施用泥炭对风沙土改良及蔬菜生长的影响

通过盆栽试验比较了施用不同剂量的泥炭(0％、2％、5％、8％及10％)对风沙土改良的效果和对白菜生长及产量的影响。结果表明,泥炭能增强风沙土的持水能力,降低土壤的pH值,增加土壤中有机质、全氮、速效氮和速效磷等的含量;白菜根系长度、生物量、高生长和地上部分的生物量均有增加,其中8％泥炭处理为最佳,其根系长度、根鲜重、干重、高生长、地上部分鲜重、干重依次比对照增加71％、402％、464％、107％、847％和1001％;同时施用泥炭还有利于提高白菜干物质的积累及其品质。     

沼渣对土壤酶活性的影响

通过在种植茄子0～100d内,不施有机肥（CK）与加入沼渣的对比试验中,研究土壤中有机质和土壤酶活性的变化情况。结果表明：施用沼渣的土壤总有机质呈上升趋势,比对照提高61.7%。不施有机肥的土壤（CK）活性有机质含量呈现下降趋势,当茄子生长到100d时,土壤活性有机质比初始降低了8.8%。施用沼渣的土壤中脲酶、转化酶和脱氢酶活性最高。相关性分析显示,脲酶、转化酶和脱氢酶活性与土壤有机质呈显著相关。用沼渣作有机肥能有效提高土壤有机质含量和土壤酶活性。     

不同水分条件对池杉幼苗实生土壤营养元素含量的影响

模拟三峡库区消落带土壤淹水变化特征设置了常规生长水分条件(CK组)、轻度干旱水分胁迫(T1组)、土壤水饱和(T2组)以及水淹(T3组)4个不同处理组,研究池杉幼苗实生土壤营养元素含量变化机制.研究结果表明,不同水分处理对池杉幼苗土壤营养元素含量影响程度有所差异.在整个试验期间,T3组土壤有机质含量平均值极显著地分别高于CK、T1、T2组9.2%、5.6%和6.4%,而T1、T2以及CK组土壤有机质含量平均值之间却无显著差异.T2、T3组土壤在整个试验期间的pH值分别显著高出CK组3.0%-10.8%与4.1%-7.5%,而T2、T3组土壤pH平均值相互之间并无显著差异.T3组土壤全N含量整体平均值极显著高于CK、T1、T2组8.9%、5.8%和9.0%;而T1、T2、CK组土壤全N含量平均值相互之间则无显著差异存在.各处理组土壤全P含量平均值之间、全K含量平均值之间均无显著差异存在.T3组水解N含量分别显著高于CK、T1、T2组13.5%、7.1%和6.7%;然而,T1、T2组的水解N含量平均值相互之间却并无显著差异性,但二者均显著高于CK组平均值.土壤速效P含量整体平均值T2与T3组均分别显著低于T1与CK组;与此不同的是,土壤速效K含量平均值T1与T2组均分别显著高于T3与CK组.相关性分析发现,土壤有机质含量与全N、全P以及水解N成极显著正相关,而与速效P含量成极显著负相关.本试验中,池杉幼苗实生土壤在不同水分条件下的营养元素含量变化规律,显示出将池杉选择为三峡库区消落带防护林体系建设的造林树种是可行的.     

添加腐植酸与生化抑制剂尿素在黄土水稻栽培中施用效果

研究添加腐植酸和生化抑制剂尿素肥料在黄土水稻栽培中的施用效果,可为黄土水田专用的新型高效稳定性增效尿素肥料配方的研制提供科学依据。采用盆栽试验方式,以不施氮肥(CK)及单独施用尿素肥料(N)为对照,将腐植酸(H)、N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)和2-氯-6-三甲基吡啶(CP)及腐植酸与3种生化抑制剂分别组合添加至尿素肥料中,制成7种高效稳定性增效尿素肥料。相比尿素单独施用,腐植酸的添加能抑制土壤硝化作用,明显促进水稻生长,显著提高水稻稻谷产量、稻谷吸氮量,分别提高13.3%、21.7%,氮肥利用效率也有所提高(P<0.05)。相较NBPT处理,腐植酸的添加未对尿素氮转化特征造成显著影响,但其协同作用能显著提高植株总吸氮量、氮肥利用率,分别提高8.0%、9.3%。相较DMPP处理,腐植酸的添加能有效抑制生育前期土壤硝化作用,显著提高水稻生物产量7.3%。相较CP处理,腐植酸的添加有效抑制土壤硝化作用,但显著降低水稻稻谷产量、氮肥偏生产力及农学效率,分别降低11.3%、11.3%、13.2%(P<0.05)。结果表明,在黄土地区种植水稻,...     

青海三江源地区风沙土养分及微生物区系

采用常规方法研究了青海三江源地区风沙土的养分状况及微生物区系.结果表明,从流动、半固定风沙土到固定风沙土的演化过程中,土壤有机质含量明显增加,固定风沙土的有机质含量分别为流动和半固定风沙土的5.9和3.8倍;土壤氮素和磷素含量的变化趋势与有机质基本一致,均呈递增趋势;土壤钾素含量和土壤pH无明显变化规律.随着植被发育、流沙固定及土壤养分状况改善,风沙土中的微生物数量和区系组成也发生了显著变化.固定和半固定风沙土中的细菌、真菌及放线菌数量均明显高于流动风沙土,其细菌数量分别约为流动风沙土的4.0和2.8倍,真菌数量分别约为19.6和6.3倍,放线菌数量分别约为12.4和2.6倍;真菌种类数明显增加,放线菌区系组成也变得复杂.即随着风沙土由流动变为固定,土壤微生物生态系统中微生物的生物多样性增强,微生物组成趋于多样化.风沙土中的微生物数量与土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮及速效磷含量显著或极显著相关,与土壤全磷、全钾、速效钾含量及土壤pH之间相关性未达显著水平.     

驯化复合微生物菌群处理废弃钻井泥浆活性研究

【背景】油田废弃钻井泥浆含油量高,污染物复杂,环境危害严重,现有技术无法满足日益发展的石油开采行业在废弃钻井泥浆处理方面的需求。生物法处理废弃钻井泥浆,工艺简单,成本低,但也存在局限,包括广谱性差、处理周期长、原油降解率低、泥浆性质波动冲击工艺稳定性等。【目的】构建一种高活性和高环境耐受能力的微生物菌群,分析遗传稳定性和综合性能,提高废弃钻井泥浆处理技术水平。【方法】通过定向富集、诱导驯化的方法,提高活性群落对石油烃乳化降解效率,降低共代谢底物反馈抑制和群体感应系统敏感度,分析群落结构和活性成员的种群类别,分析乳化降解石油烃的活性对应关系。【结果】从含油量超过12g/kg、芳烃-胶质沥青含量超过80%、含盐量超过8g/kg的钻井废弃泥浆中富集得到1个活性微生物菌群,主要成员包括假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)、根瘤菌属(Rhizobium)、红细菌属(Rhodobacter)和嗜碱还原硫素杆菌(Dethiobacter alkaliphilus),比例分别达27.44%、20.73%、8.54%和7.93%。在超过22代的连续驯化过程中,假单胞菌(Pseudomonas)、类希瓦氏菌(Alishewanella)和盐单胞菌(Halomonas)数量达92.72%,菌群结构和活性趋于稳定。处理钻井废弃泥浆5 d,土壤含油率由处理前的12403 mg/kg降低到处理后的42 mg/kg,综合脱油效率99.67%,石油烃降解率68.9%。分析微生物群落作用前后石油饱和土壤中的石油含量变化,原始含油量261 g/kg,处理后含油量305 mg/kg,脱油率99.88%。【结论】菌群驯化后活性稳定,耐受高盐环境能力强,在钻井废弃泥浆、含油土壤及油泥污染物处理方面具有很强的工业应用潜力。     

草原及开垦后土壤有机质性质研究

从土壤有机无机复合状况、腐殖质结合形态和腐殖质组成等方面,研究了供试土壤(草原淡黑钙土、草原风沙土和已开垦的风沙土)有机质的性质．结果表明,不同土壤类型及利用方式对土壤有机质性质的影响有很大的差异．与风沙土相比,淡黑钙土的全土碳、生物量碳、重组碳、可提取腐殖物质(HE)、松结态腐殖质的含量和全土腐殖化度较高．风沙土种向日葵后其全土碳、生物量碳、重组碳和HE含量及各种结合形态腐殖质含量均下降,但腐殖化程度相差不大．     

北大荒的土

<正>农作物生长的好坏与土壤条件的优劣息息相关。黑龙江垦区土地平坦连片,有机质含量高,土壤肥沃,再加上气候适宜,形成了得天独厚的粮食作物生长环境。北大荒现有耕地212.4万公顷,土壤由暗棕壤、白浆土、黑土、黑钙土、草甸土、水稻土、沼泽土、泛滥地土壤、风沙土和盐碱土十大类型组成。其中以棕壤、白浆土、黑土、草甸土和沼泽土五种类型为主。由于长期实行保护性耕作,耕地有机质含量平均在3%～5%。     

添加生化抑制剂和腐植酸的稳定性增效尿素在黄土中的施用效果

采用田间盆栽试验,研究生化抑制剂与生物刺激素腐植酸结合制成的高效稳定性增效尿素肥料在黄土中的氮素转化特征、增产效果和氮素肥料表观利用率,以探明其施用效果,为开发适宜黄土施用的新型增效尿素肥料提供理论依据。本研究以不施氮肥(CK)和施尿素氮肥(N)为对照,在尿素中分别添加腐植酸(F)、N-丁基硫代磷酰三胺(NBPT)、3,4-二甲基吡唑磷酸盐(DMPP)和2-氯-6-三甲基吡啶(CP),以及腐植酸与3种生化抑制剂分别组合(NBPT+F、DMPP+F、CP+F)。结果表明: 与N处理相比,F、NBPT+F、DMPP+F和CP+F处理均能显著提高玉米的产量、叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积指数和植株吸氮量,对土壤铵态氮和硝态氮含量也有显著影响。与单独施用生化抑制剂相比,添加腐植酸可提高玉米叶片叶绿素含量。与CP相比,CP+F玉米的植株吸氮量、叶绿素含量、氮肥吸收利用率均显著提高;与NBPT相比,NBPT+F硝化抑制率提高10.7%,但玉米产量、叶面积指数、植株吸氮量和氮肥利用率等均有所降低;与DMPP相比,DMPP+F显著降低了玉米产量、叶面积指数、植株吸氮量、氮肥利用率和硝化抑制率等。综合玉米产量、植株吸氮量、氮肥吸收利用率以及土壤铵态氮、硝态氮含量等指标,在黄土地区施用尿素肥料时,建议添加腐植酸和CP以提升尿素性能,从而提高产量和肥料利用率。     

秸秆焚烧对土壤有机质和氮磷钾含量的影响

秸秆露天焚烧作为对废弃秸秆常见的处理方式在中国普遍存在。目前的研究多集中在焚烧对区域大气环境的影响,对土壤环境的化学效应研究较少。因此,为揭示大田秸秆焚烧对土壤生物化学性质的影响,设置不焚烧(CK)、减量焚烧(A1)、全量焚烧(A2)、增量焚烧(A3)4个处理,通过连续4个月的田间小区定位试验,探究不同小麦秸秆焚烧量对耕层0—5 cm土壤有机质含量、微生物数量、土壤养分含量的即时效应和各指标在玉米各生育期内的变化情况。结果表明:小麦秸秆焚烧1 d后土壤有机质含量和微生物数量相对于CK显著降低(P0.05)。其中,有机质含量在焚烧后减少11.0%—22.1%,真菌数量降低30.8%—56.1%,细菌数量降低50.6%—72.6%,放线菌数量降低46.9%—68.3%。土壤全效和速效养分含量显著增加(P0.05):全磷含量增加6.5%—12.9%,全钾含量增加4.6%—18.1%,全氮含量增加2.6%—13.2%。速效磷含量增加9.8%—39.1%,速效钾含量增加13.2%—39.1%,铵态氮含量增加8.6%—38.7%,硝态氮含量增加1.4%—9.2%。各指标的变化幅度随焚烧量的增多而加大(A3A2A1)。玉米生育期内,焚烧处理的土壤有机质含量平均恢复5.6%(A1A2A3)。与有机质相比,焚烧处理土壤微生物数量恢复程度较高,其中细菌的恢复速率最快。在玉米苗期各焚烧处理的真菌、细菌和放线菌平均数量相对于CK依次降低12.7%、17.4%、11.9%,在大喇叭口期和成熟期,微生物数量与CK间差异不显著。速效养分含量在玉米生育期显著高于CK。在玉米苗期、大喇叭口期和成熟期,相对于CK速效磷含量平均增加24.9%、27.0%、29.2%,速效钾平均增加24.0%、14.1%、15.2%,铵态氮平均增加25.5%、23.1%、20.2%,硝态氮平均增加20.8%、19.2%、19.8%。     

雅鲁藏布江山南宽谷风沙化土地土壤养分和粒度特征

在雅鲁藏布江山南宽谷区,选择流动沙地、平缓沙砾地、半固定沙地、固定沙地和覆沙河滩地等类型样地,研究了不同深度(0—10 cm、10—20 cm和20—40 cm)土壤层的养分状况和粒度特征,探讨了风沙运动对土壤粒度组成和养分含量的影响。结果表明:1)风沙化土地土壤pH值呈中性、碱性和强碱性,土壤有机质和全氮含量均很低,但全磷和全钾均很高。土壤粒度组成表现为砂粒含量(53.83%—95.93%)>粉粒(3.3%—40.5%)>粘粒(0.77%—5.68%)。2)粘粒和粉粒含量均以覆沙河滩地(分别为4.02%和27.95%)最大、半固定沙地(分别为1.35%和5.27%)最小。粘粒含量表现为覆沙河滩地>固定沙地(2.98%)>河滩流动沙地(2.89%)>平缓沙砾地(1.69%)>河岸流动沙地(1.54%)>山坡流动沙地(1.49%)>半固定沙地。不同类型沙地粉粒含量的大小顺序与粘粒含量相似,仅在山坡流动沙地和河岸流动沙地的大小顺序有所差别。砂粒含量以半固定沙地(为93.40%)最大、覆沙河滩地最小(68.05%)。不同类型沙地的砂粒含量与粉粒含量的大小顺序正好相反。3)土壤养分含量与粘粒、粉粒、极细砂粒和细砂粒等细沙物质的相关性较强,与中砂粒、粗砂粒和极粗砂粒等粗沙物质呈负相关或相关性较弱。其中,粘粒和极细砂粒含量的增加对土壤养分的增加贡献较大。流动沙丘随风沙运动而不断往复摆动的现象和土壤细颗粒的迁移和损失,对不同类型沙地和沙丘部位的土壤养分状况及其再分配过程产生较大影响。     

Environmental manipulation treatment effects on the reactivity of water-soluble phenolics in a subalpine tundra ecosystem

Low soil organic matter content and limited soil water holding are the major natural constraint of dryland cropping on sandy soils in the Quebec boreal regions. We conducted a 3-yr (1994–1996) study in a boreal sandy soil, Ferro-Humic Podzol (Spodosols), to determine the potential of Sphagnum peat for improving soil organic matter (SOM), water holding capacity, bulk density (BD), plant leaf nutrient status, and potato and barley yields. The cropping was a rotation of 2-yr potato (Solanum tuberosum L. Superior) and 1-yr barley (Hordeum vulgare L. Chapais). The treatments consisted of Sphagnum peat at rates of 0, 29, 48, and 68 Mg ha^–1 3-yr^–1 on a dry weight basis, and granular N-P-K fertilizers (12-7.5-7) at rates of 1.4, 1.6, and 1.8 Mg ha^–1 yr^–1, respectively, arranged in a split-block design. The peat-amended soils were higher in water content (SWC), SOM and total porosity but lower in BD and N than neighboring non-peat soils (P < 0.05). Effects of peat and fertilizer treatments and their interaction were significant on potato leaf N, Ca, Mg, and P, tuber yield, dry weight, harvested N and tuber specific gravity (P < 0.05), depending on year. Potato tuber yield and N increased simultaneously up to 30% (compared to the control), and were significantly correlated with SWC, SOM, BD, and NO₃-N (–0.52 r 0.80). In the 3rd year, the linear effect of peat treatments was significant on barley grain yield. In 1995 there was a decline of 4.5–7.3% of SOM of the previous year level. It is suggested that Sphagnum peat at a rate of 48 Mg ha^–1 had the potential for improving sandy soil productivity. A longer-term investigation of soil water, N, SOM pool and crop yield changes is necessary to better understand the physical, chemical and biological processes of peat in cropping systems and to maximize the benefits of peat applications.     

原油污染对黄绵土和风沙土水分入渗的影响

原油进入土壤后会堵塞土壤孔隙,影响土壤斥水性,改变土壤水分运动状况。本研究利用土柱模拟的方法,研究了不同原油污染程度(0、0.5%、1%、2%、4%)对黄绵土和风沙土水分入渗过程的影响。结果表明: 随着原油含量的增加,两种土壤湿润锋的推进速度和入渗速率均减小,土壤原油污染程度为4%时湿润锋运移到土柱底部的所需时间最长,污染程度为0时湿润锋运移到土柱底部的所需时间最短,黄绵土湿润锋达到土柱底部所需最长时间是最短时间的5倍,风沙土最长时间是最短时间的48倍;当湿润锋运移到土柱底部时,黄绵土的累积入渗量随原油含量的增加而减小,而风沙土的累积入渗量先增大后减小;在高浓度(2%、4%)原油处理下,风沙土的累积入渗量曲线出现“翘尾”现象。Kostiakov入渗模型和Philip入渗模型比Green-Ampt模型能更好地模拟不同原油处理下的黄绵土土壤水分入渗过程,但对风沙土而言,两种模型对低浓度(0、0.5%、1%)原油处理的土壤水分入渗过程拟合较好。原油污染能够显著影响土壤水分入渗过程,且对风沙土的影响更大。     

Trichoderma harzianum—interaction with plants and effect on growth response

The fungus Trichoderma harzianum which was applied to pathogen-free soil, induced an increase in emergence of seedlings, plant height, leaf area and dry weight. The fungus was applied to the soil by three different methods: conidial suspension, wheat-bran/peat preparation and seed coating. The most prominent effect was observed in the wheat-bran/peat preparation. Responses occurred in different plant growth substrates such as sandy loam soil, autoclaved soil, vermiculite, peat and a mixture of vermiculite and peat (1:1, v/v). T. harzianum was also found in roots of plants growing in soil treated with the fungus.     

Effects of Standard Humic Materials on Relative Bioavailability of NDL-PCBs in Juvenile Swine

Young children with their hand-to-mouth activity may be exposed to contaminated soils. However few studies assessing exposure of organic compounds sequestrated in soil were realized. The present study explores the impact of different organic matters on retention of NDL-PCBs during digestive processes using commercial humic substances in a close digestive model of children: the piglet. Six artificial soils were used. One standard soil, devoid of organic matter, and five amended versions of this standard soil with either fulvic acid, humic acid, Sphagnum peat, activated carbon or a mix of Sphagnum peat and activated carbon (95∶5) (SPAC) were prepared. In order to compare the different treatments, we use spiked oil and negative control animals. Forty male piglets were randomly distributed in 7 contaminated and one control groups (n  = 5 for each group). During 10 days, the piglets were fed artificial soil or a corn oil spiked with 19 200 ng of Aroclor 1254 per g of dry matter (6 000 ng.g⁻¹ of NDL-PCBs) to achieve an exposure dose of 1 200 ng NDL-PCBs.Kg⁻¹ of body weight per day. NDL-PCBs in adipose tissue were analyzed by GC-MS. Fulvic acid reduced slightly the bioavailability of NDL-PCBs compared to oil. Humic acid and Sphagnum peat reduced it significantly higher whereas activated carbon reduced the most. Piglets exposed to soil containing both activated carbon and Shagnum peat exhibited a lower reduction than soil with only activated carbon. Therefore, treatment groups are ordered by decreasing value of relative bioavailability as following: oil ≥ fulvic acid>Sphagnum peat ≥ Sphagnum peat and activated carbon ≥ Humic acid>>activated carbon. This suggests competition between Sphagnum peat and activated carbon. The present study highlights that quality of organic matter does have a significant effect on bioavailability of sequestrated organic compounds.     

Amendment of vanadium-contaminated soil with soil conditioners: A study based on pot experiments with canola plants (Brassica campestris L.)

We performed pot experiments with canola plants (Brassica campestris L.) to evaluate the effect of eight soil conditioners on the amendment of vanadium (V)-contaminated soil based on analysis of the growth of canola plants and the uptake, bioaccumulation, and translocation of heavy metals. Tested soil conditioners included polyacrylamide (PAM), sepiolite, humic acid (HAC), peat, sludge compost (SC), bentonite, lime, and fly ash. Results from the analysis of the growth of canola plants and the analysis of variance showed that the best soil conditioners for V-contaminated soil were 0.05–0.1 wt% PAM, 1 wt% peat, 1 wt% HAC, and 1 wt% SC; moderately effective soil conditioners included sepiolite and lime. The best combination of soil conditioners was 0.1 wt% PAM, 1 wt% HAC, and 0.15 wt% lime, in addition of 1% ZVI, which increased the biomass and height of canola plants by 1.18-fold and 59.49%, respectively. We conclude that the best combination of soil conditioners determined from this study is promising for mitigating V contamination in soil.     

Metal-humic complexes and plant micronutrient uptake: a study based on different plant species cultivated in diverse soil types

There are several studies in the literature dealing with the effect of metal-humic complexes on plant metal uptake, but none of them correlate the physicochemical properties of the complexes with agronomic results. Our study covers both aspects under various experimental conditions. A humic extract (SHE) obtained from a sapric peat was selected for preparing the metal–humic complexes used in plant experiments. Fe–, Zn– and Cu–humic complexes with a reaction stoichiometry of 2:0.25 (humic:metal, w/w) were chosen after studying their stability and solubility with respect to pH (6–9) and the humic:metal reaction stoichiometry. Wheat and alfalfa plants were greenhouse cultured in pots containing one of three model soils: an acid, sandy soil and two alkaline, calcareous soils. Treatments were: control (no additions), SHE (53 mg kg^–1 of SHE), and metal (Cu, Zn and Fe)–SHE complexes (2.5 and 5 mg kg^–1 of metal rate and a SHE concentration to make 53 mg kg ^–1). Cu- and Zn–humic complexes significantly (p0.05) increased the plant uptake and the DTPA-extractable soil fraction of complexed micronutrients in most plant–soil systems. However, these effects were associated with significant increases (p0.05) of shoot and root dry weight only in alfalfa plants. In wheat, significant increases of root and shoot dry matter were only observed in the Cu–humic treated plants growing in the acid soil, where Cu deficiency was more intense. The Fe–humic complex did not increase Fe plant assimilation in any plant–soil system, but SHE increased Fe-uptake and/or DTPA-extractable soil Fe in the wheat–calcareous soil systems. These results, taken together with those obtained from the study of the pH- and SHE:metal ratio-dependent SHE complex solubility and stability, highlight the importance of the humic:Fe complex stoichiometry on iron bioavailability as a result of its influence on complex solubility.     

Characterization of soil organic matter from a sandy soil in relation to management practice using FT-IR spectroscopy

Previous results from differently fertilized long-term field experiments on a sandy soil suggested that the chemical composition of soil organic matter (SOM) is affected by fertilization. The objective of this paper is to confirm this finding for a site with higher soil-clay contents. Four combinations of different fertilizer treatments at long-term field experiment located at a sandy loam were selected: liquid manure (LM), liquid manure+N (LM+N), straw+N (S+N) and mineral nitrogen only (N). Soil organic matter was extracted using sodium pyrophosphate solution at pH of 10 and hot water. The extracts were analyzed using Fourier-Transform infrared spectroscopy. The results indicate that the composition of SOM from the hot water extracts did not show significant differences while the sodium pyrophosphate extracted SOM is affected by the type of fertilization. Soil samples fertilized with LM+N and S+N show the highest intensity of the carboxyl band. This can be explained by the fact that the combination of S+N fertilization with green manure leads to an enrichment of carboxyl groups in SOM. Differences between the band intensities of the treatments for the SOM samples are, however, not as distinct as for the sandy soil samples. This is possibly a result of the higher clay content and lower age of the long-term experiment at the sandy loam site. The intensity of the carboxyl band of the SOM is correlated with the cation exchange capacity of the soil samples. The composition of SOM may, in addition to the SOM content, be used for studying quantitative effects of different management practices or even land use changes on soil properties. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.