Variation in the structure and development of foliar stomata in the Euphorbiaceae

The structure and ontogeny of foliar stomata were studied in 50 species of 28 genera belonging to 17 tribes of the family Euphorbiaceae. The epidermal cells are either polygonal, trapezoidal, or variously elongated in different directions and diffusely arranged. The epidermal anticlinal walls are either straight, arched or sinuous. The architecture of cuticular striations varies with species. The mature stomata are paracytic (most common), anisocytic, anomocytic and diacytic. Occasionally a stoma may be tetracytic, cyclocytic or with a single subsidiary cell. The ontogeny of paracytic stomata is mesogenous dolabrate or trilabrate, mesoperigenous dolabrate; that of diacytic stomata is mesogenous dolabrate, whereas that of anisocytic stomata is mesogenous trilabrate; rarely an anisocytic stoma may be mesoperigenous. Hemiparacytic stomata are mesoperigenous unilabrate; tetracytic stomata are mesoperigenous dolabrate and anomocytic stomata perigenous. Abnormalities encountered include four types of contiguous stomata, stomata with a single or both guard cells aborted and persistent stomatal initials. Cytoplasmic connections between the guard cells of two adjacent stomata or the guard cell of a stoma and an adjacent epidermal/subsidiary cell, or both types occurring in a species, were noticed. The stomatal development, distribution, diversity and basic stomatal type with reference to systematics are discussed.     

Observations on the cotyledonary and hypocotyledonary stomata and trichomes in some Caesalpiniaceae with a note on their taxonomic

The structure and ontogeny of stomata on cotyledons and hypocotyls and the trichomes on hypocotyl are accounted for in eighteen species of Caesalpiniaceae. Trichomes are eglandular, bi- rarely tri-celled, smooth walled or walls wavy with cuticular striations or tubercles. Anomocytic, haplocytic, paracytic, diacytic, transitional, tetracytic, tricytic and cyclocytic stomata occur in different combinations even on the same surface of the cotyledon. In all, there are fourteen combinations. Inspite of the diversity, the most frequent type is anomocytic in most of the species and paracytic in some species of Cassia and Delonix (abaxial) but rarely it is haplocytic or anisocytic. In hypocotyls it is anomocytic. Ontogenetically anomocytic, tetracytic and cyclocytic stomata are perigenous, whereas other types are mesogenous or mesoperigenous. There is an increase in the number of subsidiary cells by their division or the neighbouring perigenes assuming their shapes. About eight such types are described. A pair of stomata has a common subsidiary cell. Twelve types of guard cell and stomatal approximation abnormalities are described. A range in the number, size and shape of the nuclei in guard cell are recorded. Megastomata (giant stomata) are observed in Parkinsonia and Tamarindus. The taxonomic significance of the stomata is also discussed.     

Epidermal structure and development of stomata in vegetative and floral organs ofHybanthus enneaspermus (Linn.)F. Muell

The present paper deals with the epidermal structure and ontogeny of stomata in vegetative and floral organs ofHybanthus enneaspermus. The epidermal cells are either polygonal or elongated with straight, sinuous or arched thick anticlinal walls. The surface of the cuticle shows parallel striations radiating from the guard cells or hair bases. Unicellular and uniseriate bicellular trichomes with verrucose margins have been observed on all organs. The mature stomata are anisocytic, paracytic, anomocytic and transitional between anisocytic and paracytic. The ontogeny of anisocytic and paracytic stomata is syndetocheilic or mesogenous, anomocytic is haplocheilic or perigenous, while that of the transitional type is mesoperigenous. Four types of stomata have been observed on all the vegetative and floral organs and their ontogeny from organ to organ of this plant is constant. Stoma with a single guard cell is the result of disintegration of one of the guard cells before or after pore formation. Contiguous stomata are also occasionally noticed.     

Action of growth regulators on the cotyledonary stomata ofCucumis sativus L.: Structure and ontogeny

Anomocytic stomata and stomata with single subsidiary cells are commonly observed Sometimes a stoma appears anisocytic. Double cytoplasmic connections between nearby stomata and division of guard cells with persistent or degenerating nuclei are seen in GA. One or more divisions of guard cells, displaced guard cells and single guard cells with or without pore are noticed in SUC. Formation of single guard cells is a common feature in TIBA. Paracytic stomata, one and a half stomata and persistent stomatal initials are seen in SUL. COUM seems to be not inhibitory inCucumis sativus. In COL stomata with unequal guard cells, unequal stomatal cells with thickening in between but without intervening pore, stoma with double pores, persistent stomatal initials which may be solitary or in groups with varying shapes and with one or two nuclei of different shapes are noticed. The growth regulators affect the frequency of stomata, epidermal cells; stomatal index; size of guard and epidermal cells.     

Morphogenetic effects of various growth substances on the cotyledonary stomata of brinjal and tomato

The effect of different growth substances on the development of normal and abnormal stomata are presented. Anomocytic, paracytic, anisocytic and stoma with a single subsidiary cell are observed. Abnormal developments like persistent stomatal cells, degeneration of guard cells, unusual thickening, unequal guard cells, single guard cells and size and shape of the pore are noticed in various growth substances. The growth substances also affect the stomatal frequency, stomatal index, epidermal frequency and size of guard and epidermal cells in both the plants. The highest meristematic activity is found in MOR 100 ppm in brinjal and in GA 25 ppm in tomato. The largest size of stomata is found in COL 25 ppm in brinjal and in MH 50 ppm in tomato. The same growth substance responds differently in the two plants.     

Structure,ontogeny and taxonomic significance of trichomes and stomata in some Capparidaceae

The present work embodies epidermal structure, structure and ontogeny of stomata in five genera embracing sixteen species of the Capparidaceae namely Cleome (8 species) Capparis (5 species), Cadaba (1 species), Crataeva (1 species) and Maerua (1 species). The epidermal cells are polygonal, isodiametric or elongated arranged irregularly, with evenly or unevenly thickened, sinuous, straight or arched anticlinal walls. Two main types of trichomes: glandular (four types) and eglandular (five types) are noticed. The stomatal types include cyclocytic, triacytic, staurocytic, tetracytic, anomocytic, anisocytic, paracytic and with a single subsidiary cell. The ontogeny of stomata with a single subsidiary cell is perigenous or mesoperigenous, of paracytic mesoperigenous or mesogenous, of anisocytic is mesoperigenous or mesogenous, while that of the other types is perigenous. Abnormalities observed are: single guard cell; aborted guard cells; complete or incomplete division of guard cells; contiguous stomata; giant stomata and cytoplasmic connections. The present observations do not support the separation of Cleomaceae from the Capparidaceae.     

Development of Normal and Abnormal Stomata in some Araliaceae

The present investigation describes the ontogeny of normal andabnormal stomata for three species of the Araliaceae. The maturestomata are mostly anisocytic, occasionally paracytic, and rarelyanomocytic. Several aberrent patterns of stomatal developmenthave been noticed in anisocytic stomata and a few in paracyticones. The ontogeny of anisocytic and paracytic stomata conformsto the syndetocheilic or mesogenous type, while that of anomocyticis haplocheilic or perigenous.     

山东广义苦荬菜属(菊科)叶表皮微形态的研究

对山东广义苦荬菜属植物叶表皮微形态进行了光镜下的观察研究。结果表明:山东广义苦荬菜属9种植物叶表皮微形态可分为四种类型:(1)小苦荬型:上、下表皮均有气孔器,气孔器为不规则型,偶有非典型不等型,上、下表皮细胞为不规则形,垂周壁波状;(2)黄瓜菜型:上表皮无气孔器,下表皮气孔器为不规则型,偶有非典型不等型,上、下表皮细胞为不规则形,垂周壁深波状;(3)沙苦荬型:上、下表皮均有气孔器,气孔器为不规则型,偶有非典型不等型,上、下表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁平直、弓形;(4)苦荬菜型:上、下表皮均有气孔器,气孔器为不规则型,偶有非典型不等型,上表皮细胞为不规则形,垂周壁波状,下表皮细胞为多边形,垂周壁弓形;与中国植物志把广义苦荬菜属划分为4个属的意见相一致。     

Observations on the structure and ontogeny of stomata and trichomes on developing and mature pericarps ofCassia occidentalis L

Paracytic, anisocytic, anomocytic, transitional forms, tetracytic, cyclocytic stomata and partly and completely amphicyclic forms are found, often on the same surface, in nine combinations. The most frequent type is paracytic. A few morphological variations in the basic types and eight types of abnormalities in stomata are recorded. The stomatal ontogeny may be mesogenous, mesoperigenous or perigenous. Trichomes are multicellular glandular club-shaped and unicellular eglandular. The taxonomic significance of stomata is indicated.     

A comparative study of the effect of morphactin and Niagara on the leaf epidermis

Treatment of two-week-oldBrassica campestris andTrigonella foenum-graecum plants with morphactin andVicia faba, Antirrhinum orontium, andPapaver somniferum with Niagara, induced marked variations in the orientation and ontogeny of stomata and the epiderma cells. Morphactin—chlorflurenol at 12.5, 62.5, 125, 250, and 500 ppm, caused marked damage of the shoot apices and changes in the epidermal tissue, such as divisions of the guard cells, reduction in the size of the stomata, and epidermal cells. Niagara—ethyl-hydrogen-1-propylphosphonate at 100, 500, 1 000 5 000, and 10 000 ppm caused thickenings of the epidermal cell walls and differentiation of new meristemoids from the epidermal cells, contiguous stomata, and incomplete development of the guard cells.     

Structure and Development of Stomata in Vegetative and Floral Organs of Three Species of Kalanchoe

The structure and ontogeny of stomata in vegetative and floralorgans of three species of Kalanchoe is described. The matureanisocytic stomata are mono-cyclic or completely or incompletelyamphicyclic, rarely paracytic, transitional between paracyticand anisocytic and with a single subsidiary cell. The developmentof all the types is syndetocheilic or mesogenous from organto organ but the mature stomatal apparatus varies from organto organ as regards the number and arrangement of subsidiarycells. Abnormal stoma with a single guard cell and arresteddevelopment were observed on all organs. An abnormal stoma witha single guard cell develops directly from the meristemoid.     

Epidermal Structure and Stomatal Development in Some Malvaceae and Bombacaceae

Epidermal structure and development of stomata in 15 speciesof the Malvaceae and two of Bombacaceae are described. The cellsof the epidermis are polygonal, isodiametric, or elongated withthick, straight, arched, or sinuous anticlinal walls and containchloroplasts and abundant druses of calcium oxalate. Cuticularstriations radiating from the guard cells or hair bases arenoticed. Six types of glandular and non-glandular trichomesare seen. The mature stomata are anomocytic, anisocytic, andparacytic in the members investigated of both the families.The ontogeny of anisocytic and paracytic stomata is syndetochelicor mesogenous, while that of anomocytic is haplocheilic or perigenous.An abnormal stoma with a single guard cell is also observed.An increase in number of subsidiary cells in anisocytic stomatais due to the division of the subsidiary cells.     

Stomatogenesis in the genus Hibiscus L. (Malvaceae)

In Hibiscus , stomata are anisocytic, anomocytic, paracytic and tetracytic, the first type being the most frequent and occurring in all plant parts in the ten species studied, whereas the others are scarce and have a limited organographic distribution. The stem, petiole, pedicel, staminal tube, ovary and style are stomatiferous; the leaf-blade, stipule, bracteole and sepals are amphistomatic and petals hypostomatic in the species investigated.
The stomatal types are often homoplastic, the anisocytic being either mesogenous trilabrate or mesoperigenous dolabrate, the anomocytic, mesoperigenous dolabrate or mesogenous trilabrate, and the tetracytic, mesoperigenous dolabrate or mesoperigenous trilabrate. But the typical paracytic stomata (with the subsidiaries completely enclosing the poles) are constantly mesogenous dolabrate and therefore probably indicate mesogenous dolabrate development. Although several patterns of stomatogenesis are encountered in any specific organ, only one of them is found to be dominant. A new subcategory of stomatal ontogeny, mesoperigenous trilabrate, is proposed in Hibiscus. No significant stomatal variation involving reduction in the divisive capacity of the meristemoid has been observed from the vegetative to floral parts; and stomata functioning as hydathodes have not been noticed in the latter, thus indicating that florogenic factors have no effect on the stomata.     

Arrangement of Stomata on the Leaves of Pelargonium zonale and Sedum stahlii

Stomata of Pelargonium zonale are orderly arranged on the surfaceof the lower epidermis. Inter-stomatal and Inter-trichome distancesas well as the number of sides of stomata, epidermal cells adjacentto stomata, and regular cells of the epidermis have characteristicprobability distributions. A model of epidermal developmentis constructed based upon the quantitative features of eachtype of cell. The primary restriction of the model is that stomainitials inhibit adjacent cells from becoming stoma initials. A second type of stomatal arrangement occurs in Sedum stahliiand an appropriate model for the ontogeny of epidermal cellsin this plant can also be constructed that has similar quantitativecharacteristics to those of real fields of cells. The applicationof modelling in plant morphology is discussed with respect tounderstanding ontogeny and phylogenic relationships.     

Roles of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 10 in Arabidopsis stomata development

Stomata are epidermal bi-celled structures that differentiate within special cell lineages initiated by a subset of protodermal cells. Recently, we showed that the Arabidopsis photomorphogenic repressor COP10 controls specific cell-lineage and cell-signaling developmental mechanisms in stomatal lineages. Loss-of-function cop10-1 mutant cotyledons and leaves produced (in the light and in the dark) abundant stomatal clusters, but nonlineage epidermal cells were not affected. Here we examine COP10 role in hypocotyls, cylindrical organs displaying a distinct epidermal organization with alternate files of protruding and non-protruding cells, with the latter producing a limited number of stomata. COP10 prevents stomatal clusters and restricts stomata production in hypocotyls; these roles are specific to lineage cells as in cotyledons, since COP10 loss of function does not elicit stomatal fate in nonlineage cells; COP10 also sustains the directional cell expansion of all hypocotyl epidermal cell types, and seems necessary for the differentiation between protruding and non-protruding cell files.     

Structure,Ontogeny and Taxonomic Significance of Stomata in Some Cucurbitaceae

Stomatal structure, ontogeny in vegetative and floral organs of 9 genera and 12 species of Cucurbitaceae are described. The stomatal types conform to aperigenous, monoperigenous, diperigenous, hemipara-mesoperigenous and para-mesoperigenous types of Fryns-Claessens & Van Cotthem (1973). Stomatal abnormalities such as contiguous stomata, single guard cells with or without pore, one and a half stomata, degeneration of one or both the guard cells, cytoplasmic connections between guard cells of neighbouring stomata and a guard cell of a stoma and an adjacent epidermal cell, and division of guard cells are described. Stomata index, frequency of stomata, epidermal cells, size of guard and epidermal cells and organwise distribution of stomata are given. Stomatal studies does not support the view that the Cucurbitaceae are related to the Passifloraceae. The inclusion of 9 genera and 12 species studied in the tribe Cucumerineae is justified.     

Epidermal Structure and Stomatal Ontogeny in Some Polygonales and Centrospermae

The epidermal structure and ontogeny of stomata in 19 speciesof Centrospermae and two of Polygonales are described. The cellsof the epidermis are polygonal, isodiametric, or elongated invarious directions and arranged irregularly. The anticlinalepidermal walls are thick, sinuous, straight, or arched. Eleventypes of glandular and eglandular trichomes have been observed.Six types of stomata: anomocytic, paracytic, stomata with asingle subsidiary cell, diacytic, anisocytic, and transitionalbetween diacytic and paracytic, have been noticed in the speciesinvestigated. The ontogeny of anomocytic stomata is haplocheilicor perigenous, while that of the other five types is syndetocheilicor mesogenous. Abnormal stomata with a single guard cell, unequalguard cells, aborted guard cells, and arrested development arecommon. Groups of stomata are also frequent but contiguous stomataare rather rare.     

Structure, distribution and taxonomic importance of foliar stomata in some Indian Amaranthaceae

The structure, distribution and taxonomic importance of foliar stomata in 45 taxa belonging to 19 genera have been studied. In all, six stomatal types have been recognized viz., anomocytic, anisocytic, diacytic, paracytic, hemiparacytic and brachyparacytic. The majority of the taxa are amphistomatic whereas hypostomatic leaves are confined to only three taxa. Stomatal diversity is common but most of the taxa show either dominance or codominance. Stomatal distribution is helpful in distinguishing the three tribes of the Amaranthaceae. The tribe Celosieae shows exclusive presence of anomocytic and anisocytic stomata whereas Amarantheae and Gomphreneae show other stomatal types viz., paracytic and diacytic in addition to anomocytic and anisocytic stomata. Further, the latter two tribes are each distinguishable into two subtribes on the basis of stomata.     

21种中国荚蒾属植物叶表皮微形态特征研究北大核心CSCD

为解决荚蒾属植物分类学问题并探究叶片解剖结构在分类学中的价值，该研究利用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜对21种中国荚蒾属植物的叶表皮细胞、气孔大小、气孔器类型和角质层纹饰等叶表皮微形态特征进行了观察和比较，为荚蒾属种间分类关系提供证据。结果显示，叶表皮细胞有无规则形和多边形2种，垂周壁式样有平直、浅波状、波状与深波状4种式样，其中下表皮细胞形状均为不规则形，且垂周壁式样较上表皮更稳定。气孔均分布在下表皮，形状为近圆形、椭圆形2种；气孔器类型包括不等型、平列型和无规则型3种；气孔器外拱盖内缘有近平滑、浅波状、波状3种；气孔器外围角质层纹饰有脊状隆起、条状隆起2种。研究表明，荚蒾属植物叶表皮细胞和气孔器特征在种间差异明显，可作为种间鉴定及分类的重要依据，具有重要的分类学意义。     

Structure and Ontogeny of Stomata in Some Polemoniales

The ontogeny and structure of stomata in 22 genera and 51 speciesof the Polemoniales are described. Five main types of stomatanoticed are: anisocytic, anomocytic, diacytic, paracytic, andstomata with a single subsidiary cell. Three modes of stomataldevelopment: syndetocheilic or mesogenous, haplocheilic or perigenous,and meso-perigenous or syndeto-haplocheilic are observed. Abnormalitiesseen are: stomata with single guard cells, arrested developmentand contiguous stomata variously oriented. Contiguous stomataresult from adjacently placed meristemoids or readjustment duringmaturation. Stomata with a single guard cell are formed as aresult of degeneration of one of the guard cells before or afterpore formation. The stomatal apparatus varies in different organsof a plant in form, number, orientation and arrangement of thesubsidiary and also the surrounding cells. Three lines leadingto Polemoniales, Boraginales, and Solanales are distinet.