甘肃卫矛属一新种

甘肃卫矛属一新种,即文县卫矛Euonymus wensienensis J.W.Ren et D.S.Yao     

5种卫矛属植物对低温胁迫的生理响应及抗寒性评价

以5种卫矛属树种(品系)当年生充分休眠离体带叶枝条为试材,在高低温湿热试验箱内进行0℃、-10℃、-20℃和-30℃共4个梯度低温胁迫处理,考察其叶片解剖结构以及细胞膜透性、渗透调节物质、保护酶活性等生理指标的低温响应特征,并结合隶属函数分析方法综合评价5种卫矛属植物抗寒性。结果表明:(1)‘北海道黄杨6号’叶片有3层紧密的栅栏组织,北海道黄杨、胶州卫矛和大叶黄杨叶片有2层紧密、1层相对疏松的栅栏组织,扶芳藤叶片则只有2层排列紧密的栅栏组织;5个树种叶片组织紧密度表现为‘北海道黄杨6号’北海道黄杨胶州卫矛大叶黄杨扶芳藤。(2)通过Logistic方程拟合叶片相对电导率随温度的变化,获得5种卫矛树种的半致死温度(LT_(50))由低到高依次为‘北海道黄杨6号’(-19.69℃)、北海道黄杨(-17.41℃)、胶州卫矛(-16.03℃)、大叶黄杨(-13.33℃)、扶芳藤(-10.45℃)。(3)各树种叶片渗透调节物质含量随胁迫温度的降低而持续增加,在-30℃低温时,叶片可溶性糖含量以‘北海道黄杨6号’和北海道黄杨的增幅最大,可溶性蛋白含量以胶州卫矛和大叶黄杨增幅最大,但两者含量均以扶芳藤增幅最小。(4)各树种叶片抗氧化酶活性均随胁迫温度的降低而先升高后降低,大叶黄杨和扶芳藤叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性均在-10℃低温胁迫时达到峰值,而‘北海道黄杨6号’、北海道黄杨和胶州卫矛叶中各酶活性在-20℃低温胁迫时才达到峰值,它们酶活性峰值出现的时间及高低与其半致死温度的结果相吻合。(5)隶属函数综合评价结果显示,5种卫矛属植物的抗寒能力表现为‘北海道黄杨6号’北海道黄杨胶州卫矛大叶黄杨扶芳藤。研究发现,在低温胁迫条件下,卫矛属植物一方面通过渗透调节物质的合成来提高细胞内的渗透势,另一方面通过增强抗氧化酶活性来清除细胞内过量的活性氧、酚酸类等有害物质,从而对低温环境具有一定的适应能力,这为卫矛属植物抗寒种质的筛选及其在城市绿化中的合理应用提供了理论依据。     

濒危植物缙云卫矛群落种间联结分析

采用方差比率法（VR）、X^2检验、无中心指数等方法对缙云卫矛（Euonymus chloranthoides）3个群落进行了群落物种间关联性分析。结果表明,3个群落内物种的总体关联均表现为不显著的负关联性;北温泉群落6个主要物种的15个种对中有7个正关联,8个负关联;鸡公山群落8个主要物种的28个种对中有11个正关联,16个负关联,1个相对独立的关系;东温泉群落4个主要物种的6个种对中2个正关联,4个负关联。这反映了整个群落处于不稳定状态,这与生境片断化是密切相关的。种对间的关联性表明缙云卫矛与慈竹间显示出较强的正关联性,这表明缙云卫矛的生长需要慈竹为其提供适宜的生境。     

卫矛科沟瓣属与卫矛属的数量分类学研究

卫矛属(Euonymus L.)和沟瓣属(Glyptopetalum Thw.)的系统关系长期以来备受争议,为理清它们之间的关系,该研究选择沟瓣属12种、卫矛属17种和假卫矛属(Microtropis Wall.ex Meisn.)2种,共计31个分类单元(OTUs),测量并统计了56个形态性状,同时利用聚类分析(UP...     

卫矛科中的倍半萜成分

卫矛科(Colastraceae)植物在我国分布较广,其中一些种为巾草药所用,很多种民间常作为天然杀虫药。最近,我们从4种卫矛科植物大芽南蛇藤(C. gemmatus Loesen.)、灯油藤(C. paniculatus Willd.)、少果南蛇藤(C. rosthornianus Loesen.)和白杜(E. bungeanus Maxim.)的根皮或其种子中分离得30多个倍半萜化学成分。     

10种卫矛科植物次生韧皮部的比较解剖

研究了卫矛科（Ｃｅｌａｓｔｒａｃｅａｅ）５ 属１０ 种植物次生韧皮部的结构。根据筛管分子、韧皮射线及厚壁组织的结构特征,将这１０ 种植物次生韧皮部分为３ 种类型。类型Ⅰ：筛管分子端壁倾斜,筛域数多,都为复筛板,韧皮射线大多为单列。卫矛属（Ｅｕｏｎｙｍ ｕｓ）的５ 种植物属于这一类型;类型Ⅱ：包括南蛇藤属（Ｃｅｌａｓｔｒｕｓ）和雷公藤属（Ｔｒｉｐｔｅｒｙｇｉｕｍ ）,其特征是筛管分子短,端壁倾斜度小,筛域数少,纤维不木质化,射线多列;类型Ⅲ：筛管分子多为单筛板,端壁接近水平,在不具功能韧皮部出现成簇的石细胞和纤维,射线单列或两列。属于此类型的有十齿花属（Ｄｉｐｅｎｔｏｄｏｎ）和核子木属（Ｐｅｒｒｏｔｔｅｔｉａ）     

秋家蝇对两种卫矛植物的趋性

卫矛是常见的绿化植物,而秋家蝇Musca autumnalis De Geer是畜牧业的重要昆虫。在室内利用Y型嗅觉仪对欧洲卫矛Euonymus europaeus和胶东卫矛E. kiautschovicus气味对秋家蝇Musca autumnalis De Geer的引诱效果进行了研究。结果表明：两种植物都对秋家蝇的雌性成虫有引诱作用,而欧洲卫矛引诱效果更好。进一步对叶和花的气味进行的观察表明,卫矛吸引秋家蝇主要依靠花的气味,但叶的气味也有一定的吸引作用; 叶的气味对花的引诱效果有增效作用。利用几种试剂（水、乙醇和正己烷）对欧洲卫矛花的气味物质进行了抽提,测试结果表明水或乙醇抽提物比正己烷抽提物引诱效果更好; 冷冻花与新鲜花的引诱效果没有显著的差异。     

生境破碎化后濒危植物缙云卫矛种群的数量动态

运用种群静态生命表、生殖力表和Leslie矩阵模型,研究了重庆特有濒危植物缙云卫矛在北温泉、鸡公山和东温泉3个片断生境中种群的数量动态。静态生命表结果显示3个种群的最大龄级分别为14、13、9龄;相对于其它两个种群,北温泉种群表现出数量较多的幼苗,但同时该样地幼苗种群表现出较高的种群消失率（K_x）。种群生殖力表显示3个种群的净增殖率（R₀）均大于1,内禀增长率（r_m）均大于0,表明缙云卫矛种群可以完成自我更新,种群表现出正增长。Leslie矩阵模型对缙云卫矛种群进行的数量预测结果显示缙云卫矛3个种群20年后均表现出数量的增长,这与生殖力表显示的结果一致。缙云卫矛的濒危可能是其生境破碎化引起的。     

3种卫矛属植物叶片秋冬季转色期生理生化特征研究

以疏花卫矛(Euonymus laxiflorus)、丝棉木(E.maackii)和卫矛(E.alatus)3种卫矛属植物为试验材料,测定叶片转色期叶色参数和相关生理生化指标,探讨各项指标的变化规律和内在联系,为优良色叶植物的筛选提供依据。结果表明:(1)转色期,疏花卫矛的明亮度参数L~*和色素参数b~*(黄/蓝)呈上升趋势,色素参数a~*(红/绿)变化不大;丝棉木的L~*和b~*呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线,a~*呈上升趋势;卫矛的L~*和b~*变化不大,a~*呈上升趋势。(2)3种植物的叶绿素含量在转色期呈明显下降趋势;疏花卫矛的花色素苷相对含量、花色素苷/叶绿素的值较为平稳,类胡萝卜素/叶绿素的值呈上升趋势;丝棉木和卫矛的花色素苷相对含量、花色素苷/叶绿素的值均呈上升趋势,类胡萝卜素/叶绿素的值保持平稳。(3)3种植物苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)活性呈下降趋势,查尔酮异构酶(CHI)活性呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线;卫矛的过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性保持平稳,疏花卫矛和丝棉木的POD活性呈上升趋势,疏花卫矛的PPO活性保持平稳,丝棉木的PPO活性呈下降趋势。(4)疏花卫矛和卫矛的可溶性糖和淀粉的质量分数呈先上升后下降的单峰曲线,丝棉木的可溶性糖和淀粉的质量分数呈上升趋势。(5)相关性分析显示,疏花卫矛呈现黄色主要是因为叶绿素的分解,丝棉木和卫矛呈现红色是因为花色素苷的合成,可溶性糖、淀粉、CHI对花色素苷的合成有一定作用,POD对叶片呈现红色有促进作用,PAL和PPO活性对花色素苷的合成无显著影响。     

云南医学革螨数值分类研究

以云南省57种医学革螨作为分类单元,以形态特征为主列出60项分类性状特征来探讨云南省医学革螨不同属和种的亲缘关系。运用SPSS 11.5 统计软件中的系统聚类分析和主成分分析,对57种医学革螨进行了数值分类分析。结果显示：57种医学革螨划分为厉螨科（La elapidae）、寄螨科（Parasitidae）、皮刺螨科（Dermanyssidae）、赫刺螨科（Hirstionyssidae）和裂胸螨科（Aceosejidae）5个类群。赫刺螨属和棘刺螨属从厉螨科中分离出来另立为赫刺螨科,柏氏禽刺螨归入了皮刺螨科而不是巨刺螨科。分类结果与传统形态分类结果基本一致,因而认为数值分类能比较客观地反映医学革螨各分类阶元的分类地位与亲缘关系。     

Variation of silica bodies in leaf epidermal long cells within and among seventeen species of Oryza (Poaceae)

Morphometric procedures were used with scanning electron microscopy backscattered images to study silica bodies in epidermal long cells of four different leaf veins of 17 of the 20 species of Oryza. The veins studied were midrib, large vein, small vein, and marginal vein. Image analysis was used to study morphological variations among the silica bodies. Statistical analyses were based on 11 variables. Even within a single leaf, silica bodies were not uniform. However, the degree of morphological variation normally showed a distribution of morpholgical types around one modal shape. The most significant differences observed were between silica bodies of the midrib and those of other veins. Bodies varied with respect to both size and shape. Computer-assisted image analysis is an effective tool for categorizing basic data and for statistical analysis of variation among silica bodies. Morphological variation among silica bodies of a single leaf may be related to water-conducting systems and their influence on silica availability and phytolith formation.     

白蜡虫7种寄主植物叶片解剖结构与寄主选择性的关系

用石蜡切片法在显微镜下观察白蜡虫[Ericerus pela(Chavannes)]7种寄主植物叶的解剖结构。结果表明,寄主植物的叶脉、表皮、栅栏组织、海绵组织、维管束解剖结构及数量性状特征在属、种间存在显著差异。7种寄主植物中,华南小蜡(Ligustrum calleryanum Decne.)和白蜡树(Fraxinus chinensis Roxb.)表皮被毛,华南小蜡表皮毛浓密,白蜡树表皮毛稀疏,其它寄主植物表皮无毛;女贞树(Ligustrum lucidum Ait.)栅栏组织、海绵组织和叶脉的厚度最厚、维管束直径最大,其它寄主植物相对较小。因此,叶片表面光滑、叶脉发达、叶片肥厚是白蜡虫优良寄主植物的重要解剖学特征。7种寄主植物中脉和侧脉发达,近轴面凹陷,远轴面突起,肉脉包埋在叶肉中,推测叶脉突起和凹槽可能是白蜡虫固定位点选择的关键线索。     

Morphological plasticity of Parrotia persica leaves in eastern Hyrcanian forests (Iran) is related to altitude

Variation in leaf characters of Parrotia persica in relation to their position in the canopy along an altitudinal gradient were studied. Genetic and phenotypic characters make P. persica one of the most noteworthy plants in the five floristic regions of Iran. It is an endemic species of the Hyrcanian forests, and occurs naturally from sea level to over 900 m a.s.l. on the north side of the Mountain Ranges of Alborz, northern Iran. There was a significant effect of altitude only on few leaf features [width of lamina, base angle (internal angle of lamina), number of pair vein (number of principal veins of lamina) of leaf, top and end of leaf figure]. Among different geographical sides of the crown, there was no significant difference in the plasticity of leaf features, but leaf figure (both top of leaf figure and end of leaf figure) showed the lowest plasticity among the different leaf characters. Of all characters measured, the lowest plasticity among the three populations was found for base angle and number of vein pairs. A PCA analysis showed that leaf petiole and maximum width of lamina in 0.9 of its length, together with leaf figure and width of lamina, accounted for the greatest variation in difference of populations.     

石竹科繁缕属与鹅肠菜属的数量分类

石竹科繁缕属(Stellaria L.)和鹅肠菜属(Myosoton Moench.)的系统关系一直存在争议.为了弄清它们之间的关系及属下分类等问题,选取55个形态特征对繁缕属和鹅肠菜属进行数量分类学研究.聚类分析和主坐标分析结果显示,鹅肠菜(M.aquaticum (L.) Moench.)与繁缕组繁缕亚组的关系较近,故支持将鹅肠菜属并入繁缕属.此外,研究结果还支持将繸瓣组作为独立的组.对性状的主坐标排序分析显示,茎的形状及是否被毛、叶长、叶宽、是否具叶柄、叶形及毛被、上下表皮气孔指数与密度、是否具花瓣及花瓣裂片数、雄蕊数目、蒴果长度、花柱与种子的数目、种子表面纹饰等性状特征是繁缕属与鹅肠菜属分类的重要依据.     

Leaf anatomical studies of Eugenia L. (Myrtaceae) species from the Malay Peninsula

KHATIJAH, H. H., CUTLER, D. F. & MOORE, D. M., 1992. Leaf anatomical studies of Eugenia L. species from the Malay Peninsula. The leaf and petiole anatomy of 25 Malaysian species of Eugenia L. sensu lato was investigated to determine the value of vegetative anatomy for the identification of non-flowering material. Twelve characters proved useful for the identification of species: type of stomata; shape of leaves in T.S.; shape of midrib bundle; sclerenchyma sheath; cutinization of outer epidermal wall; presence or absence of sclereids, idioblasts, hypodermis, columnar epidermal cells, solitary crystals; number of palisade layers and the shape of vascular strand, sclerenchyma sheath and sclereids in the parenchyma of the petiole. Using these characters an anatomical key was constructed to assist identification of the species. Only the closely related species E. stapfiana and E. nilidula could not be separated on anatomical characters.
The anatomical data support the treatment of Henderson (1949) of section Acmena but not of sections Cleistocalyx and Fissicalyx , which fit better in section Syzygium.     

An insect countermeasure impacts plant physiology: midrib vein cutting, defoliation and leaf photosynthesis

One type of specialised herbivory receiving little study even though its importance has frequently been mentioned is vein cutting. We examined how injury to a leaf's midrib vein impairs gas exchange, whether impairment occurs downstream or upstream from injury, duration of impairment, compared the severity of midrib injury with non-midrib defoliation, and modelled how these two leaf injuries affect whole-leaf photosynthesis. Leaf gas exchange response to midrib injury was measured in five Asclepiadaceae (milkweed), one Apocynaceae (dogbane), one Polygonaceae and one Fabaceae species, which have been observed or reported to have midrib vein cutting injury in their habitats. Midrib vein injury impaired several leaf gas exchange parameters, but only downstream (distal) from the injury location. The degree of gas exchange impairment from midrib injury was usually more severe than from manually imposed and actual insect defoliation (non-midrib), where partial recovery occurred after 28 d in one milkweed species. Non-midrib tissue defoliation reduced whole-leaf photosynthetic activity mostly by removing photosynthetically active tissue, while midrib injury was most severe as the injury location came closer to the petiole. Midrib vein cutting has been suggested to have evolved as a countermeasure to deactivate induced leaf latex or cardenolide defences of milkweeds and dogbanes, yet vein cutting effects on leaf physiology seem more severe than the non-midrib defoliation the defences evolved to deter.     

Morphology and Infraciliature of Three Species of Eutintinnus (Ciliophora; Tintinnina) with Guidelines for Interpreting Protargol-Stained Tintinnine Ciliates

ABSTRACT. The infraciliatures of three Chesapeake Bay species of Eutintinnus conforming in lorica morphology to E. angustatus, E. pectinis , and E. tenuis were compared following Protargol silver impregnation. The kinetome of these species had a number of shared attributes including: 1) a right and left field that were of similar length and kinetal spacing; 2) two, rarely three, long dorsal kineties composed of monokinetids; 3) a ventral kinety; and 4) the absence of a true posterior kinety. Nonetheless, the specific organization of infraciliary components varied considerably among species. For example, the organization of the ventral kinety and several kineties along the border of the left field was different in all three species. In addition, the dorsal kineties of E. angustatus differed positionally from those of E. pectinis and E. tenuis . Some divergence in oral infraciliature was also noted, with the arrangement of infundibular oral polykinetids in E. pectinis and E. tenuis being distinct from that of E. angustatus . The amount of variation in the infraciliature of Eutintinnus spp. was much greater than previously noted for congeneric species of tintinnines and supports the separation E. angustatus, E. pectinis , and E. tenuis at the generic or subgeneric level.     

中国番荔枝科囊瓣木族植物叶片脉序比较观察

中路番荔枝科囊辦木族植物共有5属10种,其中有囊辦木属Saccopetalum Benn.,野独活屈Miliusa Lesch.ex A.DC.,蚁花届Mezzettiopsis Ridl.,澄广花属Orophea B1.等属的分类位置仍存在着一些争议。本文对它们有争议的4个屈进行了叶片脉序比较观察,提供分类一个辅佐证据。     

Leaf anatomy of Gluta (L.) Ding Hou (Anacardiaceae)

An anatomical study of the leaves of 21 species of Gluta (L.) Ding Hou (Anacardiaceae) reveals two major groups of species which reflect the original groups of Gluta L. and Melanorrhoea Wall., and a smaller group showing intermediate, or an admixture of, characters. The anatomical characters found to be of most use in this respect are: stomatal outline in surface view; stomatal density; glandular trichomes present/absent; glandular trichome body raised/sunken; cuticle striate/not striate; midrib dimensions as seen in transverse section; kind of simple trichomes (trichome-types 1–4); epidermal cell anticlinal wall undulation and whether visible or not on cuticular surface; resin ducts present/absent in medullary parenchyma of midrib. These characters have been used in a key to the species. Some evidence is given that the lacquer covering the leaf surface of some species is produced by the terminal cells of the glandular trichomes.     

Decline of leaf hydraulic conductance with dehydration: relationship to leaf size and venation architecture

Across plant species, leaves vary enormously in their size and their venation architecture, of which one major function is to replace water lost to transpiration. The leaf hydraulic conductance (K(leaf)) represents the capacity of the transport system to deliver water, allowing stomata to remain open for photosynthesis. Previous studies showed that K(leaf) relates to vein density (vein length per area). Additionally, venation architecture determines the sensitivity of K(leaf) to damage; severing the midrib caused K(leaf) and gas exchange to decline, with lesser impacts in leaves with higher major vein density that provided more numerous water flow pathways around the damaged vein. Because xylem embolism during dehydration also reduces K(leaf), we hypothesized that higher major vein density would also reduce hydraulic vulnerability. Smaller leaves, which generally have higher major vein density, would thus have lower hydraulic vulnerability. Tests using simulations with a spatially explicit model confirmed that smaller leaves with higher major vein density were more tolerant of major vein embolism. Additionally, for 10 species ranging strongly in drought tolerance, hydraulic vulnerability, determined as the leaf water potential at 50% and 80% loss of K(leaf), was lower with greater major vein density and smaller leaf size (|r| = 0.85-0.90; P < 0.01). These relationships were independent of other aspects of physiological and morphological drought tolerance. These findings point to a new functional role of venation architecture and small leaf size in drought tolerance, potentially contributing to well-known biogeographic trends in leaf size.