八倍体小滨麦染色体组构成的分子细胞遗传学研究

应用基因组荧光原位杂交技术对６种类型的八倍体小滨麦（ｏｃｔｏｐｌｏｉｄ Ｔｒｉｔｉｌｅｙｍｕｓ）的染色体结构成进行了分子细胞遗传学分析。结果表明,６种八倍体小滨麦的体细胞染色体数目均为２ｎ＝５６。用滨麦（Ｌｅｙｍｕｓ ｍｏｌｌｉｓ （Ｔ ｒｉｎ．） Ｈａｔａ）（染色体组为ＪＪＮＮ）ＤＮＡ作控针进行原位杂 时,Ｍ８４２－４、Ｍ８４２－８、Ｍ８４２－１２、Ｍ８４２－１３和Ｍ８４２－１６等５种类型八倍体     

环境对杂交水稻胞质及核质互作遗传表现的影响.不同N素下不育…

研究结果表明,水稻不育胞质对杂种一代产量表现的影响与其对后期干物质生产与分配的影响密切相关。在４种Ｎ素条件（６０、１５０、２４０和３３０ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ＾－２）下,不育胞质对杂种一代前期干物质生产与累积呈不同程度的正效应,其平均效应值为１．３７￣１．４７ｇ·ｍ＾－２·ｄ＾－１,进入生育后期,不同Ｎ处理的胞质效应表现明显不同,在Ｎ２（１５０ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ＾－２）或Ｎ３（２４０ｋｇＮ·ｈｍ＾－２）下,不育胞     

分化剂和增殖剂对肝癌细胞N－乙酰基葡萄糖转移酶的调节

用我室建立的ＨＰＬＣ法测定分化诱导剂,视黄酸（ＲＡ）和双丁酰环磷酸腺苷（ｄｂ－ｃＡＭＰ）,及增殖促进剂,佛波醇肉桂酸乙酸酯（ＰＭＡ）对ＳＭＭＣ－７７２１人肝癌细胞Ｎ－乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶Ｖ和ＩＩＩ（ＧｎＴ－Ｖ,ＧｎＴ－ＩＩＩ）的影响,发现对照细胞在培养５天后ＧｎＴ－Ｖ略见升高。经ＲＡ和ｄｂ－ｃＡＭＰ处理后,可通天降低ＧｎＴ－Ｖ的活力,但不论对照或处理细胞均未测出ＧｎＴ－ＩＩＩ的活力。ＰＭＡ可增高ＧｎＴ－Ｖ和ＧｎＴ－ＩＩＩ的活力,对ＧｎＴ－ＩＩＩ的增加较ＧｕＴ－Ｖ发生较早亦较强。以上结果和我室报道的ＲＡ或ｄｂ－ｃＡＭＰ减少而ＰＭＡ增加ＳＭＭＣ－７７２１细胞表面Ｎ－糖链的天线数相符,也和大鼠化学诱发肝癌中ＧｎＴ－ＩＩＩ和Ｖ的增高相一致。     

五种杀鞘翅目δ—内毒素的生化,遗传及毒力特性的研究

研究了对鞘翅目昆虫有毒效的５个苏云金杆菌菌株ＹＭ－０３,Ｓｐｈ０４－０４,ＹＫ１４－０１,ＳＨ１１－０５,Ｓｐｈ１６－０１晶体蛋白的多肽组成及抗原特性,并以二龄柳叶甲虫为供试虫测定了它们的ＬＣ５０,其中以ＹＭ－０３的毒效最高,用琼脂糖凝胶电泳快速检测了五株菌的质粒,证明其质粒图型各不相同。     

高秆突变体Mh—1的株高遗传研究

Ｍｈ－１是从矮秆品种桂朝２号辐射诱变后代中产生的高秆突变体。用Ｍｈ－１与ｓｄ－１矮秆、非ｓｄ－１矮秆和普通高秆材料杂交,通过对Ｆ１、Ｆ２、Ｆ３等世代以及测交后代的株高进行遗传分析,结果表明,Ｍｈ－１的高秆特性是由１对隐性抑制基因控制的,该抑制基因能调节ｓｄ－１基因的表达,而对由非ｓｄ－１基因控制的矮秆没有抑制作用,这一隐性抑制基因暂时被定名为ｉ－ｓｄ－１（ｔ）。还讨论了该基因的遗传学意义和可能的育     

17α，20β-二羟黄体酮降低虹鳟鱼血浆免疫球蛋白M的水平(英文)

本文首次报道１７α,２０β－二羟黄体酮对虹鳟免疫功能的影响。在对生殖季节虹鳟血浆１７α,２０β－二羟黄体酮、免疫球蛋白Ｍ和总蛋白水平的调查时发现,雌雄虹鳟血浆１７α,２０β－二羟黄体酮的水平与免疫球蛋白Ｍ的水平负相关,即在雌性相关系数ｒ＞－０．７９７,Ｐ＞０．０１;而在雄性ｒ＞－０．４７７,Ｐ＞０．０５。这提示１７α,２０β－二羟黄体酮可能抑制免疫球蛋白Ｍ的合成或分泌。产卵或排精后的血浆总蛋白量低     

加性-显性-母体效应及GE互作效应遗传模型的模拟比较

运用蒙特卡罗方法比较了8个亲本正反应的加性－显性－母体效应的全模型及缩减模型,当σ^2M和σ^2ME存在时,检测各项遗传方差分量的功效高达97％以上,如何存在σ^2M和σ^2ME而缩减模型未包括这两项效应时,除显性效应以外的各项方差分量都被高估。对于加性－显性模型,如果忽略了基因型与环境互作,σ^2ε和σ^2A将被高估。当母体效应和基因型与环境互作被忽略时,将显著地增加遗传效应预测值的方差。     

西双版纳地区两种水蛙的核型、C带和Ag－NOR研究

本文报道了西双版纳地区黑带水蛙（ＨｙｌａｒａｎａｎｉｇｒｉｖｉｔａｔａＢｌｙｔｈ）的核型,２ｎ＝２６（１８Ｍ＋８ＳＭ）,ＮＦ＝５２,５＋８,Ｎｏｓ．２、３、８、９为ＳＭ,Ｃ带位于全部染色体的着丝点区域,Ａｇ－ＮＯＲ一对,位于１２ｑｉｎｔｅｒ,有异形现象。黑耳水蛙（Ｈ．ｖａｒｉａｎｕｓＢｏｕｌｅｎｇｅｒ）的核型２ｎ＝２６（２４Ｍ＋２ＳＭ）,ＮＦ＝５２,５＋８,Ｎｏ．８为ＳＭ,Ｎｏｓ．２、３、１０为Ｍ或ＳＭ,Ｃ带亦主要出现在各染色体的着丝类区域,但Ｎｏ．１０者较弱,一对Ａｇ－ＮＯＲ位于１０ｑｉｎｔｅｒ,有异形现象。黑耳水蛙有染色体数目变异。除大多数分裂相为２６外,尚有２７或２８者,后者多一个或一对小Ｍ,Ｃ带或深或浅正染。     

雄性核不育水稻育性转换的光周期效应指数值（PE）和温度效应指数值（T …

对比考察了农垦５８ｓ与７００１ｓ、８９０２ｓ与培矮６４ｓ及８９０２ｓ与安农Ｓ－１等３个光（温）敏核不育水稻杂交组合的双亲、Ｆ１、Ｂ１、Ｂ２和Ｆ２世代的样本及每一个体的ＰＥ和ＴＥ的变异。无论双亲核不育基因的等位程序及栽培环境的光、温周期如何,在多数情况下都显示了如下的规律：（１）后代样本ＰＥ、ＴＥ的大小虽然形形色色,但都取决于其双亲。Ｆ１表示完全显性甚至超显性。（２）Ｆ２个体的ＰＥ或Ｔ３,尤其同一个     

中国孤雌生殖卤虫中多倍体同工酶基因的表达

采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶垂直板电泳地,对中国孤雌生殖卤虫１０个品系的２６个多倍体单个体克隆的９种同工酶的基因表达情况、种群遗传结构以及进化关系进行了研究。在研究的９种同工酶中ＬＤＨ、６ＰＧＤＨ、ＧＤＨ为单态酶、ＭＤＨ、ＰＯＤ、ＥＳＴ、ＡＣＰ、ＡＬＰ和α－ＡＭＹ为多态酶。ＭＤＨ、ＰＯＤ重复基因不表达。为功能二倍体,ＥＳＴ、ＡＣＰ、ＡＬＰ和α－ＡＭＹ重复基因表达。,以遗传相似系数所做的聚类分析结果可以明显表     

Visible and invisible effects of hurricanes on forest ecosystems: an international review

Abstract Hurricanes have visible and invisible effects on forests. The visible effects are dramatic, noticeable over the short‐term and relatively well documented in the literature. Invisible effects are less understood as they require well‐focused research both in the short‐ and long‐term time scales. This review of the literature on hurricane effects focuses on the Neotropics and the temperate zone of North America. The material is organized according to a heuristic model that distinguishes between immediate effects (0 to 3 years), immediate responses (0 to 20 years), trajectories of responses (0 to 100 years) and long‐term legacies (>100 years). It is suggested that the ecological role of hurricanes involves six principal effects: 1. they change the ecological space available to organisms; 2. they set organisms in motion; 3. they increase the heterogeneity of the landscape and the variability in ecosystem processes; 4. they rejuvenate the landscape and its ecosystems and redirect succession; 5. they shape forest structure, influence their species composition and diversity and regulate their function; and 6. they induce evolutionary change through natural selection and ecological creativity through self‐organization. A new approach to hurricane research will study hurricanes at the same scale at which they operate (i.e., across latitudes and longitudes and over disturbed and undisturbed landscapes). This research will require networks of observation platforms located along expected hurricane paths to facilitate forest structure and functioning observations across gradients of hurricane frequency and intensity. This research will also require use of remote sensing and automated wireless technology, hardened to survive hurricane‐strength winds and floods to assure real time measurements of the characteristics of hurricanes and ecosystem responses. No progress will be forthcoming in the understanding of hurricane effects if we do not learn to quantify objectively the energy dissipation of hurricanes on the full grid of affected forests as the hurricane passes over a landscape.     

RNA干扰非特异性研究进展

RNA干扰(RNAi)靶向基因治疗是目前研究的热点,其依赖序列特异性的基因表达调节为生物学发展带来重大突破.然而在应用RNAi时所产生的一系列非特异性反应阻碍了RNAi进一步的临床应用,这其中主要包括脱靶基因抑制和内在免疫副反应等.主要从非特异性反应的产生机制、脱靶效应的预测和RNAi非特异性的控制3个方面对近几年研究成果进行综述,探讨临床应用前景.     

An ontogenetic perspective on individual differences

Phenotypic differences among individuals can arise during any stage of life. Although several distinct processes underlying individual differences have been defined and studied (e.g. parental effects, senescence), we lack an explicit, unified perspective for understanding how these processes contribute separately and synergistically to observed variation in functional traits. We propose a conceptual framework based on a developmental view of life-history variation, linking each ontogenetic stage with the types of individual differences originating during that period. In our view, the salient differences among these types are encapsulated by three key criteria: timing of onset, when fitness consequences are realized, and potential for reversibility. To fill a critical gap in this framework, we formulate a new term to refer to individual differences generated during adulthood—reversible state effects. We define these as ‘reversible changes in a functional trait resulting from life-history trade-offs during adulthood that affect fitness’, highlighting how the adult phenotype can be repeatedly altered in response to environmental variation. Defining individual differences in terms of trade-offs allows explicit predictions regarding when and where fitness consequences should be expected. Moreover, viewing individual differences in a developmental context highlights how different processes can work in concert to shape phenotype and fitness, and lays a foundation for research linking individual differences to ecological and evolutionary theory.     

Long-term effects of forest fragmentation on Amazonian ant communities

Aim To analyse the effects of forest fragmentation on ant communities in an Amazonian landscape that has been fragmented for over a century. Location The region surrounding the village of Alter do Chão in the Brazilian Amazonian state of Pará (2°30′ S, 54°57′ W). Methods Collection of ants and measurements of tree density were performed along transects established in eight sites in continuous forest and in 24 forest fragments surrounded by savanna vegetation. Data on size, perimeter, and degree of isolation (distance to continuous forest and distance to nearest area of forest > 5 ha) of each fragment were obtained from a georeferenced Landsat image of the study area. Results There were significant differences in species richness and composition between fragments and continuous forest, and these differences were not related to intersite variation in vegetation structure (tree density). Fragments supported fewer ant species per plot, and these species tended to represent a nested subset of those found in continuous forests. Fragments had significantly fewer rare species and fewer ant genera. However, fragments and continuous forest had similar numbers of species that also occur in the savanna matrix (i.e. that are not forest specialists). Multiple linear regression analyses indicated that species richness and composition in the fragments are significantly affected by fragment area, but not by fragment shape and degree of isolation. More species were found in larger fragments. Main conclusions Forest fragmentation influences the organization of ant communities in Amazonian savanna/forest landscapes. Forest fragments harboured, on average, 85% of the species found in continuous forest. That these fragments, despite their long history of isolation, support a relatively large complement of the species found in continuous forest is surprising, especially given that in some recently fragmented landscapes the proportion of species surviving in the fragments is lower. Differences in inter‐fragment distance and type of matrix between Alter do Chão and these other landscapes may be involved. The fact that fragments at Alter do Chão are surrounded by a natural (rather than an anthropogenic) habitat, and that most of them are less than 300 m from another forest area, may have helped to ameliorate the adverse effects of forest fragmentation.     

Cross-Generational Effects of Parental Age on Offspring Longevity: Are Telomeres an Important Underlying Mechanism?

Parental age at offspring conception often influences offspring longevity, but the mechanisms underlying this link are poorly understood. One mechanism that may be important is telomeres, highly conserved, repetitive sections of non-coding DNA that form protective caps at chromosome ends and are often positively associated with longevity. Here, the potential pathways by which the age of the parents at the time of conception may impact offspring telomeres are described first, including direct effects on parental gamete telomeres and indirect effects on offspring telomere loss during pre- or post-natal development. Then a surge of recent studies demonstrating the effects of parental age on offspring telomeres in diverse taxa are reviewed. In doing so, important areas for future research and experimental approaches that will enhance the understanding of how and when these effects likely occur are highlighted. It is concluded by considering the potential evolutionary consequences of parental age on offspring telomeres.     

Effects of selenium on chemical carcinogenesis

Chemical carcinogenesis can be characterized by a sequence of events leading to the development of tumors. Selenium (Se) inhibition of colon, liver, and lung carcinogens is demonstrated. Using the male Sprague Dawley rat model Se inhibited the colon tumor incidence in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) treated rats and reduced the total number of colon tumors in methylazoxymethanol (MAM) treated rats. Selenium inhibited 2-acetylaminofluorene (AAF) and 3′-methyl-4-dimethylaminoazobenzene (3′-MeDAB) hepatocarcinogenesis. The hepatic tumor incidence induced by 3′-MeDAB was reduced by both inorganic Se (Na₂SeO₃) and by organic Se (Se-yeast) supplements. In vitro systems have been studied in an effort to decipher the inhibitory properties of Se on the multistage origin of tumors induced by chemical carcinogens. Current studies suggest that the protective effect of Se against AAF hepatocarcinogenesis may be correlated with a change in AAF metabolism. The mutagenicity of AAF and AAF metabolites inSalmonella typhimurium TA1538 is decreased by Se. Additionally, Se reduced N-t-OH−AAF induction of sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies in whole blood cultures, and also reduced aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity using benzo(a) pyrene as substrate. The comparative effects of antioxidants on DMH induction of colon tumors are presented in detail. Supplements of 4 ppm Se to the drinking water, 1.2% ascorbic acid (V _c ) to the diet or 0.5% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) to the diet of DMH-treated rats reduced the colon tumor incidence of DMH controls from 64 to 31% (Se), 38% (V _c ), and 43% (BHT). The colon tumor incidence in DMH-treated rats receiving a combination of Se+V _c increased to 83%, while the combination of Se+BHT decreased the colon tumor incidence to 55%. The growth and survival of rats provided long-term supplements of 4 ppm Se in the drinking water are compared with untreated controls.     

Parental ecological history can differentially modulate parental age effects on offspring physiological traits in Drosophila

Parents adjust their reproductive investment over their lifespan based on their condition, age, and social environment, creating the potential for inter-generational effects to differentially affect offspring physiology. To date, however, little is known about how social environments experienced by parents throughout development and adulthood influence the effect of parental age on the expression of life-history traits in the offspring. Here, I collected data on Drosophila melanogaster offspring traits (i.e., body weight, water content, and lipid reserves) from populations where either mothers, fathers both, or neither parents experienced different social environments during development (larval crowding) and adulthood. Parental treatment modulated parental age effects on offspring lipid reserves but did not influence parental age effects on offspring water content. Importantly, parents in social environments where all individuals were raised in uncrowded larval densities produced daughters and sons lighter than parental treatments which produced the heaviest offspring. The peak in offspring body weight was delayed relative to the peak in parental reproductive success, but more strongly so for daughters from parental treatments where some or all males in the parental social environments were raised in crowded larval densities (irrespective of their social context), suggesting a potential father-to-daughter effect. Overall, the findings of this study reveal that parental ecological history (here, developmental and adult social environments) can modulate the effects of parental age at reproduction on the expression of offspring traits.     

A note on an exact test and confidence interval for competition and overlap effects

A method has been proposed that gives an exact test and confidence interval for the coefficient of overlap and competition effects. The method is based on Tukey's statistic of nonadditivity. The method is very simple to adopt and can be implemented by regression analysis and analysis of variance programmes in some important cases.     

Parental environmental effects on life history traits in Arabidopsis thaliana (Brassicaceae)

Environmentally induced maternal effects on offspring phenotype are well known in plants. When genotypes or maternal lineages are replicated and raised in different environmental conditions, the phenotype of their offspring often depends on the environment in which the parents developed. However, the degree to which such maternal effects are maintained over subsequent generations has not been documented in many taxa. Here we report the results of a study designed to assess the effects of parental environment on vegetative and reproductive traits, using glasshouse-raised maternal lines sampled from natural populations of Arabidopsis thaliana . Replicates of five highly selfed lines from each of four wild populations were cultivated in two abiotic environments in the glasshouse, and the quality and performance of seeds derived from these two environments were examined over two generations. We found that offspring phenotype was strongly influenced by parental environment, but because the parental environments differed with respect to the time of seed harvest, it was not possible to distinguish clearly between parental environmental effects and the possible (but unlikely) effects of seed age on offspring phenotype. We observed a rapid decline in the expression of ancestral environmental effects, and no main environmental effects on progeny phenotype persisted in the second generation. The mechanism of transmission of environmental effects did not appear to be associated with the quantity or quality of reserves in the seeds, suggesting that environmental effects may be transmitted across subsequent generations via some mechanism that generates environment-specific gene expression.