浙江龙王山森林群落物种多度分布特征及其与海拔的关系

虽然大量研究已利用模型拟合的方法对植物群落的物种多度分布(SAD)进行了不同数学模型拟合,但对SAD形状(曲线的偏斜度)如何在环境梯度上连续变化的研究仍然不足; 尤其是森林群落,同一地区不同植被类型群落SAD的模型拟合和形状变化是否一致,仍无明确定论。该研究针对安吉小鲵国家级自然保护区中分布的主要森林植被类型,采用样方调查法,记录了28个20 m × 20 m样方中的物种组成及其个体多度。通过对数级数和对数正态模型对样方中的SAD曲线进行拟合,选择最优模型,并通过Gambin模型中的α值和Weibull模型中的η值反映SAD的形状,以及Weibull模型中λ值反映SAD的变化尺度(物种间个体多度的差异程度),分析海拔高度与SAD的形状和变化尺度之间的关系。结果表明:(1)该地区的森林群落物种多度分布主要符合对数级数模型。(2)当包含所有样方时,α值和η值与海拔高度无显著相关性,λ值与海拔呈显著正相关。(3)针对不同的植被类型,常绿与落叶阔叶混交林中α值和η值与海拔高度呈负相关,但在落叶阔叶林中λ值与海拔高度之间具有正相关关系,而α值和η值与海拔高度之间均无显著相关性。该研究结果表明,不同植被类型SAD的形状变化与海拔之间的关系存在差异,说明海拔对不同植被类型中各物种多度分布具有不同影响。因此,在关于植物群落的物种多度分布及其与影响因子关系的研究中,需要考虑区分不同的植被类型。     

地面测量与ASTER影像综合计算植被盖度

选择我国北方温带典型草原作为研究对象,在研究区内分别针对植被盖度是高、中、低的地区随机选取49块样地,在每块样地内采用嵌套的方式作样方,样方尺度有60、30、15m3个尺度,嵌套的方式是60m的样方嵌套30m的样方,30m的样方嵌套15m的样方。15m的样方内作3个1m的样方,30m的样方内作5个1m的样方,60m的样方内作10个1m的样方。对于每个1m的样方,采用将数码相机架设在离草本层2m高的位置,垂直对样方进行拍摄,并记录影像的方式估计植被盖度。基于以上地面实测数据以及ASTER遥感数据,建立植被盖度经验模型。模型建立的步骤主要包括以下内容：（1）利用植被盖度信息提取模型计算野外实测的各张数码相片的植被盖度值,在15、30m以及60m3个样方尺度上计算各样方的植被盖度;（2）计算ASTER数据的各种植被指数（RVI,NDVI,NDGI）;（3）将地面样方与相应的ASTER影像像元在不同的尺度上相匹配。（4）基于某一样方尺度,计算与地面样方相对应区域内的ASTER影像像元植被指数的中值。（5）基于该样方尺度,建立地面实测植被盖度值与ASTER数据植被指数值之间的回归模型;（6）对回归模型进行显著性检验。在建立经验模型的过程中,研究植被指数（NDVI、NDGI以及RVI）与植被盖度的相关性以及地面样方尺度对经验模型的影响。此外,还将经验模型与目前广泛使用的亚像元分解模型作比较,检验亚像元分解模型在中国北方温带典型草原的适用性。结果表明,（1）对于中国北方典型草原区而言,利用植被指数NDVI监测草地的植被盖度是比较适宜的,它优于植被指数RVI,也比植被指数NDGI的效果好。（2）地面样方尺度的选择对于植被盖度经验模型的建立有很大的影响。就中国北方典型草原区来看,在地面作大样方,取其中值的方法在一定程度上可以克服由于地面的测量和遥感测量之间发生空间错配而产生的影响,有利于提高植被指数与植被盖度之间相关系数的显著水平。（3）60m×60m的样方尺度,基于NDVI的植被盖度经验模型相比,利用亚像元分解模型估测中国北方温带典型草原植被盖度的精度低于前者。     

白花鬼针草入侵对植物群落结构及物种多样性的影响

【目的】阐明白花鬼针草入侵对植物群落组成及物种多样性的影响。【方法】调查广东茂名有白花鬼针草入侵(试验样方)和无白花鬼针草生长(对照样方)的植物群落中植物的种类、盖度、高度和密度,计算不同植物重要值及物种多样性指数,通过皮尔逊相关系数及拟合曲线展现白花鬼针草种群特征与其重要值及物种多样性的关系。【结果】白花鬼针草入侵后植物群落的组成和结构显著改变,由对照样方的104种减少到试验样方的63种,双穗雀稗、白花蛇舌草、香膏萼距花等物种消失,胜红蓟、阔叶丰花草、假臭草等恶性杂草的重要值降低,而马唐、薇甘菊、空心莲子草等物种重要值升高。白花鬼针草入侵降低了物种多样性,试验样方的Patrick丰富度指数(R)、Simpson多样性指数(D)和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H)均低于对照样方;白花鬼针草的重要值与以上多样性指数(H、D)和丰富度指数(R)呈显著负相关(P<0.001)。【结论】白花鬼针草入侵减少了物种多样性,并形成单一优势种群群落,对植物群落产生了负效应,对生态环境造成了极大的威胁。     

云南泸沽湖及周边山地表层孢粉与植被关系研究

本文对云南泸沽湖周边山地不同植被类型下采集的32个表土样品和36个泸沽湖湖泊表层样品进行了孢粉分析,探讨了不同植被类型内的表土孢粉散布特征,对比分析了山地表土与湖泊表层孢粉分布特征的差异。结果表明,不同山地植被类型的孢粉组合具有不同的代表性成分与变化特征,能够较好地反映相应的植被类型。湖泊表层孢粉研究表明,湖泊内不同位置的孢粉组合差异较小,说明湖泊表层孢粉反映的是区域植被的平均分布状况。对比分析泸沽湖周边山地表土与湖泊表层样品的孢粉组合,两者存在一定的差异,表现为:湖泊表层的孢粉组合中乔木花粉(主要是松属)平均含量比表土高,但波动范围要小;草本花粉平均含量要低,且波动范围也小。这可能是由于乔木植物植株较高,而且有些乔木植物花粉具有气囊,更易借助风力将花粉传播到比较远的湖泊中的原因造成的。冷杉和铁杉花粉在所有样品中含量都相对较低,分别不高于6.5%和3.6%;桦属、桤木属、常绿栎类花粉的最高值出现在有这些母体植物生长的表土样品中,在其他样品中则明显较低。在表土孢粉样品中经常可以见到冷杉的气孔器,但在湖泊表层样品中却没有见到,说明气孔器不易到达湖泊中。该研究是对中国西南表层孢粉研究的有益补充,同时为泸沽湖新生代特别是第四纪化石孢粉解释提供了可靠的参考和依据。     

中国现代花粉数据集

孢粉是重建古植被、古气候的重要基础数据。孢粉数据库对研究样点至区域和全球尺度上的古环境演变规律、古气候变化特征反演和古生物地球化学循环模拟等具有重要意义。该文收集整理了中国1960-2020年间发表和部分未发表的现代花粉数据记录, 包括样品编号、采样位置、采样地经纬度和海拔高度、样品类型、数据来源、数据类型、周边植被信息、参考文献、花粉类群及其含量等信息; 并对数据进行筛选和标准化等处理, 由此整合为中国现代花粉数据集。该数据集由4 497个现代花粉采样点的数据信息组成, 包括660个来自中国第四纪孢粉数据库数据, 1 763个前期整理发表的数据和2 074个近期收集的数据, 涵盖772个花粉类群。样品类型以土壤表层样品(3 332个)为主, 苔藓样品以及湖泊、海洋表层样品等为辅, 广泛分布于全国不同地理区域和植被类型中, 其中以温带荒漠区域(24.91%)和亚热带常绿阔叶林区域(24.02%)最丰富, 其次为温带草原区域(16.14%)和青藏高原高寒植被区域(15.83%)。数据按照来源可分为原始数据(58%)和数值化数据(42%); 按照数据类型可分为原始统计粒数的样点(59%)和以花粉百分比表达的样点(41%)。半个多世纪以来, 科研人员开展了大量的表层现代花粉取样和研究。本数据集虽然仅获取部分记录, 但样点覆盖了我国绝大多数地区, 可有效地用于古植被与古气候重建的现代孢粉与现代植被校验, 并将为中国孢粉数据库的建立与更深入的孢粉研究提供数据支撑。     

基于多端元光谱混合分析方法的大兴安岭火后植被盖度恢复研究

火干扰是北方针叶林结构、功能及动态的主要调节因子之一。研究火后植被恢复对理解火干扰和生态系统的交互作用具有重要意义。火烧迹地通常由植被与基质混合组成,在中低分辨率（ > 10 m）遥感影像中表现为混合像元,因此研究亚像元尺度上植被的恢复是精确量化植被恢复的关键。本研究以2000年大兴安岭呼中自然保护区中8700 hm²火烧迹地为研究区,以两期（2014年6月1日和2010年6月22日）中分辨率Landsat ETM+影像（30 m）为基础数据,比较多端元光谱混合分析（Multiple Endmember Spectral Mixture Analysis,MESMA）和归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）获得的植被盖度,以高分辨率（2 m）WorldView-2影像（2014年7月1日）为验证数据,对两种方法计算的植被盖度精度进行比较。结果表明,MESMA方法获得的植被盖度（R²=0.691）与传统的NDVI获得的植被盖度（R²=0.700）精度无统计差异,中烈度下获得的植被覆盖精度高于低、高火烧烈度。为验证同一端元能否运用到不同时相的Landsat影像中,本研究将从2014年影像中获取的最佳端元运用到2010年影像中获得植被盖度图,结果表明2014年与2010年得到的RMSE（均方根误差）均值分别为0.0015和0.0065,说明最佳端元可用于不同时相的影像分解。本研究表明MESMA方法可有效监测北方针叶林中火后植被盖度恢复,并可运用于时间序列遥感影像监测植被恢复动态。     

黄土丘陵区SCS-CN模型径流曲线数的计算与校正

由美国农业部土壤保持局开发的SCS-CN模型在其他国家地区使用过程中的适用性仍存在争议,直接采用其给定的初损率λ来计算CN值易出现问题,尤其对于中国黄土高原这样具有复杂自然环境的干旱半干旱生态系统来说,有必要针对CN模型参数做进一步校正。基于地处黄土丘陵区的定西共计47个径流小区连续五年生长期的观测数据,采用平均值法计算典型植被和整地类型下的CN值,并结合前人在不同坡度下对初损率λ的率定结果进行校正,同时运用经验公式法计算土壤饱和导水率、确定土壤水文组。结果表明：①陇中地区土壤质地以壤土、粉砂壤土为主,饱和导水率介于18-180mm/h之间,最小渗透率介于3.81-7.26mm/h之间;②土壤前期含水量、植被种类、植被盖度、土地利用、坡度以及整地工程措施等均对CN值存在影响,依照坡度校正后的CN值与之前计算的存在较大差异;③典型植被覆盖类型下的CN₁值为：灌木林地（沙棘） < 撂荒地（冰草） < 人工草地（苜蓿） < 坡耕地（小麦） < 乔木林地（油松）,相同坡度的同类型植被措施下,CN值随植被覆盖度增加而减小;④水平沟、水平阶和反坡台等整地措施在不同土壤湿度条件下均降低了CN值,有效提高了土壤饱和导水率。     

云南亚热带南部表土孢粉组合与植被间的定量关系

以云南亚热带南部沿温度带分布的35个表土孢粉样品和7个植被样方调查为基础,计算了代表性孢粉类型的百分比和孢粉浓度,及常见孢粉的R值,并分析了影响R值的因素;同时,研究了植物群落和样方内孢粉组合的相似度。结果表明,云南亚热带南部表土样品孢粉产量丰富,蕨类植物孢子产量较高,具有典型的亚热带特征,且山地垂直分异显著;木本、草本植物花粉基本代表了区域内乔木和草本植物特征,蕨类植物孢子则具有超代表性;表土孢粉组合与植物群落间的相似系数绝大部分都在70％以上,表土孢粉组合基本上可以反映植物群落面貌;表明云南亚热带地区表土孢粉与现代植被之间具有较好的对应关系,这对在该区利用化石孢粉资料定量恢复古植被和重建古气候有重要意义。     

深圳市建成区入侵植物对草本植物种类及功能多样性的影响

入侵植物对城市生态系统形成潜在威胁,有待引起足够的关注。为探究城市入侵植物对草本植物种类及功能多样性的影响,以深圳市建成区入侵植物鬼针草（Bidens pilosa）和南美蟛蜞菊（Sphagneticola trilobata）为例,分析了不同绿地类型中不同程度的单独入侵和共同入侵对草本植物群落物种多样性和功能多样性的影响规律。结果显示：①Margalef物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson优势度指数和Pielou均匀度指数均与入侵植物盖度呈显著负相关（P<0.05,0.5865 < R² < 0.9356）。②功能丰富度指数（FRic）、功能均匀度指数（FEve）和Rao二次熵指数（FD_Q）与入侵植物盖度有一定的相关关系（0.0000 < R² < 0.2211）。③群落的特征加权平均株高（CWM_H）与入侵植物盖度有一定的正相关关系（0.0716 < R² < 0.2262）。④与未入侵的样方相比,鬼针草轻度入侵显著提高了物种多样性（P<0.05）,鬼针草和南美蟛蜞菊单独重度入侵均显著降低物种多样性（P<0.05）,二者各种程度的分别单独入侵及共同入侵都显著提高了群落加权平均株高（CWM_H）（P<0.05）。⑤对不同的绿地类型分开计算发现,鬼针草单独入侵和二者共同入侵都显著提高了各种绿地类型的物种多样性（P<0.05）,南美蟛蜞菊单独入侵只对部分绿地类型的群落物种多样性影响显著。⑥鬼针草和南美蟛蜞菊之间的生态效应可能为拮抗作用。研究结果为进一步揭示植物入侵对城市草本植物群落的影响规律提供参考,为有效防治城市外来植物入侵提供一定的依据。     

昭苏县土壤含水量高光谱建模预测及其与植被生产力的关系

土壤是生态系统中不可或缺的组成部分,同时也是植物生长与发育的依托。土壤含水量直接影响土壤-植被生态系统中的水分和养分循环,从而决定植物的生长状态。因此,植被的生长状况与土壤含水量之间存在密切的关联。为了深入了解这种关系,本研究选取昭苏县3种优质牧草(冷蒿草、牛筋草和高羊茅)的地面实测高光谱数据作为研究对象,运用倒数、导数、对数等14种光谱变换方法,通过相关性分析找出与土壤含水量高度相关的特征波段,进行植被高光谱的土壤含水量建模预测,目的是要筛选敏感波长和最佳的反演模型。同时,利用CASA模型计算草地实际净初级生产力(ANPP),以分析土壤含水量与植被生产力的关联程度。结果表明:(1)昭苏县3种优质牧草在可见光波段光谱反射特征相似,而近红外波段差异较大,并且除25%-30%土壤含水量区间外,随着土壤水分增加,植被光谱反射率呈现明显下降趋势。(2)经过14种光谱变换后,昭苏县3种优质牧草的光谱反射率与土壤含水量间的相关性得到提高,尤其在R″、(1/R)''、(log R)''、(log 1/R)''、(R^1/2)″ 等光谱变换形式下,相关性较高,且特征波段数量较多。(3)在(1/R)''、(1/R)″、(log 1/R)″、(R^1/2)″等8种高光谱变换形式中,(R^1/2)″和(log 1/R)″变换下土壤含水量估算模型精度较好。(4)在过去20年间,昭苏县草地ANPP呈明显下降趋势,草地退化主要集中在平原地带,而植被生产力的减少是多因素作用的结果,土壤含水量只是一个微弱的影响因子。总之,本研究为土壤含水量反演及其与植被生产力关系研究中提供新思路,为土地可持续利用和管理策略的指定提供重要参考。     

Modelling pollen sedimentation in Danish lakes at c.ad 1800: an attempt to validate the POLLSCAPE model

Aims To validate the POLLSCAPE simulation model of pollen dispersal and deposition, and evaluate the effect of factors such as pollen productivity, wind speed and regional plant abundance, using a data set of ad 1800 pollen assemblages and historical land cover data. Location Denmark. Methods ad 1800 land cover from historical maps is digitized for 2000 m radii around 30 Danish lakes (3.5–33 ha). The simulation model POLLSCAPE is used to predict sedimentary pollen assemblages in the lakes from the plant abundance data inferred from these maps, with different model parameter settings for wind speed, pollen productivity, regional pollen loading, etc. The model predictions are compared with observed ad 1800 pollen assemblages from the lake sediment records. Furthermore, pollen productivity is estimated from the ad 1800 pollen and vegetation data using the Extended R‐value model. Results Generally the model reproduces the patterns in the observed pollen assemblages, and for most pollen types there are significant correlations between observed and predicted pollen proportions. The pollen proportions predicted by the POLLSCAPE model are sensitive to the pollen productivity estimates used, the regional background pollen loading and average wind speed. There is a difference in background pollen loading between eastern and western Denmark, especially of Calluna pollen. The fit between predicted and observed pollen assemblages is best at wind speeds around 2.5 m s^?1, and decreases rapidly at lower wind speeds. The pollen productivity estimates from the ad 1800 data set are comparable with estimates from moss polsters in modern analogues of traditional cultural landscapes in Sweden and Norway. Main conclusions The POLLSCAPE model reproduces the patterns in the observed pollen assemblages from the lakes well, considering the uncertainty in the historical plant abundance data. This study indicates that the simulation model can be a useful tool for investigating relationships between vegetation and pollen composition, but also that the simulated pollen proportions are sensitive to the pollen productivity estimates, the regional background and to wind speed.     

Modern pollen representation of source vegetation in the Qaidam Basin and surrounding mountains, north-eastern Tibetan Plateau

We use a data set of 35 surface pollen samples from lake sediments, moss polsters and top soils on the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau to explore the relationship between modern pollen assemblages and contemporary vegetation patterns. The surface pollen transect spanned four vegetation zones––alpine meadow, steppe, steppe desert and desert––under different climatic/elevational conditions. Relative representation (R _rel) values and Principal Components Analysis (PCA) were used to determine the relationships between modern pollen and vegetation and regional climate gradients. The results show that the main vegetation zones along the regional and elevational transects can be distinguished by their modern pollen spectra. Relative to Poaceae, a high representation of Artemisia, Nitraria and Chenopodiaceae was found, while Cyperaceae and Gentiana showed values in the middle range, and Ranunculaceae, Asteraceae, Ephedra and Fabaceae had low relative representation values. PCA results indicate a high correlation between the biogeoclimatic zones and annual precipitation and annual temperature and July temperature. The Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae ratio and the Artemisia/Cyperaceae ratio are useful tools for qualitative and semi-quantitative palaeoenvironmental reconstruction on the north-eastern Tibetan Plateau. Surface lake sediments are found to have different palynomorph spectra from moss cushion and soil samples, reflecting the larger pollen source area in the contemporary vegetation for lakes.     

A comparison of sedimentary DNA and pollen from lake sediments in recording vegetation composition at the Siberian treeline

Reliable information on past and present vegetation is important to project future changes, especially for rapidly transitioning areas such as the boreal treeline. To study past vegetation, pollen analysis is common, while current vegetation is usually assessed by field surveys. Application of detailed sedimentary DNA (sedDNA) records has the potential to enhance our understanding of vegetation changes, but studies systematically investigating the power of this proxy are rare to date. This study compares sedDNA metabarcoding and pollen records from surface sediments of 31 lakes along a north–south gradient of increasing forest cover in northern Siberia (Taymyr peninsula) with data from field surveys in the surroundings of the lakes. sedDNA metabarcoding recorded 114 plant taxa, about half of them to species level, while pollen analyses identified 43 taxa, both exceeding the 31 taxa found by vegetation field surveys. Increasing Larix percentages from north to south were consistently recorded by all three methods and principal component analyses based on percentage data of vegetation surveys and DNA sequences separated tundra from forested sites. Comparisons of the ordinations using procrustes and protest analyses show a significant fit among all compared pairs of records. Despite similarities of sedDNA and pollen records, certain idiosyncrasies, such as high percentages of Alnus and Betula in all pollen and high percentages of Salix in all sedDNA spectra, are observable. Our results from the tundra to single‐tree tundra transition zone show that sedDNA analyses perform better than pollen in recording site‐specific richness (i.e., presence/absence of taxa in the vicinity of the lake) and perform as well as pollen in tracing vegetation composition.     

Reliability of pollen ratios for environmental reconstructions on the Tibetan Plateau

Aim Pollen ratios are widely used to gain palaeovegetation and palaeoclimatic information from fossil pollen spectra, although their applicability has seldom been tested with modern pollen data. I used a data set of 113 lake‐surface sediments from the eastern Tibetan Plateau to test the reliability of several pollen ratios. Location The lake‐surface pollen spectra cover a wide range of vegetation types (temperate desert, temperate steppe, alpine desert, alpine steppe, high‐alpine meadow, sub‐alpine shrub, coniferous and mixed forest) and climatic conditions (mean July temperature, T_July: 4.0–17.4°C; mean annual precipitation, P_ann: 104–670 mm). Methods Lake‐surface sediments were analysed palynologically, and several pollen ratios were calculated. These ratios were interpreted with respect to vegetation and climatic conditions. Results The arboreal pollen sum (AP) was highest in samples from forested areas and was significantly correlated with P_ann (r² = 0.44). In non‐forested areas, samples from large lakes and from lakes surrounded by sparse vegetation had increased AP values, suggesting that AP is a useful vegetation density indicator. Artemisia/Chenopodiaceae (A/C) ratios were lowest in desert areas and were positively correlated with P_ann (r² = 0.25). The aridity pollen index was inappropriate for inferring (palaeo‐)climatic information from samples on the eastern Tibetan Plateau as it had no significant correlation with the environmental factors. Artemisia/Cyperaceae (A/Cy) ratios had a significant correlation with T_July (r² = 0.23), but only a weak correlation with P_ann, which indicates that the A/Cy ratio is applicable as a temperature indicator. Furthermore, it is a valuable tool for the differentiation of high‐alpine meadow from steppe vegetation. Main conclusions AP sum, A/C ratio and A/Cy ratio are useful tools for qualitative and semi‐quantitative palaeoenvironmental reconstruction on the Tibetan Plateau; however, the results obtained should not be interpreted quantitatively.     

Are pollen records from small sites appropriate for REVEALS model-based quantitative reconstructions of past regional vegetation? An empirical test in southern Sweden

In this paper we test the performance of the Regional Estimates of VEgetation Abundance from Large Sites (REVEALS) model using pollen records from multiple small sites. We use Holocene pollen records from large and small sites in southern Sweden to identify what is/are the most significant variable(s) affecting the REVEALS-based reconstructions, i.e. type of site (lakes and/or bogs), number of sites, site size, site location in relation to vegetation zones, and/or distance between small sites and large sites. To achieve this objective we grouped the small sites according to (i) the two major modern vegetation zones of the study region, and (ii) the distance between the small sites and large lakes, i.e. small sites within 50, 100, 150, or 200 km of the large lakes. The REVEALS-based reconstructions were performed using 24 pollen taxa. Redundancy analysis was performed on the results from all REVEALS-model runs using the groups within (i) and (ii) separately, and on the results from all runs using the groups within (ii) together. The explanatory power and significance of the variables were identified using forward selection and Monte Carlo permutation tests. The results show that (a) although the REVEALS model was designed for pollen data from large lakes, it also performs well with pollen data from multiple small sites in reconstructing the percentage cover of groups of plant taxa (e.g. open land taxa, summer-green trees, evergreen trees) or individual plant taxa; however, in the case of this study area, the reconstruction of the percentage cover of Calluna vulgaris, Cyperaceae, and Betula may be problematic when using small bogs; (b) standard errors of multiple small-site REVEALS estimates will generally be larger than those obtained using pollen records from large lakes, and they will decrease with increasing size of pollen counts and increasing number of small sites; (c) small lakes are better to use than small bogs if the total number of small sites is low; and (d) the size of small sites and the distance between them do not play a major role, but the distance between the small sites and landscape/vegetation boundaries is a determinant factor for the accuracy of the vegetation reconstructions.     

Similarity between contemporary vegetation and plant remains in the surface sediment in Mediterranean lakes

相似文献   

Taxon-related pollen source areas for lake basins in the southern Alps: an empirical approach

The pollen/vegetation relationship in broadleaved forests dominated by Castanea sativa was analysed using an empirical approach. The pollen content of surface sediments of three lake basins of different sizes (6.3, 22.2, and 101.2 ha) in Ticino (southern Switzerland) was used for a comparison with the surrounding vegetation. We surveyed the vegetation around the two small lakes, Lago di Origlio and Lago di Muzzano, and estimated the relative crown coverage of tree species. The regional vegetation outside the lake catchment (ca. >1 km) was determined with the data from the first Swiss National Forest Inventory. For the third large lake, basin of Ponte Tresa, we used only this latter approach for comparison with pollen data. We compare uncorrected and corrected pollen percentages with vegetational data that were processed with distance-weighting functions. To assess the degree of correspondence between pollen and vegetation data we define a ratio pollen/vegetation, which allows a comparison at the taxon level. The best fit between total pollen load and vegetation is reached for a distance from the lake shore of ca. 300 m for Lago di Origlio (150×350 m in size) and of ca. 600 m for Lago di Muzzano (300×750 m in size). Beside these general patterns, our analysis reveals taxon-specific pollen dispersal patterns that are in agreement with results from previous studies in northern Europe. Ratios of species with local (proximal) and long-distance (distal) pollen dispersal provide evidence that pollen dispersal mechanisms can influence the size of the taxon-related pollen source area, from small (100–400 m) to large (>5 km) for the same lake. The proportion of distal species increases with increasing lake size, highlighting the predominance of atmospheric pollen transport. We conclude that the large species-related differences in pollen source areas have to be taken into account when the provenance at a site is estimated and discussed.     

Reassessment of Holocene vegetation change on the upper Tibetan Plateau using the pollen-based REVEALS model

Previous studies based on fossil pollen data have reported significant changes in vegetation on the alpine Tibetan Plateau during the Holocene. However, since the relative proportions of fossil pollen taxa are largely influenced by individual pollen productivities and the dispersal characteristics, such inferences on vegetation have the potential to be considerably biased. We therefore examined the modern pollen–vegetation relationships for four common pollen species on the Tibetan Plateau, using Extended R-value (ERV) models. Assuming an average radius of 100 m for the sampled lakes, we estimated the relevant source area of pollen (RSAP) to be 2200 m (which represents the distance from the lake). Using Poaceae as the reference taxa (Pollen Productivity Estimate, PPE = 1), ERV Submodel 2 derived relative high PPEs for the steppe and desert taxa: 2.079 ± 0.432 for Artemisia and 5.379 ± 1.077 for Chenopodiaceae. Low PPEs were estimated for the Cyperaceae (1.036 ± 0.012), whose plants are characteristic of the alpine Kobresia meadows. Applying these PPEs to four fossil pollen sequences since the Late Glacial, the plant abundances on the central and north-eastern Tibetan Plateau were quantified using the “Regional Estimates of Vegetation Abundance from Large Sites” (REVEALS) model. The proportions of Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae were greatly reduced compared to their original pollen percentages in the reconstructed vegetation, owing to their high productivities and their dispersal characteristics, while Cyperaceae showed a relative increase in the vegetation reconstruction. The reconstructed vegetation assemblages of the four pollen sequence sites always yielded smaller compositional species turnovers than suggested by the pollen spectra, as revealed by Detrended Canonical Correspondence Analyses (DCCA) of the Holocene sections. The strength of the previously reported vegetation changes may therefore have been overestimated, which indicates the importance of taking into account pollen–vegetation relationships when discussing the potential drivers (such as climate, land use, atmospheric CO₂ concentrations) and implications (such as for land surface–climate feedbacks, carbon storage, and biodiversity) of vegetation change.     

Pollen-vegetation richness and diversity relationships in the tropics

Tracking changes in biodiversity through time requires an understanding of the relationship between modern diversity and how this diversity is preserved in the fossil record. Fossil pollen is one way in which past vegetation diversity can be reconstructed. However, there is limited understanding of modern pollen-vegetation diversity relationships from biodiverse tropical ecosystems. Here, pollen (palynological) richness and diversity (Hill N₁) are compared with vegetation richness and diversity from forest and savannah ecosystems in the New World and Old World tropics (Neotropics and Palaeotropics). Modern pollen data were obtained from artificial pollen traps deployed in 1-ha vegetation study plots from which vegetation inventories had been completed in Bolivia and Ghana. Pollen counts were obtained from 15 to 22 traps per plot, and aggregated pollen sums for each plot were >?2,500. The palynological richness/diversity values from the Neotropics were moist evergreen forest?=?86/6.8, semi-deciduous dry forest?=?111/21.9, wooded savannah?=?138/31.5, and from the Palaeotropics wet evergreen forest?=?144/28.3, semi-deciduous moist forest?=?104/4.4, forest-savannah transition?=?121/14.1; the corresponding vegetation richness/diversity was 100/36.7, 80/38.7 and 71/39.4 (Neotropics), and 101/54.8, 87/45.5 and 71/34.5 (Palaeotropics). No consistent relationship was found between palynological richness/diversity, and plot vegetation richness/diversity, due to the differential influence of other factors such as landscape diversity, pollination strategy, and pollen source area. Palynological richness exceeded vegetation richness, while pollen diversity was lower than vegetation diversity. The relatively high global diversity of tropical vegetation was found to be reflected in the pollen rain.     

沉积硅藻揭示的历史时期水生植被信息以梁子湖为例

水生植被是浅水湖泊生态系统最重要的生态特征之一, 了解其群落历史演化特征, 对生态退化湖泊的修复有着重要指导意义。研究选择长江中下游地区代表性草型湖泊梁子湖, 基于梁子湖沉积岩芯210Pb/137Cs测年、沉积硅藻序列和梁子湖长期水生植被监测记录, 探讨利用沉积硅藻记录来重建该湖历史时期水生植被演替特征的可行性。研究结果表明: 梁子湖沉积硅藻记录对历史时期水生植被的演替有较好的反映; 基于此, 对梁子湖过去近200年的水生植被覆盖度进行了重建; 与湖泊流域历史环境信息的对比分析表明洪水是影响该湖水生植被发育的一个重要因素。研究结果证实了在浅水湖泊中, 沉积硅藻可揭示历史水生植被的信息, 并为该湖的水生植被保护提供科学依据, 同时对该区富营养湖泊的生态修复有重要的指导价值。