土壤藻类及其生理生态

人类对土壤藻类的认识至少可以追溯到三千多年前的我国诗经时代。Prescott1引用Porterfield2的研究并阐述说:尽管藻类学作为一门科学是由西方文化中诞生的,但最早的文字记载出现在中国的古典著作中,在诗经中人们可以发现采集和食用念珠藻(Nostoc)的文献记录……。他们还提到,古希腊的贤哲对念珠藻也有过观察。       

钙化藻类的钙化过程与大气中CO2浓度变化的关系

大气中CO2浓度升高后,CO2向海水的溶入增加,从而引起海水溶解无机碳各组分的浓度及其比例发生改变,导致海水酸化(pH下降)。此种环境的变化会影响钙化藻类的钙化过程。文章介绍钙化藻类的光合作用和钙化作用之间相互关系的研究进展。     

2种黄芪幼苗对缺硫胁迫的生理响应机制

以药用植物膜荚黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus（Fisch.）Bge.）及其变种蒙古黄芪（Astragalus membranaceus Bge.var.mongholicus Hsiao）幼苗为材料，在水培条件下研究了两种黄芪幼苗在不同程度缺硫条件下的生物量积累、光合参数、次生代谢产物积累等的变化规律。结果显示：与供应Hoagland全营养液相比，低硫和无硫供应处理均显著抑制了两种黄芪幼苗根系和地上部的伸长生长以及生物量的累积，并且引起了植株叶片失绿变黄、根系褐变等一系列缺硫症状。此外，缺硫还导致了两种黄芪幼苗叶片叶绿素含量降低以及光合参数下降、全株各部位细胞膜脂过氧化程度增加。相对膜荚黄芪而言，不同程度缺硫对蒙古黄芪生长发育的影响较小。进一步研究发现，在低硫或无硫条件下，膜荚黄芪植株各部位总酚含量出现了明显下降，而蒙古黄芪根系和叶片总酚含量却因缺硫处理而显著升高。同时我们还发现，硫营养缺乏诱导了蒙古黄芪叶片非光化学能量耗散的升高以及植株各部位主要异黄酮物质的大量积累。我们推断，营养液中硫元素供应的减少引起了黄芪幼苗硫营养不良，影响了植株叶绿素合成，降低了植株的光合能力，并同时引起了全株的氧化胁迫，最终使得黄芪幼苗生长发育受到抑制；蒙古黄芪在缺硫胁迫下提高了光保护能力，合成了较多的异黄酮类物质，有效缓解了缺硫胁迫对其生长的影响，从而在面对缺硫胁迫时比膜荚黄芪表现出了更强的耐性。     

当前植物生理生态学研究的几个热点问题

简要介绍了最近国内外植物植物生理生态学的几个热点问题,这些问题主要围绕着人类活动影响造成的几大重要环境因子改变而可能导致的植物植物生理生态变化展开,包括CO2浓度升高、紫外辐射增加,温度变化,强光、盐生环境扩大化等;部分工作探讨已经存在的特殊生境下的植物生态适应。其中,围绕着陆地生态系统的碳平衡是最为热门的话题之一。虽然以CO2浓度升高主题展开对C3和C4植物的影响研究依然是众多刊物发表生理生态学原始论文的重要内容,一些特殊功能如CMA植物的响应引起了人们的兴趣,植物对于紫外辐射的生理生态响应有望成为新的研究热点,研究手段的完善以及实验材料的改进是最近植物植物生理生态学不断出新成果的重要原因之一,如稳定同位素技术的应用、野外FACE实验、叶绿素荧光技术等使一些机理性问题不断被揭示出来。     

山西省辛安泉泉域三种泉溪大型藻类植物附生藻类的研究

对三种泉溪大型藻类(脆弱刚毛藻, 弧形串珠藻和普生轮藻)藻体上附生藻类的种类、分布及环境因子与寄主本身对其的影响进行了研究。2004 年7 月至2005 年4 月在山西省辛安泉泉域采集三种大型藻类植物(每个季节采集一次)。研究结果表明, 三种大型藻类藻体上的附生藻类种类数不同, 普生轮藻上的附生藻类有49 种, 脆弱刚毛藻上37 种, 弧形串珠藻上6 种, 其中硅藻门种类数最多。这说明寄主本身结构的复杂程度在一定意义上会影响附生藻类的种类数及多样性。就季节变化而言, 三种大型藻类藻体上的附生藻类也表现出了明显的季节性,大致趋势为: 春季>秋季>夏季>冬季, 同时, 灰关联分析结果也表明, 环境因子在一定程度上对附生藻类也有影响, 最关键的影响因子是流速、水深和电导。这说明影响大型藻类植物藻体上附生藻类的影响因素是多方面的, 不仅有寄主本身, 同时流速、水深和电导这三种环境因子也起到了很关键的作用。       

美国黑核桃实生苗单叶片光合作用生理生态模型的建立与验证

在对叶片光合过程机理分析的基础上,结合数学分析方法,建立了模拟美国黑核桃单叶片光合作用的机理模型,该模型包含了叶片光合作用的限速的生化过程和气孔调节因素,对光合作用一气孔导度的耦合模型进行了简化,使之既便于应用,又能较准确地反映田间条件下的情况,并就光合作用对环境因子(太阳辐射、温度及CO2浓度等）变化的响应特征及响应的合理性进行了分析,使用整个生长季实测的叶片生理数据及生态环境数据对所建模型进行了验证,结果表明,模型可以较准确地模拟田间美国黑核桃叶片的光合速率;确定了美国东部黑核桃、北加州黑核桃等两种黑核桃单叶片光合作用与环境因子互作的数量美系。     

全球变化条件下植物个体的生理生态学模型

天气模型中应用随机模拟方法,产生以天或小时为时间间隔的气温、降水、相对湿度、云量、太阳辐射等天气要素的动态变化时间序列。利用北京地区近30年天气资料进行了模拟验证,模拟结果与实际的天气变化进程相符。生理生态模型描述了净光合速率、气孔传导度、蒸腾速率、水分利用效率的变化机理。结合开顶式CO_2浓度倍增大豆(Glycine max(L.)Merr.)生长实验,分析了这些生理生态特性在全球变化下的动态响应机制,并进行了模拟预测。结果表明:CO_2浓度倍增情况下,净光合速率提高45％,其中光量子效率显著增加,而CO_2传导系数略有下降;气孔传导度、蒸腾速率下降约30％;水分利用效率随CO_2浓度增加几乎呈线性增长,倍增后提高近一倍。     

用灰关联法分析环境因子对辛安泉泉溪大型藻类的影响

研究了环境因子对辛安泉泉域泉溪大型藻类的影响。2009年7月~2010年4月对标本进行了4次采集（每个季节一次）,对每个采样点的环境因子水温,pH,电导,溶氧,流速,水体最大深度和宽度进行了监测和记录,同时对标本进行了显微观察和鉴定。经鉴定,该泉域共有大型藻类植物42种。采用灰关联分析法分析了以上环境因子对泉溪大型藻类植物种类数的影响。结果表明,影响的关键因子为水温和流速。分析结果与前人文献相一致。因此,表明将灰关联分析法应用于藻类生态环境研究方面是可行的。     

杨树生理生态指标与环境因子之间相关性分析

为了揭示杨树生理生态指标与环境因子间综合复杂的关系,找出重要指标,在适宜土壤水分、中度干旱和严重干旱3种土壤水分条件下研究水分胁迫对杨树生理生长变化的影响;在人工控制条件下,研究叶片净光合速率(Pn)、叶片气孔导度(Gs)随光合有效辐射(PAR)和CO2浓度变化的反应关系;在中度干旱条件下,通过直接相关和综合相关分析,揭示各指标间相互影响的复杂关系。结果分析表明,水分胁迫对杨树生理生长变化有显著影响,是主要因子。在中度干旱条件下,对杨树有重要影响的因子依次为:光合有效辐射(PAR)、CO2浓度、大气温度(Ta);能够反映杨树生理生态特性的重要指标依次为:耗水量、蒸腾速率(Tr)、呼吸速率(R)和净光合速率(Pn).由此获得基本结论:杨树的生理生长变化受土壤水分、光合有效辐射(PAR)、大气CO2浓度和大气温度等多个环境因子的综合影响极其显著,其生理生长变化特征也宜采用多个指标来反应。直接相关分析不足以反映它们间的复杂关系,综合分析优于直接相关分析,分析方法科学合理,值得研究推广。     

天山西部野杏光合作用日变化特征与其生理生态因子的关系

在新疆天山西部伊犁野果林资源发展研究中心的野杏林选定野生成年杏树为样株,用Li-6400光合仪测定晴天和阴天两种天气状况下野杏的光合生理生态特性,并通过相关分析、通径分析、回归分析探讨其净光合速率与生理生态因子的关系。结果显示:(1)野杏的最大净光合速率(Pnmax)和光饱和点(LSP)分别为12.63和1 389.44μmol.m-2.s-1,属喜光的阳生树种。(2)晴天和多云天气下野杏的净光合速率(Pn)日变化最大值和日均值之间差异不显著,晴天Pn日变化为单峰型,而多云为双峰型,具典型的"午休"现象,而且是由非气孔限制因素造成,与叶温(Tl)的降低有关。(3)野杏气孔导度(Gs)与Pn和蒸腾速率(Tr)呈显著正相关;随着其Tl的增加,晴天Pn、Gs和Tr为单峰形;多云Pn和Tr呈线性增加,而Gs呈线性降低;Tl增加超过最适值后Gs的降低是晴天野杏产生严重光抑制的重要原因;气孔的快速关闭降低了Tr,造成Tl增加和Pn降低,在最大程度上控制了水分丢失。(4)晴天和多云天气下影响野杏叶片Pn日变化主导生理因子均为Gs,主要限制因子为胞间CO2浓度(Ci);主导生态因子为空气相对湿度(RH),限制因子为气温(Ta)。研究表明,野杏能够适应高光强环境条件,这是野杏主要分布在较为干旱阳坡上的重要原因之一;多云天气条件对野杏进行光合作用的抑制程度较弱,这为野杏种群天然更新环境条件的人工调节提供一定的理论依据。     

绿藻光合生物制氢技术进展

氢能作为可再生、环境友好的能源,已成为营造可持续发展的经济节约型社会的理想能源。绿藻因能利用光能分解水产氢,被称为最有应用前景的方法之一。本文将综述绿藻光合产氢的原理,介绍该生物制氢技术的研究现状和最新进展,并对其发展趋势做以展望。     

Planktic green algae of Bulgarian coastal wetlands

The present paper reports on the contribution of green algae to the phytoplankton community structure in 13 euto hypertrophic Bulgarian coastal wetlands which were different in morphometry and salinity. The results obtained revealed the important role of green algae, which formed 43% of the total species composition, 18% of numbers and 21% of biomass and often had a dominant or subdominant role in phytoplankton community structure.     

Tempo-spatial distribution and species diversity of green algae micro-propagules in the Yellow Sea during the large-scale green tide development

From 2008 to 2013, vast green tides mainly composed of Ulva prolifera consecutively invaded the coast of Qingdao (36°06′N, 120°25′E, PR China) in June and July. Previous studies have shown that the early green tides initially formed in the Porphyra yezoensis aquaculture area of the Subei Shoal, southern Yellow Sea. To date, multiple studies have demonstrated that green algae micro-propagules play an important role in the formation of green tides. In this study, we aimed to assess the temporal and spatial distribution of green algae micro-propagules in an extensive area of the Yellow Sea and to determine the species diversity of propagules during the development of the large-scale green tide. We found that the quantity of micro-propagules increased with the free-floating biomass from the initial generation to the development phase of the green tide in mid May. From late May to mid June, the micro-propagule density decreased sharply despite a continuous increase of the floating macroalgae biomass. In addition, our data indicate that the coastal area of the Subei Shoal has always been the distribution center of the micro-propagules, even prior to the large-scale green tide formation. Furthermore, diverse green algae species, including Ulva prolifera, Ulva linza, Ulva flexuosa, Ulva compressa, Ulva pertusa and Blidingia sp., were identified among the micro-propagules in the survey sea area. Finally, we determined that the distribution of U. prolifera micro-propagules is closely related to the floating algal mats and attached macroalgae on Porphyra aquaculture rafts.     

Comparison of the long-wave chlorophyll fluorescence in various green and blue-green algae and diatoms

Two types of long-wave fluorescence bands with similar band shape occur at room temperature in various algae: F_II700 and F_I715. F_II700 occurs in a limited number of algae, follows PS II transients, increases with culture age and is moderately increased by cooling to 83 K. F_I715 occurs in most algae, especially Anabaena, but much less in most diatoms and Tribonema. It does not follow PS II transients, does not increase with culture age and is much increased by cooling to 83 K.An interpretation for the characteristics of F_II700 and F_I715 is given.     

Chloroplast genome evolution and phylogeny of the early-diverging charophycean green algae with a focus on the Klebsormidiophyceae and Streptofilum

The Klebsormidiophyceae are a class of green microalgae observed globally in both freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Morphology-based classification schemes of this class have been shown to be inadequate due to the simple morphology of these algae, the tendency of morphology to vary in culture versus field conditions, and rampant morphological homoplasy. Molecular studies revealing cryptic diversity have renewed interest in this group. We sequenced the complete chloroplast genomes of a broad series of taxa spanning the known taxonomic breadth of this class. We also sequenced the chloroplast genomes of three strains of Streptofilum, a recently discovered green algal lineage with close affinity to the Klebsormidiophyceae. Our results affirm the previously hypothesized polyphyly of the genus Klebsormidium as well as the polyphyly of the nominal species in this genus, K. flaccidum. Furthermore, plastome sequences strongly support the status of Streptofilum as a distinct, early-diverging lineage of charophytic algae sister to a clade comprising Klebsormidiophyceae plus Phragmoplastophyta. We also uncovered major structural alterations in the chloroplast genomes of species in Klebsormidium that have broad implications regarding the underlying mechanisms of chloroplast genome evolution.     

Co-isolation of high-quality DNA and RNA from coenocytic green algae

A protocol is presented for the simultaneous isolation of DNA and RNA from giant-celled green algae. The overall quality of the DNA was examined by the A²⁶⁰/A²⁸⁰ ratio, agarose gel electrophoresis, and restriction enzyme analysis. Denaturing gel electrophoresis and cDNA cloning were used to investigate the quality of the RNA. These assays indicated that both the DNA and RNA isolated by this procedure are of high quality, suitable for further molecular analyses. Since many of these algae are slow growing and therefore only a few grams may be available, the isolation of DNA and RNA from the same plant material has obvious advantages.Abbreviations: Etbr, ethidium bromide.     

Sterol composition of some mediterranean green algae

The distribution of sterols in ten Mediterranean green algae has been examined. Clionasterol is typical for the Siphonocladales and all the species of the Siphonales not belonging to the genus Codium, which is characterized by clerosterol. 28-Isofucosterol has been confirmed to be characteristic of the Ulotrichales.     

球状绿藻的隐性生物多样性及其分类学进展

球状绿藻主要指绿藻门中多为单细胞, 形状为球形、近球形, 或由球形衍生出来的其他形状的藻类。球状绿藻分布广泛, 遍布全球, 生活于淡水、海水和亚气生等生境中, 其相似的简单形态下隐藏着复杂的物种多样性。球状绿藻分类学上主要位于绿藻门的两纲四目及其一些独立支系的类群。球状绿藻分类学正由传统的基于形态特征向基于分子信息的复合分类方法转变。球状绿藻隐性的物种多样性涉及约40属, 其中15属是依据新标本材料而建立的新属, 12个属是依据新证据建立的新组合。本文重点介绍了1998年以后在共球藻纲和绿藻纲中新发现和命名的单细胞球状绿藻, 介绍了它们的形态特征、分类学迁移及理由, 特别对常见的小球藻属和栅藻属的分类学概念变迁作了详细介绍, 对一些尚没有中文名的拉丁学名给出了中文命名。另外, 本文讨论了基于DNA的分类学方法在球状绿藻分类学中的应用, 目前系统发育位置的不同已经成为球状绿藻分类的主要依据。目前球状绿藻分类面临的问题是大多分类位置未用分子系统发育方法的验证。 未来, 球状绿藻分类学家应用系统发育研究结合形态学研究探索单细胞球状绿藻的生物多样性。     

Diluted seawater promoted the green tide of Ulva prolifera (Chlorophyta,Ulvales)

Ulva prolifera (Müller) J. Agardh is the main causative species of the 2008 Yellow Sea green tide incident. We investigated the influences of diluted seawater on the vegetative growth and reproductive cell formation of the alga. The thalli that were cultivated under low salinities (10‰ and 20‰) and low pH values (pH around 7.0) showed obvious and steady biomass gain, while those cultivated under high salinities (40‰) and relatively higher pH conditions (pH around 8.0) manifested significant biomass loss. The trend was, however, completely the opposite for reproductive cell formation and there were indications that enrichment, over very wide concentration ranges of both nitrogen and phosphate, could significantly promote vegetative growth. Results also indicated that relatively low salinity and low pH regimes boosted vegetative growth but were unfavorable for reproductive cell formation and vice versa. Based on these results, the possible origin and development mechanisms of the green tide event are discussed. Eutrophication in the Changjiang River estuary and adjacent sea areas, as well as extremely high freshwater inflows before, and during, the flood of 2007 – due to the full operation of large‐scale water facilities in the area – may have both played an important role in the formation and development of the green tide event.     

Development of filamentous green algae in the benthic algal community in a littoral sand-beach zone of Lake Biwa

Temporal changes of biomass and dominant species in benthic algal communities were investigated in a littoral sand-beach zone in the north basin of Lake Biwa from December 1999 to September 2000. Chlorophyll-a amounts of benthic algal communities per unit area of the sandy sediments rapidly increased from late April to June. Increases in biomass of the benthic algal communities are considered to result from the propagation of filamentous green algae Oedogonium sp. and Spirogyra sp. The cell numbers of filamentous green algae and chlorophyll-a amounts of benthic algal communities at depths of 30 and 50cm at a station protected by a breakwater in May were significantly higher than those of a station exposed directly to wave activity. Thus, the biomass accumulation of the benthic algal communities seems to be regulated strongly by wave disturbance. The development of filamentous green algae may contribute to the increase in biomass of the benthic algal community and to the changes in seasonal patterns of biomass in the sand-beach zone of Lake Biwa. We consider that the development of the filamentous green algal community in the littoral zone of Lake Biwa is the result of eutrophication.