Effect of (+) and (–) Usnic Acid on Physiological,Biochemical, and Cytological Characteristics of Allium fistulosum Seeds

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology - The effect of (+) and (–)-usnic acid (UA) on the physiological, biochemical, and cytological characteristics of Allium fistulosum L. seedlings was...     

Identification of High γ-Aminobutyric Acid Producing Marine Yeast Strains by Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics and Gene Sequence Analyses

Four marine yeasts isolated from the Pacific Ocean off Japan (Siki No. 4, Siki No. 15, Hach No. 6, and Inub No. 11), which showed high γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) producing abilities, were identified and classified by physiological and biochemical characteristics and gene sequence analyses. Analysis of biochemical data suggested that while Siki No. 15 was identical to Candida, the remaining three isolates belonged to the genus Pichia. However, these data were insufficient to resolve their identity at the species level. Subsequently, analysis of the 5.8S rRNA genes and the two internal transcribed spacer regions (ITS) sequences revealed that Siki No. 15 belongs to Pichia guilliermondii, while the remaining three isolates corresponded to Pichia anomala. Since Siki No. 4 showed slightly different biochemical properties than the other two isolates, which were otherwise identical, we sought to investigate the sequences of the intergenic spacer region 1 (IGS1). We observed few nucleotide changes, suggesting that the Hach No. 6 and Inub No. 11 isolates belong to different but new strains for which we propose the names P. anomola MR-1 and MR-2 respectively.     

Physiological and Biochemical Aspects of Frost Resistance in Оlea europaea L.

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology - The results of studies on the frost resistance of Olea europaea L. varieties and its subspecies O. europaea subsp. cuspidata (Wall. and G. Don) Cif....     

Cytological studies on13species of Compositae from Hainan，China

Chromosome numbers of13species of Compositae from Hainan were counted.Karyotypes of nine species were analysed.The results are as follows:Tithonia diversifolia A.Gray,2n=34=26m+8sm（2sat）;Eclipta prostrata（L.）L.,2n=22=18m+4sm;Synedrella nodiflora（L.）     

Biochemical Studies on “Bakanae” Fungus. Part XXXVI The Physiological Action of Gibberellin. VIII

The seventh leaf-sheaths of rice plants grown in solution and treated with gibberellin were analyzed to examine their changes in the activities of various enzymes during period of growth, in comparison with that of the control plants. Phosphatase, alkalipyrophosphatase, acetylesterase, maltase, β-glucosidase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase, amylase, urease, dipeptidase, ascorbic acid oxidase, and catalase activities were decreased in extracts of sheaths on a fresh weight basis by treatment with gibberellin. Activities of peroxidase and invertase were markedly increased.     

Effect of Synthetic Auxin Analogs (2.4-D and α-NAA) on Growth and Biosynthetic Characteristics of Suspension Cell Culture of Tribulus terrestris L.

Russian Journal of Plant Physiology - Effect of synthetic analogs of auxins—2.4-dichlorophenoxyacetic (2.4-D) and α-naphthylacetic (α-NAA) acids—on growth characteristics and...     

Characteristics and effects of specific peptides on heat-induced aggregation of β-lactoglobulin

A bovine β-lactoglobulin hydrolysate, obtained by the hydrolysis by the Glu specific enzyme Bacillus licheniformis protease (BLP), was fractionated at pH 7.0 into a soluble and an insoluble fraction and characterized by LC-MS. From the 26 peptides identified in the soluble fraction, five peptides (A[f97-112] = [f115-128], AB[f1-45], AB[f135-157], AB[f135-158], and AB[f138-162]) bound to β-lactoglobulin at room temperature. After heating of β-lactoglobulin in the presence of peptides, eight peptides were identified in the pellet formed, three of them belonging to the previously mentioned peptides. Principle component analysis revealed that the binding at room temperature (to β-lactoglobulin) was related to the total hydrophobicity and the total charge of the peptides. The binding to the unfolded protein could not be attributed to distinct properties of the peptides. The presence of the peptides caused a 50% decrease in denaturation enthalpy (from 148 ± 3 kJ/mol for the protein alone to 74 ± 2 kJ/mol in the presence of peptides), while no change in secondary structure or denaturation temperature was observed. At temperatures <85 °C, the addition of peptides resulted in a 30-40% increase of precipitated β-lactoglobulin. At pH < 6, no differences in the amount of aggregated β-lactoglobulin were observed, which indicates the lack of binding of peptides to β-lactoglobulin at those pH values as was also observed by SELDI-TOF-MS. Although only a few peptides were found to participate in aggregation, suggesting specificity, principal component analysis was unable to identify specific properties responsible for this.     

Biochemical study of the adepidermal granules of Urodela and Anura—Especially on lipids

Summary The lipids of the adepidermal granules of Hynobius tokyoensis and Rana japonica were analysed qualitatively. To extract the lipids from the adepidermal granules, the epidermis of the larvae of both animals were removed from the body. Then the granules were extracted from the surface of the basal lamina by means of wiping with the cotton balls containing the solvent. It was ascertained with the electron microscope whether the adepidermal granules were extracted by the cotton balls or not.By the analysis which was made with thin layer chromatography, the same kind of phospholipids or neutral lipids were detected from the extracts of both R. Japonica and H. tokyoensis. Moreover, four spots which seemed to contain some sialic acids were detected from the both extracts.     

水稻离体体细胞胚与合子胚的某些生化特性的比较

水稻离体培养的体细胞胚（ＳＥ）与整体植株合子胚（ＺＥ）的蛋白质组分相似,约有１７条多队的分子量相同,其中６７～９１ｋＤ范围的多肽在非胚性愈伤组织（ＮＥ）中均很弱,３９、１７、６０ｋＤ多肽在ＮＥ中未发现。ＳＥ的游离氨基酸组成与ＺＥ也相似,占优势的氨基酸为Ａｓｐ,Ｇｌｕ,Ａｌａ,Ｌｙｓ,在分化后期Ａｒｇ含量也有提高,而在ＮＥ中这些内源氨基酸的含量均较低。此外,在两种类型的胚中都存在凝集素类的物质,而在无胚状体形成的ＮＥ中则未发现。     

胡萝卜体细胞胚在人工种子制作中的分级分选

用植物胚性细胞团分选仪进行了从胡萝卜非均匀性的悬浮培养物中分级分选体细胞胚。对该仪器分选体细胞胚的操作程序及参数进行了确定,对分离的三个等级的体细胞胚的数量、大小和形态进行了测定。该仪器分选胡萝卜成熟的体细胞胚的速度为每小时从100ml 悬浮培养物中分选出872个胚。按大小次序分级分离的三个等级的体细胞胚所制作的人工种子,在无菌培养基上的萌发率分别为87.3%、75.3%和55.5%。本研究的结果表明植物胚性细胞团分选仪用来分级分选胡萝卜体细胞胚的效果是良好的,成熟胚(第一、二级)制作的人工种子比未成熟胚(第三级)制作的人工种子萌发率有显著的提高。     

植物体细胞胚发生与作物育种

评述了植物体细胞胚发生在作物育种中的研究与应用,内容包含有：胚性细胞系的建立与原生质体培养;体细胞胚的形成与人工种子制作;胚性细胞与遗传转化;胚性细胞系与优良种质保存和体细胞无性系变异与突变体筛选等,并讨论了有关机理。     

蔗糖调控培养对胡萝卜体细胞胚内源ABA水平的效应

利用酶联免疫吸附测定（ＥＬＩＳＡ）技术,分析了经不同浓度蔗糖调控的胡萝卜（ＤａｕｃａｓｃａｒｏｔａＬ．）体细胞胚及胚性器官的内源ＡＢＡ水平。结果表明,随着胚的生长发育,内源ＡＢＡ含量呈上升趋势,到子叶胚时,达到最高值。在胚的早期发育阶段,不同处理之间,ＡＢＡ水平只有较小的差异,而当子叶胚开始膨大时,这种差异则较明显。一旦将调控胚解调控,体细胞胚内源ＡＢＡ含量则明显下降。在两个月内,调控胚及胚性器官的ＡＢＡ含量基本维持不变。表明蔗糖浓度可导致体胚内源ＡＢＡ水平的变化,但这种影响依发育时期而异;高浓度的ＡＢＡ水平有利于胚性状态的维持。与此同时,比较研究了外源ＡＢＡ处理效应与高浓度蔗糖处理的差异,结果表明,蔗糖的调控效应与ＡＢＡ的调控相似又不尽相同。总之,在蔗糖调控胡萝卜体细胞胚发育的信号传递网络中ＡＢＡ可能是一个重要的中介信号因子。     

‘SK4—316’胡萝卜体胚的诱导和培养

以'SK4-316'胡萝卜无菌苗的下胚轴为外植体,研究不同培养基配方和培养条件对愈伤组织诱导、体细胞胚间接发生及其同步化培养的影响,以及不同脱分化时间、脱分化培养基及外植体续存时间对体细胞胚直接发生的诱导及其培养的影响.结果表明:含3%蔗糖、0.8%琼脂的1/2MS + 2,4-D 2.5 mg/L + 6-BA(或KT)0.5 mg/L + CH 300 mg/L是诱导愈伤组织的良好培养基;1/2MS + 2,4-D 1.25 mg/L + KT 0.25 mg/L + 6-BA 0.25 mg/L(含3%蔗糖)适于愈伤组织分化并诱导体胚发生,0.02% ABA对体胚的诱导有促进作用,0.06% ABA或15% PEG能促进体胚成熟;外植体在MS + 2,4-D 1.0 mg/L固体培养基上脱分化培养48 h,再转入MS + CH 300 g/L液体培养基中可诱导体胚直接发生,但随着外植体续存于诱导培养基中时间的延长,体胚发生变异的几率也渐增.     

食用稗成熟胚的组织培养及其细胞学特性

研究食用稗成熟胚培养因素的结果表明,愈伤诱导最适培养基为N6＋3．0mg&#183;L^-12,4-D。N6基本培养基上的愈伤组织分化率较高;B5＋3．0mg&#183;L^-12,4-D＋1．0mg&#183;L^-16-BA的愈伤组织也具有较高的分化率。分化培养基N6＋2．0mg&#183;L^-16-BA＋0．5mg&#183;L^-1NAA利于绿芽分化;。茎尖部位的愈伤组织分化率比根的高。最佳生根培养基为1／2MS＋0．2mg&#183;L^-1～NAA＋1．0g&#183;L^-1AC。解剖和塑料半薄切片技术观察食用稗外植体的形态学和细胞学变化显示,胚根和胚轴主要形成非胚性愈伤组织,茎尖部位形成胚性愈伤组织。食用稗的器官建成途径倾向于以不定芽途径再生植株。芽原基为外起源,而根原基为内外起源兼有。     

Somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) from leaves of mature phase trees

Embryogenic cultures were induced from leaflets from new vegetative flushes of mature ‘Brewster’ litchi trees on B5 medium containing 400 mg l⁻¹ glutamine, 200 mg l⁻¹ casein hydrolysate, 30 g l⁻¹ sucrose, 4.52 μM 2,4-D, 9.30 μM kinetin and 3 g l⁻¹ gellan gum in darkness. Embryogenic cultures consisting of proembryonic cells and masses were maintained either on semi-solid MS medium supplemented with 4.52 μM 2,4-D and 0.91 μM zeatin or as embryogenic suspension cultures in liquid medium of the same composition. Maturation of somatic embryos occurred on semi-solid MS medium with 5–20% (v/v) filter-sterilized coconut water in darkness. Recovery of plants from somatic embryos was improved with 14.4 μM GA₃ on half-strength MS medium with 0.2 g l⁻¹ activated charcoal under a 16 h photoperiod provided by cool white fluorescent lights (60–80 μmol s⁻¹ m⁻²). Plants have been successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse.     

胡萝卜组织培养和高效遗传转化体系的建立

为了建立高效的胡萝卜遗传转化体系,本实验选用3个胡萝卜(Daucuscarotavar.sativa)栽培品种:‘金笋五寸’、‘Carol’和‘改良黑田七寸’,以它们的下胚轴和子叶为外植体,首先建立了高频愈伤诱导体系。在此基础上,以Carol的下胚轴和愈伤组织为受体材料,利用根癌农杆菌LBA4404介导转化质粒pBI121。经X-Gluc染色,证明GUS基因瞬间表达成功,经PCR方法鉴定,证明GUS基因已整合到胡萝卜的染色体中,从而建立了高效的胡萝卜遗传转化体系。     

超干种子耐贮藏性的细胞学及生理生化基础

种子超干贮藏是近年来种子生物学研究和植物种质资源保存领域的研究热点。本文综述了种子超干贮藏研究的进展 ,包括 :(1)超干种子的细胞和亚细胞结构变化 ;(2 )超干处理对种子水分状态的影响以及与劣变反应速率的关系 ;(3)超干种子中的自由基伤害和有毒物质的积累 ;(4)超干种子中的内源抗氧剂 ;(5 )糖类物质以及两性物质对极度脱水种子细胞的保护。此外 ,还对此领域的研究进行了展望