家燕和金腰燕的卵胚胎心率比较

胚胎心率是衡量胚胎新陈代谢速率的重要指标。鸟类的胚胎心率随新陈代谢的增加而呈上升趋势。对早成性鸟类的种间比较发现,胚胎心率平均值随卵重量的增大而减小,卵体积小的种类具有相对较高的胚胎心率。国内有关野生鸟类胚胎心率的研究较少。2014年5~8月,在黑龙江扎龙国家级自然保护区,利用红外胚胎心率测量仪对两种近缘鸟类家燕(Hirundo rustica,n=14)和金腰燕(Cecropis daurica,n=14)的卵胚胎心率及其变化进行了测量与比较。两种燕均在孵卵的第2天开始出现胚胎心率,并随胚龄增加心率呈上升趋势,但在第8天及第11~14天家燕的胚胎心率显著低于金腰燕(第8天:z=﹣2.602,P=0.009;第11天:z=﹣2.497,P=0.013;第12天:z=﹣2.354,P=0.019;第13天:z=3.424,P=0.001;第14天:z=﹣3.380,P=0.001)。家燕卵胚胎日均增长心率(19.0±3.1)次/min,金腰燕卵胚胎日均增长心率(16.1±3.4)次/min,二者差异不显著(z=﹣1.792,P=0.073)。两种燕的胚胎心率与卵容量和卵重均不存在显著相关性[家燕:卵容量(1.73±0.09)cm3,r=0.192,P=0.511;卵重(1.74±0.09)g,r=0.128,P=0.663。金腰燕:卵容量(1.74±0.08)cm3,r=0.040,P=0.891;卵重(1.51±0.09)g,r=0.054,P=0.855]。这可能表明,卵大小和卵重量对家燕与金腰燕的胚胎心率均影响不明显。     

南充金腰燕、家燕繁殖生态比较及易卵易雏实验

2004年3～10月对四川南充地区家燕、金腰燕的繁殖生态进行了观察,比较了其繁殖生态习性及雏鸟的生长特性,进行了家燕、金腰燕之间的易卵易雏实验.结果表明,家燕于2月中旬迁入南充,9月中旬开始迁离;金腰燕迁来较家燕晚,2月底～3月初迁入,9月中旬迁离.家燕于4月初产卵;金腰燕在4月上旬产卵.金腰燕卵的各项量衡度均较家燕的大,出壳时金腰燕雏鸟体重也比家燕雏鸟稍重.金腰燕雏鸟的体长、翅长、尾长、外部器官及体重的增长较家燕的快.而易卵、易雏的金腰燕雏鸟增长曲线则在金腰燕和家燕的雏鸟之间.易卵易雏的实验表明,在孵卵和育雏过程中,金腰燕与家燕之间彼此互换卵可以接受,易换雏鸟也可以接受.     

赤链蛇染色体组型、C带和Ag-NORs的研究

以骨髓细胞为材料研究赤链蛇的染色体,结果表明该物种2n=46,由8对大型的和15对微小的染色体组成,AF=50.性染色体的大小介于3号和4号之间,为ZW型;8对大型染色体均显示着丝粒C带,1-6号还显示浅染端粒C带.W染色体为整条C带阳性;该物种一对NOR位于7号染色体近着丝粒区.不同地理分布群赤链蛇核型可能经历过Z与W染色体不等交换。Abstract:The Karyotype,C-bands and Ag-NORs of Dinodon rufozonaturn (Cantor) reported is in this paper including the diploid number(2n=46)comprising 8 pairs of macro-and 15 pairs of microchromosomes,and AF=50 in the D.rufozonatum.The sex chromosome in size locates between the autochromosones No.3 and No.4,which belongs to ZW type.The C-banding technique revealed that the all macrochromosomes there are centromerc C band,the telomeric C band was only observed in Nos.1~6,while a whole W chromosome is constitutive heterochromatinization.Two NOR were observed on the pericentric of the No.7 chromosome.     

一例12号染色体臂间倒位的细胞遗传学研究

小麦主要经济性状大多属数量性状,是受微效多基因控制的。为了探索小麦常用亲本配制组合时各主要经济性状的遗传变异规律,于1980年选用了江苏、浙江两省普遍采用的UP301、泰山1号、908、早白、白壳早、短秆早6个品种作为杂交亲本,研究并分析了主要经济性状的遗传参数,为有效地选配亲本,提高育种成效,提供一些理论依据。     

泰和乌骨鸡的核型与带型研究

采用外周血淋巴细胞培养--空气干燥法,对泰和乌骨鸡染色体核型和带型进行了研究。结果表明：泰和乌骨鸡体细胞染色体数目2n=78,染色体基本臂数AF=90,1、9号染色体及Z、W性染色体为中央着丝粒（m）染色体,2、4、7号染色体为亚中央着丝粒（sm）染色体,3、6、8、10号染色体为端着丝粒（t）染色体。G带研究表明：前10对大型染色体可分为29个区,190条带。C带处理发现,所有母鸡分裂相中W性染色体都出现C带并整条深染。Ag-NORs研究发现：Ag-NORs常定位于1、2号常染色体短臂和Z性染色体短臂端部;Ag-NORs数目分布范围为1～6;平均每个细胞的Ag-NORs数在雌、雄鸡中分别为2.94和2.96。Abstract:This study made the chromosome slides of Taihe Silkies by the peripheral blood lymphocyte culture-drying method,and analyzed Taihe Silkies karyotype and band pattern.The results are as follow:The diploid chromosome number of Taihe Silkies was 2n=78,the basic number of chromosome arms was AF=90 and the sex chromosome type was ZZ(♂)/ZW(♀).According to the measured relative length,arm ratio and centromeric index,the first 10 pairs of macro-chromosomes are described as follows:No.1 ,9 and Z,W chromosomes were metacentrics,No.2,4,7 were submetacentrics,and No.3,6,8,10 were telocentrics.Studies on Taihe Silkies′ G-band showed that the first 10 pairs of macro-chromosomes can be divided into 29 zones and 190 bands.Being treated by C-banding technique,a totally dark-stained and easily indentified W-chromosome always showed up in the female metaphase configurations.Ag-NORs were located in the short arms′ telomere of No.1,2 euchromosomes and Z sexchromosome,the Ag-NORs number varied from 1-6.-NORs     

杂种猪染色体的核型与显带研究

应用常规方法获得了杂种猪( 野猪（♂）×家猪（♀）)的核型、C带和174条带纹的G带,应用微量秋水仙素法得到了258条带纹的高分辨G带。结果表明,杂种猪的二倍体细胞染色体数目2n=38,C带具有多态性,G带和高分辨G带与家猪相比无明显差异,它们属于同一种。Abstract:Using usual method,we got karyotype of hybrid pig (wild soar（♂）×domestic pig（♀）),C-band and approximate 174 bands of G-band,and we also obtained approximate 258 bands of high resolution G-band by micro-Colchicin method.The result indicate that the diploid chromosome number is 2n=38;there is polymorphism in C-band,and compared with domestic pig in G-band and high resolution G-band there is no distinguish difference.They belong to the same seed.     

黄颡鱼染色体的C-带、Ag-NORs、荧光带和复制带显带的研究

采用Giemas染色、C-带、Ag-NORs、荧光染色和复制带显带的技术对黄颡鱼染色体进行了研究。结果表明, 黄颡鱼只有部分的染色体呈现阳性C-带, 可分为三类, 其中NORs区是染色最深、染色面积最大的区域, 为深染居间C-带。其Ag-NORs位于m5q末端。CMA3染色显示 NORs区呈现出明亮的荧光。中复制染色体上着丝粒区、端粒区和居间区浅染。发现核仁缢痕、深染居间C-带、Ag-NORs、CMA3明亮区和中复制带浅染NORs区位置基本一致, C-带阳性区和中复制带浅染区具有对应性。Abstract　Metaphase chromosomes of Pelteobagrus fulvidraco were analyzed by means of Giemsa staining, C-banding, Ag-NORs, fluorochrome staining and replication banding. Only parts of chromosomes showed C-band positive, the C-band heterochromatin was located in three regions. The NORs-bearing chromosomes had the largest and strongest C-bands. The long arms of chromosome pair 5 were the regions showing positive labeling with Ag-staining. Fluorochrome CMA3positively stained the NORs. In mid-period, negative replication bands were located in the centromere, the terminal and interstitial regions of the chromosomes. The distributions of secondary ?constri-ctions, positive C-bands, Ag-NORs, positive fluorescence bands and negative replication bands of mid-period were coincident.     

羊驼染色体核型及其G分带的研究

为了从选种、杂交改良、疾病诊断以及性别决定的遗传机制等方面为羊驼的繁育与推广提供更为有效的细胞遗传学资料,本试验采用外周血淋巴细胞培养法及胰酶-EDTA法分析了23只胡阿基亚型羊驼（Huacaya alpaca,雌20只,雄3只）的染色体核型及其G-分带,结果表明：羊驼二倍体染色体数目为2n=74,雄性羊驼核型为74,XY;雌性羊驼核型为74,XX。其中,1～20对常染色体为亚端着丝粒染色体,21～36对常染色体为亚中着丝粒染色体和中着丝粒染色体,X为中着丝粒染色体,Y为端着丝粒染色体。G-带分析表明,羊驼G带明暗相间,显现出不同的带纹,且羊驼每对染色体都有其独特的带纹特征,其带纹数目和精细程度随着染色体长度的增加而增加。Abstract: Blood samples from 23 Huacaya alpacas, 3 males and 20 females, were used to study chromosomes and karyotypes, so as to provide some effective cytogenetic bases for the selection, improvement by crossing, disease diagnosis of alpacas, and genetic mechanisms of sex determination. Peripheral blood lymphocyte culture was used to prepare chromosome. A method of trypase-EDTA was used for G-banding. The results showed as follows:The number of diploid chromosomes was 2n=74, with the karyotype 74, XY and 74, XX for males and females respectively. Thirty-six homologous pairs of chromosomes were autosomes, in which chromosomes pairs No.1 to No.20 were acrocentric-subterminal and No.21 to No.36 metacentric-submetacentric. And X chromosome was metacentric, Y chromosome telocentric. The analysis of G-bands showed that bright and dark bands appeared by turn. It showed different bands. And every pair of chromosomes had its distinct band, and the longer the chromosomes, the more the number of bands, and the more clear the bands.     

准噶尔雅罗鱼染色体核型及带型的初步研究

以肾细胞作材料,采用秋水仙素-低渗-空气干燥法、Ag-NORs、C-带和G-带显带技术对准噶尔雅罗鱼(Leuciscus merzbacheri)染色体进行了研究。结果表明:(1)准噶尔雅罗鱼2n=50,核型组成为18m+14sm+6st+12t,NF=82,没有异型性染色体分化。(2)Ag-NORs的数目在不同的细胞中表现出多态性,数目为1～2个,出现1个Ag-NORs的频率最低(10%),出现2个的频率最高(70%);Ag-NORs主要出现在m1对和m4对同源染色体上;未发现有Ag-NORs联合的现象。(3)准噶尔雅罗鱼的染色体均呈现C-带阳性,可分为着丝粒C-带和端粒C-带。(4)同源染色体上G-带带纹基本一致,其带纹在每对染色体上的数目及分布具有明显特征性。     

赤链华游蛇的染色体组型与银带带型研究

该文研究赤链华游蛇的染色体组型与ＮＯＲｓ,结果：２ｎ＝４４（２Ｍ＋２ＳＭ＋２ＳＴ＋１０Ｔ＋２６ｍ＋ＺＷ）,ＮＦ＝５２。Ｎｏ．２染色体有一对随体,Ｎｏ．５为异型性染色体（ＺＷ型）;ＮＯＲｓ位于Ｎｏ．２的次缢痕区。未见其融合或扩增现象。     

易变山羊草染色体3U或3S~V上抗禾谷类根结线虫基因Rkn─mn1与酯酶Est－5编码基因连锁的研究

通过种子半粒法,采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶等电电泳和人工接种Ｍｅｌｏｉｄｏｇｙｎｅｎａａｓｉ抗性鉴定相结合,分析Ａｅ．ｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓＮｏ．１×Ａｅ．ｖａｒｉａｂｉｌｉｓＮｏ．２Ｆ２植株酯酶Ｅｓｔ－５标记同功酶与抗性基因Ｒｋｎ－ｍｎｌ连锁程度,发现标记同功酶受染色体３Ｕ或３Ｓ~Ｖ长臂上１对共显性基因控制,与抗性基因连锁程度较高,重组率为１２．９６±０．４０％,图距为１３．２６±１０．４６分摩。这样,在抗性基因Ｒｋｎ－ｍｎｌ转移中,可利用标记同功酶大量、快速、高效鉴定植株抗线虫性。     

工程菌酯酶B1的纯化及性质研究

工程菌酯酶B1降解酶经硫酸铵分级沉淀、DEAE SepharoseCL 6B离子交换柱层析、SephadexG 1 5 0凝胶过滤 ,得到了分离纯化 ,SDS PAGE鉴定为单一组分。经 1 2 .5 %SDS PAGE法测得分子量约为 5 6KD ,提纯倍数为33.3,收率为 1 7.9%,比活力为 74 .7U/mg。该酶的最佳作用条件是 37℃ ,pH =7.0 ,该酶作用于α 乙酸萘酯的Km为1 .35× 1 0 -3 mM ,Vmax为 2 .7× 1 0 4μ/ml。酶在pH6～ 9范围内较稳定 ,重金属Cu2 对该酶具有明显的促进作用 ,而SDS对酶具有抑制作用 ,对有机磷农药对硫磷 (1 6 0 5 )的降解率在 90min内达 91 .5 %。     

Linkage relationships of esterase loci in rye (Secale cereale L.)

Summary Genetic analysis of esterase polymorphism in rye inbred lines with isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide flat gels yielded evidence for the existence of at least ten esterase loci, Est 1–Est 10. The loci can be attributed to four different linkage groups (Est 1/ Est 2/Est 3/Est 5/Est 6/Est 7), (Est 4), (Est 8/Est 9), and (Est 10). Loci Est 5/Est 6/Est 7 and Est 8/Est 9, respectively, are tightly linked with a maximum recombination frequency of 0.2% and can therefore be regarded as compound loci which possibly originated in tandem duplications.     

PRESENCE OF 2′,5′-LINKAGES IN A HOMOPYRIMIDINE DNA OLIGONUCLEOTIDE PROMOTES STABLE TRIPLEX FORMATION UNDER PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS

We prepared 15-mer homopyrimidine oligonucleotides containing three or four 2′,5′-linked DNA units, and their ability as a triplex-forming oligonucleotide (TFO) was analyzed in detail. UV melting experiments showed that replacement of a 3′,5′-linkage by a 2′,5′-linkage at every third or fourth residue in TFO significantly promoted stable triplex formation under physiological conditions.     

The crystal structure of an HSL-homolog EstE5 complex with PMSF reveals a unique configuration that inhibits the nucleophile Ser144 in catalytic triads

The esterase/lipase family (EC 3.1.1.3/EC 3.1.1.1) represents a diverse group of hydrolases that catalyze the cleavage of ester bonds and are widely distributed in animals, plants and microorganisms. Among these enzymes, hormone-sensitive lipases, play a critical role in the regulation of rodent fat cell lipolysis and are regarded as adipose tissue-specific enzymes. Recently, we reported the structural and biological characterization of EstE5 from the metagenome library [K.H. Nam, M.Y. Kim, S.J. Kim, A. Priyadarshi, W.H. Lee, K.Y. Hwang, Structural and functional analysis of a novel EstE5 belonging to the subfamily of hormone-sensitive lipase, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 379 (2009) 553-556]. The structure of this protein revealed that it belongs to the HSL-family. Here, we report the inhibition of the activity of the HSL-homolog EstE5 protein as determined by the use of esterase/lipase inhibitors. Our results revealed that the EstE5 protein is significantly inhibited by PMSF. In addition, this is the first study to identify the crystal structures of EstE5-PMSF at 2.4 and 2.5 Å among the HSL-homolog structures. This structural configuration is similar to that adopted when serine proteases are inhibited by PMSF. The results presented here provide valuable information regarding the properties of the HSL-family.     

水稻三系及其杂种F_1的酯酶同工酶比较及杂种优势预测

用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳法分析了114套杂交稻 F_1及其相应的不育系,保持系和恢复系干种子胚的酯酶同工酶,6条主要酶带分别命名为1 A、3A、4A、5A、6A 和7A。三系亲本的酯酶同工酶酶谱各有其特点。杂种 F_1的酶谱出现7种类型。当不育系具有6A 时,常与恢复系的3A 或5A 形成酶带互补的杂种,3A和6A 互补只有营养优势。5A 和6A 互补才有经济优势。本实验证明杂种 F_1酶谱的形成受亲本核质双方的影响。酯酶同工酶酶谱类型可作为预测杂种优势的生化指标之一。     

Genetic analysis of disease resistance to all strains of BaYMV in a Chinese barley landrace, Mokusekko 3

 A Chinese landrace of barley, Mokusekko 3, is unique in being completely resistant against all strains of barley yellow mosaic virus (BaYMV). The present investigation revealed that the resistance of Mokusekko 3 is governed by two recessive genes. As one of the resistance genes was known to be tightly linked with alleles at the Est complex locus, consisting of the Est1, Est2 and Est4 loci for esterase isozymes, each of the resistance genes could be separated by means of marker-assisted selection using an isozyme allelic combination as a marker. One of the resistance genes, ym1, is linked to K (hooded lemma) and gl3 (glossy leaf 3) with recombination values of 25.3% and 9.7% respectively, and these three genes are located in the order K-gl3-ym1 on chromosome 4. Another newly designated resistance gene, ym5, is linked to alleles at the Est complex locus and cu2 (curly growth 2), with recombination values of 1.9% and 19.5% respectively, in the order cu2-Est-ym5 from proximal to distal on the long arm of chromosome 3. The complete resistance of Mokusekko 3 is caused by combining two resistance genes, ym1 and ym5. However, almost all the “resistant” cultivars derived from crosses with Mokusekko 3 are susceptible to the recently detected strain BaYMV-III in Japan, since they contain only one resistance gene, ym5. Marker-assisted selection to combine resistance genes into a cultivar is discussed for the breeding of stabilizing resistance to BaYMV. Received: 23 September 1996 / Accepted: 8 November 1996     

Cold-active esterase from Psychrobacter sp. Ant300: gene cloning,characterization, and the effects of Gly→Pro substitution near the active site on its catalytic activity and stability

The gene encoding an esterase (PsyEst) of Psychrobacter sp. Ant300, a psychrophilic bacterium isolated from Antarctic soil, was cloned, sequenced, and expressed in Escherichia coli. PsyEst, which is a member of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) group of the lipase/esterase family, is a cold-active, themolabile enzyme with high catalytic activity at low temperatures (5–25 °C), low activation energy (e.g., 4.6 kcal/mol for hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl butyrate), and a t_1/2 value of 16 min for thermal inactivation during incubation at 40 °C and pH 7.9. A three-dimensional structural model of PsyEst predicted that Gly²⁴⁴ was located in the loop near the active site of PsyEst and that substitution of this amino-acid residue by proline should potentially rigidify the active-site environment of the enzyme. Thus, we introduced the Gly²⁴⁴→Pro substitution into the enzyme. Stability studies showed that the t_1/2 value for thermal inactivation of the mutant during incubation at 40 °C and pH 7.9 was 11.6 h, which was significantly greater than that of the wild-type enzyme. The k_cat/K_m value of the mutant was lower for all substrates examined than the value of the wild type. Moreover, this amino-acid substitution caused a shift of the acyl-chain length specificity of the enzyme toward higher preference for short-chain fatty acid esters. All of these observations could be explained in terms of a decrease in active-site flexibility brought about by the mutation and were consistent with the hypothesis that cold activity and thermolability arise from local flexibility around the active site of the enzyme.