small pond

Summary The effect of a predatory leech, Nephelopsis obscura, on survivorship, growth, and production of chronomid larvae was studied by enclosure experiments carried out in a small pond. The prey population was composed almost entirely of the tubiculous, microphagous chironomid larvae, Chironomus riparius and Glyptotendipes paripes. Nephelopsis significantly reduced chironomid survivorship within the enclosures, and accounted for most of the measured mortality of fourth instar larvae. The cropping by Nephelopsis was not significantly biased toward either prey species. In long-term experiments (66 d) chironomid biomass in enclosures without leeches reached much higher levels than in enclosures containing Nephelopsis. This increase in biomass was due to growth of surviving larvae, rather than recruitment, since emergence and oviposition were not going on during the course of the experiments. The enhanced survivorship of larvae within leech-free enclosures was eventually accompanied by reduced growth and specific production (daily production/biomass) for C. riparius, which made up about 90% of the larval population. Growth and specific production of G. paripes (10% of larval population) was not affected. Short-term experiments (25 d) involving manipulation of densities and species ratio (9:1 CR:GP and 1:9 CR:GP) of larvae revealed that growth of the majority species was strongly influenced by larval density, whereas growth of the minority species was not. The same pattern was observed both in the presence and in the absence of Nephelopsis and was a result of differences in resource utilization between the two species. In the shortterm experiments, growth rates estimated for larvae exposed to leeches were significantly less than those for larvae in leech-free enclosures. This could be due either to size-biased consumption of larvae by Nephelopsis, or possibly a disturbance factor leading to reduced larval food intake and/or increased metabolic costs.     

Removal of wastewater pathogen indicators in a constructed wetland in Leon, Spain

This paper studies the seasonal presence and removal of the pathogenous micro-organisms Escherichia coli, total coliforms (TC), Clostridium perfringens (Cp), faecal streptococci (FS), Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth eggs, in a constructed wetland treatment system. The removal efficiency of this system with respect to the indicator micro-organisms achieved maximum values in spring and autumn at 99.9% for E. coli and TC, respectively, in winter at 97.0% for FS, in summer at 100% for Clostridium and throughout the year, also at 100%, in the case of Giardia cysts, Cryptosporidium oocysts and helminth eggs. In general, very low protozoan and helminth egg counts were found, and the system demonstrated efficient reduction of the wastewater indicator pathogens.     

Surface wax, a new taxonomic feature in Plagiochilaceae

A scanning electron microscope study of 81 species of Plagiochilaceae revealed the presence of superficial waxes on the leaves and stems ofPlagiochilion mayebarae and 5 species ofPlagiochila. The waxes are not visible in the light microscope and were unknown in Plagiochilaceae.Plagiochila fuscolutea andP. longiramea (=P. sect.Fuscoluteae) are characterised by the predominant occurrence of membraneous wax platelets;Plagiochila aerea, P. rudischusteri andP. tabinensis(=P. sect.Bursatae) predominately form various types of wax rodlets. Our findings show for the first time the systematic usefulness of leaf surface waxes in the liverworts.P. tabinensis contains surface waxes in amounts of ca. 1.4% dry weight composing of steryl esters, triacylglycerols and free fatty acids.     

Glaciella,a new genus of freshwater Canthocamptidae (Copepoda,Harpacticoida) from a glacier in Nepal,Himalayas

A new genus and new species of Canthocamptidae: Glaciella yalensis (Copepoda: Harpacticoida) from the surface of Yale Glacier, Nepal is described. This new species was collected from cryconite-pit on the surface of the glacier and is closely related to genus Maraenobiotus, but easily distinguishable from its species in the following: 1) segments and setae on endopodites of legs 2–4 in the male differing shape, 2) exopodites of male legs 3–4 with modified setae, 3) caudal seta in female absent. Body color of this copepod is red in live specimens.Contributions No. 86 Itako Hydrobiological Station, Ibaraki University.     

Field assessment of a frond-feeding weevil, a successful biological control agent of red waterfern, Azolla filiculoides, in southern Africa

Azolla filiculoides (red waterfern) is a small, floating fern native to South America, that has invaded aquatic habitats, predominantly water resevoirs in southern Africa. A frond-feeding weevil, Stenopelmus rufinasus Gyllenhal (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), was imported from Florida, USA, and released as a biological control agent against this weed in South Africa at the end of 1997. To date, 24,700 weevils have been released, which has resulted in local extinction of red waterfern at 81% of the 112 release sites. The weevil has not failed to control a single site. Several sites were, however, lost due to flooding or drainage of dams. The surface area of weed controlled totalled 203.5 ha. On average, A. filiculoides was controlled in infested sites in 6.9 (±4.3) months. The weed recolonized at 22 of the sites (through either spore germination or dispersal by waterfowl), but the weevils subsequently spread to all of these sites and successfully caused local extinction of the weed at 18 of the sites. Five years after the release of the weevil, the weed no longer poses a threat to aquatic systems in southern Africa. In comparison to other biological control programs of aquatic weeds, the program against A. filiculoides in southern Africa ranks among the most successful cases anywhere in the world.     

Cchobo, a hobo-related sequence in Ceratitis capitata

A hobo-related sequence, Cchobo, with high similarity to the Drosophila melanogaster HFL1 and hobo₁₀₈ elements was isolated from the medfly. Thirteen PCR-derived clones, which share 97.9–100% DNA identity, were sequenced, seven of which do not show frame-shift or stop codon mutations in their conceptual translations. The consensus sequence has 99.7% DNA identity with the D. melanogaster hobo element HFL1. In a phylogenetic analysis with other hobo-related elements, Cchobo clusters with the HFL1 and hobo₁₀₈ elements from D. melanogaster and hobo-related elements from D. simulans, D. mauritiana and Mamestra brassicae. These elements may have undergone horizontal transfer in the recent past. The genomic distribution of Cchobo was studied by FISH to mitotic and polytene chromosomes, which revealed that Cchobo is distributed within both the heterochromatin and euchromatin. Intra- and interstrain polymorphisms were detected both at euchromatic and heterochromatic sites. These findings suggest that active copies of the element may be present in the medfly genome.     

Westerdykella globosa,a proposal for a new combination

The surface ornamentation of ascospores ofPreussia globosa was compared in an isolate from paddy soil in Japan and a culture derived from the holotype. The ascospores of two cultures were characterized by the surface ornamentation of a single, semicircular spiral ridge. This new finding strongly suggested that the fungus should be transferred to the genusWesterdykella. Therefore, the morphological and cultural characters of the fungus were re-examined, and the new combinationWesterdykella globosa is herein proposed.     

Caucasalia, a new genus of theAsteraceae, Senecioneae

The new genusCaucasalia is described. Four species are included, previously referred toSenecio, Cacalia, Cineraria, Pojarkovia orAdenostyles. The latter genus may be the closest relative, being similar in habit and chromosome number, but different in floret colour and style morphology. The new genus is centered in the Caucasus mountains, with extensions into Anatolia.Dedicated to emer. Univ.-Prof. DrFriedrich Ehrendorfer on the occasion of his 70th birthday     

rtpA, a gene encoding a bacterial two-component sensor kinase, determines pathogenic traits ofPseudomonas tolaasii, the causal agent of brown blotch disease of a cultivated mushroom,Pleurotus ostreatus

Pseudomonas tolaasii strain PT814 produces extracellular toxins, tolaasins, and a volatile toxin, tovsin, that are responsible for the induction of brown blotch and rotting, respectively, in a cultivated mushroom,Pleurotus ostreatus. Insertions of single transposon mini-Tn5Km 1 into the chromosome ofP. tolaasii strain PT814 generated mutants that are pleiotropically defective in tolaasin and protease production, and altered in colony morphology. The mutants, however, produce tovsin at the level of wild-type. Variants phenotypically similar to the pleiotropic mutants ofP. tolaasii strain PT814 spontaneously occurred inP. tolaasii strain S8501 at 22–30°C in vitro. The occurrence of variants was significantly reduced in the presence of extracts ofP ostreatus or at a temperature of 15–20°C. ThertpA gene (rtpA=regulator gene of tolaasin production and other pleiotropic traits) isolated from aP. tolaasii strain PT814 gene library restored the wild-type phenotype in both the mini-Tn5km 1 insertion and spontaneous mutants. mini-Tn5km 1 insertions were also located in the allele ofrtpA. Nucleotide sequencing of thertpA DNA revealed an open reading frame of 2,751 bp predicted to encode a protein consisting of 917 amino acid residues with a molecular mass of 100.6 kDa and displaying the conserved amino acid sequence of both sensor, and receiver domains of “bacterial two-component regulators”. The data suggest that the machinery responding to environmental stimuli is essential for the pathogenic interaction ofP. tolaasii with the mushroom.