共查询到20条相似文献,搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
Peter Godfrey-Smith 《Biology & philosophy》2007,22(3):429-437
Jablonka and Lamb's claim that evolutionary biology is undergoing a ‘revolution’ is queried. But the very concept of revolutionary
change has uncertain application to a field organized in the manner of contemporary biology. The explanatory primacy of sequence
properties is also discussed.
相似文献
Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |
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Event-related brain potentials (ERP) are important neural correlates of cognitive processes. In the domain of language processing,
the N400 and P600 reflect lexical-semantic integration and syntactic processing problems, respectively. We suggest an interpretation
of these markers in terms of dynamical system theory and present two nonlinear dynamical models for syntactic computations
where different processing strategies correspond to functionally different regions in the system’s phase space.
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Peter beim GrabenEmail: |
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Philip Richard Sullivan 《Biology & philosophy》2009,24(1):65-79
This paper demonstrates that the human visual system, the primary sensory conduit for primates, processes ambient energy in
a way that obligatorily constructs the objects that we ineluctably perceive. And since our perceptual apparatus processes
information only in terms of objects (along with the properties and movements of objects), we are limited in our ability to comprehend ‘what
is’ when we move beyond our ordinary world of midsize objects—as, for example, when we address the micro microworld of quantum
physics.
相似文献
Philip Richard SullivanEmail: |
6.
The influence of Ni on arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has not been studied yet. We tested the tolerance to Ni of five
AMF isolates from New Caledonian ultramafic soils. Spore germination indicated that these isolates were clearly more tolerant
to Ni than three other isolates from non-ultramafic soils. They were able to germinate at 30 μg g−1 Ni, whereas spores of the non-ultramafic isolates were totally inhibited at 15 μg g−1 Ni. Among the ultramafic isolates, two were obtained from roots of Ni-hyperaccumulating plants. Their tolerance to Ni was
clearly higher than all the other isolates. The proportion of germinated spores of the different isolates in contact with
ultramafic soils showed the same tendencies as those observed with Ni solutions. Tolerance to Ni increased when spores were
produced from mycorrhiza on plants grown on sand containing 20 μg g−1 Ni, in comparison with those produced on sand without Ni. These results indicate that the tolerance to Ni of AMF spores can
be induced by the presence of this metal in the substrate.
相似文献
Hamid AmirEmail: |
7.
Debates over adaptationism can be clarified and partially resolved by careful consideration of the ‘grain’ at which evolutionary
processes are described. The framework of ‘adaptive landscapes’ can be used to illustrate and facilitate this investigation.
We argue that natural selection may have special status at an intermediate grain of analysis of evolutionary processes. The
cases of sickle-cell disease and genomic imprinting are used as case studies.
相似文献
Peter Godfrey-SmithEmail: |
8.
Claes Andersson 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(2):229-242
Human knowledge is a phenomenon whose roots extend from the cultural, through the neural and the biological and finally all
the way down into the Precambrian “primordial soup.” The present paper reports an attempt at understanding this Greater System
of Knowledge (GSK) as a hierarchical nested set of selection processes acting concurrently on several different scales of
time and space. To this end, a general selection theory extending mainly from the work of Hull and Campbell is introduced.
The perhaps most drastic change from previous similar theories is that replication is revealed as a composite function consisting
of what is referred to as memory and synthesis. This move is argued to drastically improve the fit between theory and human-related knowledge systems. The introduced theory
is then used to interpret the subsystems of the GSK and their interrelations. This is done to the end of demonstrating some
of the new perspectives offered by this view.
相似文献
Claes AnderssonEmail: |
9.
This paper introduces a threshold policy with hysteresis (TPH) for the control of one-predator one-prey models. The models studied are the Lotka–Volterra and Rosenzweig–MacArthur
two species density-dependent predator–prey models and the Arditi–Ginzburg nondimensional ratio-dependent model. The proposed
policy (TPH) changes the dynamics of the system in such a way that a bounded oscillation is achieved confined to a region
that does not allow extinction of either species. The policy can be designed by a suitable choice of so called virtual equilibrium
points in a simple and intuitive manner.
相似文献
Amit Bhaya (Corresponding author)Email: |
10.
Paul F. Cannon Nigel L. Hywel-Jones Norbert Maczey Lungten Norbu Tshitila Tashi Samdup Phurba Lhendup 《Biodiversity and Conservation》2009,18(9):2263-2281
The insect-pathogenic fungus Ophiocordyceps sinensis (better known as Cordyceps sinensis) is harvested over much of the Himalayan plateau as a highly prized remedy in traditional Oriental medicine. Over the past
10 years its financial value has increased dramatically, with collectors paid as much as US $12,500 kg−1 for top-quality material. This is causing significant distortion to local economies, and there is widespread concern that
the current rate of collection is unsustainable. This paper introduces the fungus and its insect hosts, documents some of
the biological and social constraints to achieving sustainability, describes the socioeconomic climate within which harvest
and sale occurs in Bhutan, and details the measures put in place by the Royal Government of Bhutan to promote wise management
of this valuable natural resource.
相似文献
Paul F. CannonEmail: |
11.
Sub-Antarctic Marion Island has had a permanent research station for 50 years and the islands Wandering Albatrosses have been intensively studied for 20 years. The reactions of breeding birds to approaches by a human on foot were recorded. Three response variables were calculated: intensity of vocal reaction (IVR), intensity of non-vocal reaction (INR) and overall response index (ORI). At 5 m from the nest, twice as many birds stood and/or vocalised as at 15 m. Nearest neighbour distance, age and gender did not explain individual variability of responses. Study colony birds had higher IVR scores than non-study colony birds; birds at colonies closest to the station had the highest ORI scores. A better breeding record was associated with lower IVR and ORI scores, but a causative relationship remains to be demonstrated. A minimum viewing distance of 25 m is recommended for breeding Wandering Albatrosses.
相似文献
Marienne S. de VilliersEmail: Fax: +27-21-6503434 |
John CooperEmail: |
Peter G. RyanEmail: |
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This paper examines the biosemiotic approach to the study of life processes by fashioning a series of questions that any worthwhile
semiotic study of life should ask. These questions can be understood simultaneously as: (1) questions that distinguish a semiotic
biology from a non-semiotic (i.e., reductionist–physicalist) one; (2) questions that any student in biosemiotics should ask
when doing a case study; and (3) still currently unanswered questions of biosemiotics. In addition, some examples of previously
undertaken biosemiotic case studies are examined so as to suggest a broad picture of how such a biosemiotic approach to biology
might be done.
相似文献
Donald FavareauEmail: |
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Patrick Forber 《Biology & philosophy》2009,24(2):247-266
Evolutionary biology, indeed any science that attempts to reconstruct prehistory, faces practical limitations on available
data. These limitations create the problem of contrast failure: specific observations may fail to discriminate between rival evolutionary hypotheses. Assessing the risk of contrast failure
provides a way to evaluate testing protocols in evolutionary science. Here I will argue that part of the methodological critique
in the Spandrels paper involves diagnosing contrast failure problems. I then distinguish the problem of contrast failure from the more familiar
philosophical problem of underdetermination, and demonstrate how contrast failure arises in scientific practice with an investigation
into Lewontin and White’s (Evolution 14:116–129, 1960) estimation of an adaptive landscape.
相似文献
Patrick ForberEmail: |
17.
Anya Plutynski 《Biology & philosophy》2008,23(5):605-623
The discussion of the adaptive landscape in the philosophical literature appears to be divided along the following lines.
On the one hand, some claim that the adaptive landscape is either “uninterpretable” or incoherent. On the other hand, some
argue that the adaptive landscape has been an important heuristic, or tool in the service of explaining, as well as proposing
and testing hypotheses about evolutionary change. This paper attempts to reconcile these two views.
相似文献
Anya PlutynskiEmail: |
18.
The recent contribution by Jarmila Kukalová-Peck on Hennigian phylogenetics and hexapod limb evolution is critically evaluated.
相似文献
Michael S. Engel (Corresponding author)Email: |
19.
Studies on the effects of a variety of exogenous and anthropogenic environmental factors, including endocrine disruptors,
heavy metals, UV light, high temperature, and others, on marine organisms have been presented at the 2nd Bilateral Seminar
Italy–Japan held in November 2006. Reports were discussed in order to reveal the current situation of marine ecosystems, aiming
at evaluation and prediction of environmental risks.
相似文献
V. MatrangaEmail: |
20.
Abhijeet Bardapurkar 《Evolution》2008,1(3):299-305
This paper critically reviews and characterizes the student's causal-explanatory understanding; this is done as a step toward
explicating the problematic of evolution education as it concerns the cognitive difficulties in understanding Darwin's theory of natural selection. The review concludes that the student's understanding is fundamentally different from Darwin's, for
the student understands evolutionary change as necessary individual transformation caused by the transformative action of
various physical and behavioral factors. This is in complete contrast to Darwin's (and even the Darwinian's, for that matter)
understanding of evolutionary change as a change caused by accumulative selection. Hence, to understand natural selection,
the student has to learn to “see” how the accumulative selection causes evolutionary change.
相似文献
Abhijeet BardapurkarEmail: |